GUANLAO, MARIA ISABELLE P.

BMLS 3J

CYTOGENETICS
MITOSIS & MEIOSIS

2 Mechanisms :
 Mitosis
- Cell division in somatic cells
- Muscle, White blood cells
- Nonreductional

 Meiosis
- Cell division in developing germ cell in the ovary and the testis
- Reductional

THE CELL CYCLE

INTERPHASE

 Before a cell can enter cell division, it needs to take in nutrients

 All of the preparations are done during the interphase
 Interphase is a series of changes that takes place in a nearly
formed cell and its nucleus, before it becomes capable of division
GUANLAO, MARIA ISABELLE P.
BMLS 3J
again
 90% of the life of the cell

Interphase proceeds in three stages : G1, S, and G2

 G1 - The biosynthetic activities of the cell;
- Metabolic roles
- 25%
 S - starts when DNA replication commences
- 40%
 G2 - Accumulation of energy for mitosis
- 25%

MITOSIS ALSO HAS PHASES

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase

Telophase
GUANLAO, MARIA ISABELLE P.
BMLS 3J

Mitosis
 Mitotic division results in 2 daughter cells possessing identical
copies of the genome of the parent cell
 Occurs in somatic cells (ALL cells except gametes)
 10% of the life of the cell

Prophase
 Chromosomes continue to condense beecoming shorter and
GUANLAO, MARIA ISABELLE P.
BMLS 3J
thicker
 Centerioles replicate, migrate to the opposite poles of the cell
 Mitotic spindles are formed
 Followed by the breakdown of the nuclear membrane which
marks the end of prophase.

Metaphase
 Alignment of chromosomes in the same plane in the middle of the
cell to form the equatorial plate (metaphase plate)
 Single file arrangment
GUANLAO, MARIA ISABELLE P.
BMLS 3J

Anaphase
 There is separation of the single kinetochore of each pair of
chromatids into 2
 The sister chromatids are free to move to opposite poles of the
spindle.
GUANLAO, MARIA ISABELLE P.
BMLS 3J

Telophase
 Chromosome are clustered at the spindle poles and segments of
nuclear envelope are formed around them.
 Chromosomes uncoil; nucleoli are reformed
 Constriction of the cytoplasm midway, cleavage furrow deepens
until it encounters the spindle, the microtubule of the spindle
depolymerizes
 Retract until separation into 2 daughter cells
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BMLS 3J

CYTOKINESIS
GUANLAO, MARIA ISABELLE P.
BMLS 3J

G0 phase
 Non-dividing, differentiated state
 Most human cells in G0 phase
 Liver cells
- in G0, but can be “called back” to cel cycle by eternal cues
 Nerve & muscle cells
- highly specialized
- arrested in G0 & can never divide
GUANLAO, MARIA ISABELLE P.
BMLS 3J

CELLS BASED ON THEIR PROLIFERATIVE ACTIVITY

 Static cell population/Permanent
- Cells that no longer divide (nerve and skeletal muscle cells) or
rarely divide (smooth and cardiac muscle cells) = stays in Go
 Stable cell population/Quiescent
- Little mitotic activity but are able to divide during repair
(fibroblasts, osteoblasts, liver cells)
 Continuously dividing cells/Labile
- Regular mitotic activity (blood cells, epithelial cells of skin and
mucous membranes)

Control of the cell cycle

GUANLAO, MARIA ISABELLE P.
BMLS 3J

MEIOSIS
 The form of cell division by which gametes (sperm or egg), with
half the number of chromosomes, are produced
 Diploid (2n) → haploid (n)
 Two division (Meiosis I and Meiosis II)
GUANLAO, MARIA ISABELLE P.
BMLS 3J
 REVIEW

Gametes have half the number of chromosomes. (23=hapload)

 Occurs only in gonads (testes or ovaries).
 Male: spermatogenesis
 Female : oogenesis
GUANLAO, MARIA ISABELLE P.
BMLS 3J

Meiosis I (four phases)

 Interphase
 Four phases:
A. Prophase I
B. Metaphase I
C. Anaphase I
D. Telophase I

PROPHASE I

 Chromosomes
condense
 Synapsis occurs:
homologous chromosomes come tohether to form a tetrad
 Centrioles replicate
 Mitotic spindles are formed
GUANLAO, MARIA ISABELLE P.
BMLS 3J

Crossing over during prophase 1

 Crossing over (variation) may occur between nonsister hromatids at the
chiasmata
 Crossing over: segments of nonsister chromatids break and reattach to other
chormatid
GUANLAO, MARIA ISABELLE P.
BMLS 3J

O
R

metaphase plate
metaphase plate
Dasdas
sdsgdfdfgd

METAPHASE I
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BMLS 3J

ANAPHASE I
 Homologous chromosomes separate and move towards the
poles.
 Sister chromatids remain attached at their centromeres
GUANLAO, MARIA ISABELLE P.
BMLS 3J

TELOPHASE I

 Each pole now has haploid set of chromosomes

 (92 ---------------> 46 chromosomes)
 Cytokinesis occurs and two haploid daughter cells are formed
GUANLAO, MARIA ISABELLE P.
BMLS 3J

MEIOSIS II
 No interphase II (no more DNA replication0
 Remember : Meiosis II is similar to mitosis

PROPHASE II
METAPHASE II
ANAPHASE II ---------> are all the same as in PMAT in mitosis
TELOPHASE II ------> four haploid daughter cells are produced.
Gametes = sperm or egg
GUANLAO, MARIA ISABELLE P.
BMLS 3J