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2 Maxwell’s equations
B
E -
t
D
H J
t
D
B 0
E (V/m) → electric field intensity
D (C/m2) → electric flux density
B (T) → magnetic flux density
H (A/m) → magnetic field intensity
J (A/m2) → electric current density
(C/m3) → electric charge density
Hon Tat Hui
3 Revision of Maxwell’s Equations
NUS/ECE EE4101
In vacuum or air,
0 8.854 1012 F/m
0 4 10 H/m
7
0
0 r
0 r
E -jωB
H J jωD
D
B 0
Using constitutive parameters,
E -jωH
H J jωE
E /
H 0
Hon Tat Hui
6 Revision of Maxwell’s Equations
NUS/ECE EE4101
E1, H1 n̂1
D1 , B1
Js s medium 1
E2, H2 medium 2
surface current and charge
densities, confined only on D2 , B2 n̂ 2
the interface
nˆ 1 H1 H 2 J s 0 D ,B 1
J =0
1 dielectric 1
s
nˆ 1 B1 B 2 0
s=0
dielectric 2
E ,H
nˆ 1 D1 D2 s 0
2 2
D ,B 2 2n̂ 2
nˆ 1 H1 J s J
D ,B 1 1 dielectric (air)
→ s→ → → → → → → → → → →
++++++++++++++++++
nˆ 1 B1 0 s
E2=H2=0 perfect conductor (metal)
nˆ 1 D1 s
D2=B2=0 n̂2
Example 1
For the figure below, it is given that:
B1 1.2aˆ x 0.8aˆ y 0.4aˆ z (T)
Find H2 and the angle 1, i.e., the angle that B1 subtended
with the horizontal (tangential) direction.
Solution
B1 1.2aˆ x 0.8aˆ y 0.4aˆ z
Then,
B1 1.2aˆ x 0.8aˆ y 0.4aˆ z
H1
1 150
102
0
8.0aˆ x 5.33aˆ y 2.67aˆ z
No surface charge density
Using the boundary condition:
nˆ 1 H1 H 2 J s 0
Hon Tat Hui
12 Revision of Maxwell’s Equations
NUS/ECE EE4101
we have,
H1 x H 2 x 102 8.0 0
H 2 y H 2 y 102 5.33 0
Using the boundary condition:
nˆ 1 B1 B2 0
we have,
nˆ 1 B1 nˆ 1 B2
B1z B2 z
0 r1 H1 z 0 r 2 H 2 z
r1 H1 z 102 2.67 102 40.0
H2z 15
r 2 0 0
Hon Tat Hui
13 Revision of Maxwell’s Equations
NUS/ECE EE4101
Therefore,
102
H2
0
8.0aˆ x 5.33aˆ y 40.0aˆ z (T)
To calculate 1,
B1z 0.4
cos 90 1 0.2673
B1 1.22 0.82 0.42
90 1 74.5
1 15.5
Example 2
Solution
D can be found easily as the medium is the free space. That is,
The E and H fields are sketched below (assuming that Em and are positive).
References:
1. David K. Cheng, Field and Wave Electromagnetic, Addison-Wesley
Pub. Co., New York, 1989.
2. Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Applied Electromagnetics, Prentice-Hall, Inc.,
New Jersey, 2007.
3. Matthew N. O. Sadiku, Elements of Electromagnetics, Oxford
University Press, New York, 2001.
4. C. T. Tai, Dyadic Green Functions in Electromagentic Theory,
IEEE Press, New Jersey, 1994.
5. Robert E. Collin, Field theory of guided waves, IEEE Press, New
York, 1991.
6. Joseph A. Edminister, Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of
Electromagnetics, McGraw-Hill, Singapore, 1993.
7. Yung-kuo Lim (Editor), Problems and solutions on
electromagnetism, World Scientific, Singapore, 1993.
Hon Tat Hui
17 Revision of Maxwell’s Equations