Thermodynamics

ME271

Chapter 7
Lecture 2

Entropy
 Reminder
Chapter 7 - Lecture 2
Objectives
Reminder
Today’s
Subjects - Chapter 7 - Lecture 1 -
7.1-Introduction
& Definitions
7.1 Entropy
7.2-Entropy  Clausius inequality:
Increase Principle

7.3-Entropy Change  Validity of the Clausius inequality.

of Pure Subs.
 Clausius definition of entropy: Formal definition of Entropy
7.4-Entropy
Processes 2
δQ 
7.5-Entropy ΔS  S 2 - S 1  1  T  int rev (kJ/kg)
Property Diagrams

7.6-What is  A special case: Internally reversible

Entropy ? isothermal heat transfer processes:
Summary
Chapter 7
Example
Examples

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Cengel&Boles-Thermo.:An Engg Approach
 Reminder Chapter 7 - Lecture 2
Objectives Subjects of
Today’s - Chapter 7 - Lecture 2 -
Subjects

7.1-Introduction
& Definitions 7.2 The Increase of Entropy Principle
7.2-Entropy
Increase Principle  Some remarks about entropy.
7.3-Entropy Change
of Pure Subs.
7.3 Entropy Change of Pure Substances
7.4-Entropy
Processes Example
7.5-Entropy
Property Diagrams

7.6-What is
Entropy ?

Summary
Chapter 7

Examples

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Cengel&Boles-Thermo.:An Engg Approach
 Summary
Remind Chap.6 Chapter 7 - Lecture 2
Objectives
- Entropy -
Today’s
Subjects
- 7.2: The Increase of the Entropy Principle -
7.1-Introduction
& Definitions
 Increase of Entropy
7.2-Entropy  Let us consider a cycle that is made up of two processes (Fig. 7.5):
Increase Principle
• Process 1-2: Arbitrary (reversible or irreversible),
7.3-Entropy Change • Process 2-1: Internally reversible.
of Pure Subs.

7.4-Entropy  From the Clausius inequality:

Processes

7.5-Entropy
Property Diagrams
→
7.6-What is
Entropy ? Fig. 7.5
Summary A cycle composed of reversible
Chapter 7 and irreversible processes.

Examples
→ (7.7) → (7.8)

where: - = holds for a reversible process & represents the entropy transfer with heat.

- > holds for an irreversible process.

- T: is the thermodynamic temperature at the boundary.

- δQ: is the heat transferred between the system and its surroundings.
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Cengel&Boles-Thermo.:An Engg Approach
 Summary
Remind Chap.6
Chapter 7 - Lecture 2
Objectives
- Entropy -
Today’s
Subjects - 7.2: The Increase of the Entropy Principle (Cont.1) -
7.1-Introduction  Increase of Entropy
& Definitions
δQ
7.2-Entropy  The inequality sign in dS  is a reminder that:
Increase Principle
T
Q
7.3-Entropy Change
• ΔS irrev.  i.e. the entropy change during an irreversible
of Pure Subs. T process is greater than the entropy transfer.
7.4-Entropy • Due to irreversibilities, some entropy is generated or
Processes Fig. 7.6
created during an irreversible process, and Sgen is the
The entropy change of an isolated
7.5-Entropy Entropy generated during the process. system is the sum of the entropy
Property Diagrams
changes of its components, and is
7.6-What is
• Equation 7.7 becomes: never less than zero.
Entropy ?
(7.9)
Summary
Chapter 7

 Entropy is an extensive property, and thus:

Examples
• The total entropy of a system is equal to the sum of the
entropies (Fig. 7.6),
• A system and its surroundings constitute an isolated system
since both can be enclosed by a large arbitrary boundary
across which there is no heat, work, or mass transfer (Fig. 7.7):
Fig. 7.7
(7.11) A system and its surroundings
form an isolated system.

