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INTRODUCTORY MATERIAL
●Drug Definitions
● Acid-Base Chemistry
DRUG DEFINITIONS
● Drug: Any substance that causes an alteration or modification of a biological
process.
Therefore, penicillin, ethanol, arsenic and carbon monoxide all are drugs.
Several of these are considered “poisons” by laypersons. However, all
poisons are drugs and all drugs have the potential to be poisonous, i.e.,
produce adverse effects. Any drug can produce adverse effects if it is
administered in sufficiently high doses (as described by Paracelsus almost
500 years ago, see Figure I-1) and by an appropriate route of administration.
● Chemical Name: The scientific name of the drug that describes its molecular
structure.
● Generic Name: A simple drug name that is often the legal name of the drug.
● Brand or Trade Name: The name assigned to a specific drug formulation for
marketing purposes by the manufacturer. The product may contain more than
a single pharmacologically active agent as well as specific additives. These
names include both prescription and non-prescription (over the counter or
OTC) drugs.
● Street Name: The name(s) of a drug used by users and abusers.
Examples of drug names
DRUG INTERACTIONS
Arrhenius definitions
Acids : substances that produce hydrogen ions in water solution
HA H+ + A -
Lewis definitions
Describes behavior in non-protonic systems
Acid - donates pair of electrons
Base - accepts pair of electrons
:NH3 + BF3 H3N:BF3
ACIDS/BASES DEFINITIONS
Better representation
HA + H20 H3O+ + A-
acid base conj conj
acid base
usually both Ka and pKa are given for weak acids and weak bases
● for weak acids, the values are for the acids
● for weak bases, the values are for their conjugate acids