AIPORT ( aviation )

 Aviation is the practical aspect or art of aeronautics, being the design, development, production, operation and
use of aircraft, especially heavier-than-air aircraft. The word aviation was coined by French writer and former
naval officer Gabriel La Landelle in 1863,[1] from the verb avier (synonymous flying), itself derived from the Latin
word avis ("bird") and the suffix -ationis
 an aerodrome with extended facilities, mostly for commercial air transport. Airports often have facilities to store
and maintain aircraft, and a control tower. An airport consists of a landing area, which comprises an aerially
accessible open space including at least one operationally active surface such as a runway for a plane to take off
or a helipad, and often includes adjacent utility buildings such as control towers, hangars and terminals. Larger
airports may have fixed-base operator services, airport aprons, taxiway bridges, air traffic control centres,
passenger facilities such as restaurants and lounges, and emergency services.
 An airline is a company that provides air transport services for traveling passengers and freight. Airlines
utilize aircraft to supply these services and may form partnerships or alliances with other airlines for codeshare
agreements. Generally, airline companies are recognized with an air operating certificate or license issued by a
governmental aviation body

EARLY BEGGININGS
 There are early legends of human flight such as the stories of Icarus in Greek myth and Jamshid and Shah in
Persian myth. Later, somewhat more credible claims of short-distance human flights appear, such as the flying
automaton of Archytas of Tarentum (428–347 BC),[4] the winged flights of Abbas Ibn Firnas (810–887), Eilmer of
Malmesbury (11th century), and the hot-air Passarola of Bartholomeu Lourenço de Gusmão (1685–1724).
 The earliest aircraft takeoff and landing sites were grassy fields
 The title of "world's oldest airport" is disputed, but College Park Airport in Maryland, US, established in 1909 by
Wilbur Wright, is generally agreed to be the world's oldest continually operating airfield
 Air transportation in the Philippines
1. goes back to the early days of aviation prior to World War II, during the American colonial period of the
Philippines. Currently, the Philippines has several registered airline companies, but they are mostly chartered.
2. There are two main domestic airline groups doing business as Philippine Airlines and Cebu Pacific, with AirAsia
Philippines competing on some international routes. The domestic market is dominated by the Cebu Pacific
group which has a 61% market share, followed by the Philippine Airlines group which has 29%, followed by
AirAsia, having a 9% share
3. In 2016, the Cebu Pacific group was the largest domestic airline with a market share of 55% for its Cebu Pacific
unit and 6% for its Tigerair Philippines unit. Philippine Airlines came second with 25% for its PAL Express unit and
4% for its Philippine Airlines unit. Air Asia had 8% for its Zest Airways unit and 1% for its Air Asia unit. SkyJet and
Island Transvoyager both had less than 1%.

Air transportation in the Philippines goes back to the early days of aviation prior to World War II, during
the American colonial period of the Philippines. Currently, the Philippines has several registered airline companies,
but they are mostly chartered. There are two main domestic airline groups doing business as Philippine Airlines and
Cebu Pacific, with AirAsia Philippines competing on some international routes. The domestic market is dominated
by the Cebu Pacific group which has a 61% market share, followed by the Philippine Airlines group which has 29%,
followed by AirAsia, having a 9% share.

Prior to the second liberalization of the Philippine airline industry in 1995, state-owned Philippine Airlines enjoyed
virtual monopoly with the country's adopted policy of "one country, one airline" during the dictatorship of
President Ferdinand Marcos. The government's subsidy in the form of mail freight payments supported the
company's massive expansion program in the 1960s. In 1973, the government ordered the absorption by Philippine
Air Lines, Inc. of two other privately owned airlines, Air Manila and Filipinas Orient Airways, to form Philippine
Airlines as the single flag carrier of the Republic of the Philippines.
In 2013, SkyJet Airlines, a new airline company, launched its domestic commercial flights to leisure island
destinations such as Balesin, Batanes, Boracay and Busuanga. For the aforementioned island destinations, SkyJet
is competing with another small airline, Island Transvoyager.
In 2016, the Cebu Pacific group was the largest domestic airline with a market share of 55% for its Cebu Pacific unit
and 6% for its Tigerair Philippines unit. Philippine Airlines came second with 25% for its PAL Express unit and 4%
for its Philippine Airlines unit. Air Asia had 8% for its Zest Airways unit and 1% for its Air Asia unit. SkyJet and Island
Transvoyager both had less than 1%.