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Cengel&Boles-Thermo.:An Engg Approach
 Summary
Remind Chap.6
Chapter 7 - Lecture 2
Objectives
- Entropy -
Today’s
Subjects
- 7.2: The Increase of the Entropy Principle (Cont.2) -
7.1-Introduction  Some Remarks about Entropy :
& Definitions

7.2-Entropy  The increase of entropy principle can be summarized as follows:

Increase Principle

7.3-Entropy Change
of Pure Subs.

7.4-Entropy
Processes

7.5-Entropy  Conclusions:
Property Diagrams

7.6-What is
• Processes can occur in a certain direction only, not in any
Entropy ? direction.
Summary • A process must proceed in the direction that complies with
Chapter 7
the increase of entropy principle, that is: Sgen ≥ 0.
Examples
• A process that violates this principle is impossible.
• Entropy is a nonconserved property, and there is no such
Fig. 7.8
thing as the conservation of entropy principle. The entropy change of a
system can be negative, but
• The performance of engineering systems is degraded by the the entropy generation cannot.
presence of irreversibilities, and entropy generation is a
measure of the magnitudes of the irreversibilities during
that process.

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Cengel&Boles-Thermo.:An Engg Approach
 Summary
Remind Chap.6
Chapter 7 - Lecture 2
Objectives
- Entropy -
Today’s
Subjects
- 7.3: Entropy Change of Pure Substances -
7.1-Introduction
& Definitions
 Entropy changes for pure substances
7.2-Entropy  Entropy is a property: a system entropy value is fixed once the state of the system is fixed.
Increase Principle
 The entropy of a pure substance is determined from the tables (as v, u, & h, Fig. 7.10).
7.3-Entropy Change
of Pure Subs.
 The entropy change of a specified mass m (a closed system) during a process is simply:
7.4-Entropy
Processes
(7.12) with: s1 & s2 : Entropy values at
7.5-Entropy initial & final states.
Property Diagrams
 T-s Diagrams
7.6-What is
Entropy ?  When studying the second-law aspects of processes, entropy is commonly used as a
Summary coordinate on diagrams such as the T-s and h-s diagrams (Figure 7.11).
Chapter 7

Fig. 7.11
Examples
Schematic of the T-s
diagram for water.

Fig. 7.10
The entropy of a pure substance
is determined from the tables
(like other properties).

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Cengel&Boles-Thermo.:An Engg Approach
 Summary
Remind Chap.6 Chapter 7 - Lecture 2
Objectives
- Entropy -
Today’s
Subjects
- 7.2: The Increase of Entropy Principle -
7.1-Introduction  Example 7.2: Energy generation during heat transfer processes
& Definitions
A heat source at 800K loses 2000 kJ of heat to a sink at (a) 500 K and
7.2-Entropy
Increase Principle (b) 750 K. Determine which heat transfer process is more irreversible.
7.3-Entropy Change
of Pure Subs.

7.4-Entropy  Solution 7.2:

Processes
Case a: Tsource = 800K & Tsink = 500K
7.5-Entropy
Property Diagrams Qsource  2000 
ΔS source    - 2.5 kJ/K 
7.6-What is
Tsource 800 
Entropy ?   S generated  ΔS total  ΔSsource  ΔS sink  - 2.5  4.0  1.5 kJ/K
Qsink 2000 
ΔS sink     4.0 kJ/K
Summary Tsink 500 
Chapter 7

Examples Case b: Tsource = 800K & Tsink = 750K

Qsource  2000 
ΔS source    - 2.5 kJ/K 
Tsource 800 
  S generated  ΔS total  ΔSsource  ΔS sink  - 2.5  2.7  0.2 kJ/K
Qsink 2000 
ΔS sink     2.7 kJ/K
Tsink 750 
Conclusion: The total Energy change ( ΔStotal = Sgenerated ) in Case b is smaller, and therefore it is less irreversible.
This is expected since the process in (b) involves a smaller Temperature difference and thus a smaller
irreversibility.
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