Example of air transportation

AIRLINE - An airline is a company that provides air transport services for travelling passengers and freight. Airlines
utilize aircraft to supply these services and may form partnerships or alliances with other airlines for code share
agreements. Generally, airline companies are recognized with an air operating certificate or license issued by a
governmental aviation body

AIRPORT PROCESS

SELECTION FOR THE SITE OF AIRPORT

¤ Air traffic potential

- Magnitude of passenger and freight traffic expected
¤ Adequate access
¤ Sufficient airspace
- Circling radius should be taken care
¤ Sufficient land
- Various facilities, terminal buildings, security systems
¤ Atmospheric and meteorological conditions
¤ Visibility
- Fog, smoke, haze
- Affected by wind
- Development of area (industrial)
- Causes reduction in frequency and hence in capacity handling
¤ Wind
- Direction and intensity
- Associated topographical features (hills, valley)
- Windward/leeward side
- Locating development w.r.t site of airport

¤ Availability of land for expansion

- Future prediction of air traffic
- Land for parking vehicles, providing facilities
- Land cost at later stage
- Availability of land at later stage

¤ Availability of utilities
- Water, power etc.,
- Sewerage, communication etc.

¤ Development of surrounding area

- Residential or sensitive area
- Industrial development
- Height of development
- Zoning laws
- Noise pollution
- Movement of air pollution
- Birds and hits at engines

¤ Ground accessibility
- Travel time in air vs on ground
- Easily approachable using all modes
- Proximity to areas of trip generation
- Facilities for private vehicle users
- Efficient transport system

¤ Presence of other airports

-Traffic volume
-circling radius
-Types of air crafts in different airports
-Type of operating facility
-Instrumental flight rules, design flight rules
-Separation distance between radii
-May cause Accidents, reduction in capacity

¤ Regional plan
Economy of construction
¤ Alternate sites to be examined
¤ Availability of local construction material
¤ Terrain even or not
¤ Problematic areas
n Water logging areas
n Reclaimed areas

¨ Ground accessibility
¤ Travel time in air vs on ground
¤ Easily approachable using all modes
¤ Proximity to areas of trip generation
¤ Facilities for private vehicle users
¤ Efficient transport system

¤ Soil characteristics
¤ Strength of soil sub grade
¤ Drainage of soil
¤ Level of water table and its impact
n Sub-soil drainage effects
¤ Valley side may have flooding
¤ Soil with good amount of pervious material like
sand or gravel is considered good

¤ Surrounding obstructions
¨ Surrounding area obstructions
¤ Clear air space for take off and landing
¤ High rise buildings not allowed
¤ High trees are cleared off
¤ Zoning laws are made to take care
Factors affecting the size of airport

¨ Size of airport
¤ Defined by the space for operators, controlling systems,
facilities, manpower etc.
¤ Controlled by peak aircraft traffic, aircraft characteristics
¤ Elevation of airport size above MSL
n density and air pressure reduces
n Effects runway requirements, lift, drag etc.
n Aircraft performance varies altitude, air density, pressure ,
temperature
¤ Meteorological conditions
n Wind, temperature
n Effects runway orientation, length and no of runways reqd.
¤ Performance characteristics of aircraft
¤ Volume of air traffic (peak hour volume, size of aircraft,
nature of air traffic, runways, taxiways etc.,)
¤ Use of air port
¤ Civil or for military
¤ Adaptability for other usage during emergencies

¤ Sewerage, communication etc.

 AIRPORT PLANNING AND LAY OUT

 AIRPORT PASSENGER TERMINAL

***To have a better airport they must have this***

SIGNAGE
• Mandatory Instruction Signs
• Location Signs
• Direction Signs
• Destination Signs
• Information Signs
• Aircraft Arresting Systems

Airport Lighting
• Runway Edge Lighting
• Approach Lighting System
• Pilot Controlled Lighting
Airport Markings
• Apron marking
• Landing direction indicator
• Runway marking
• Shoulder marking
• Taxiway marking
• Wind direction indicator

 Influencing characteristics of aircraft

on design of airport
 Engine type and propulsion
 Size
 Aircraft weight and wheel configuration
 Minimum turning radius
 Minimum circling radius
 Speed capacity
 Noise
 Vortices at tail ends
 Jet blast
 Fuel spillage

 Major Problems faced during design of Airport

• Requires heavy funds during provision and maintenance
• Highly dependent on weather conditions compared to other modes
• Requires highly sophisticated machinery
• Adds to outward flow of foreign exchange
• Purchase of equipment, airbuses etc.
• Safety provisions are not adequate
• Providing a support system during the flight is complicate
• Specific demarcation of flight paths and territories is essential