-Motor oils are used as lubricating media for engines, specifically, car engines.

During the use of motor oils, its contents and properties, like thermal conductivity,
viscosity, and lubrication, deteriorate.

-With this issue, additives were introduced. Additives are substances that when
mixed with the used motor oil, should bring back some of the motor oil’s lubricating
properties.

-While most of the additives were effective, a cheap, abundant, and eco-friendly
alternative is needed if the conventional additives are expensive that buying a new motor
oil would be better than buying an inefficient additive.

-In this study, Cocos nucifera oil (coconut oil) will be used as an additive for
motor oil.

-Coconut oil is very abundant in the Philippines having a 3.098 million tonnes of
production on 2007 (www.econ.mpod.gov, 2009).
TITLE: LUBRICANT

A lubricant (also referred to as lube)

-is defined as a substance introduced between two surfaces in relative motion to

prevent friction, improve efficiency and reduce wear.

-can be in the form of gas, liquid or solid. A lubricant

-prevents the direct contact of rubbing surfaces and thus reduces wear.

Purposes:

-It keeps the surface of metals clean and also prevents failure due to seizure.

-Lubricants can also act as coolants by removing heat effects and also prevent

rusting and deposition of solids on close fitting parts.

- to reduce the friction between the moving surfaces and so facilitate motion.

- to remove heat generated in the equipment being lubricated, such as piston

engine, enclosed gears and machine tools.

Applications:

-to protect the internal combustion engines in motor vehicles and powered

equipment.
Title: Lubricant Based on Used Motor Oil

-During use of motor oil, the content and composition of the additives changes

significantly.

-It is impossible to judge the amount of antioxidant, antiwear, depressant, and

other additives that remain in used oil after an oil change.

-We can hypothesize that the level of the performance properties of used oil is

higher than for the base distillate used for preparing fresh (commercial) transmission oils.

-A series of studies on refining of the oil base (exhaustively refined used motor

oil) with different individual additives was conducted based on this technology.

-The concentration of the additives was determined by the change in the viscosity,

acid number, thermo oxidative stability, and insoluble sediment content.

 ***(insert yung elaborated version dito nung RRL nung nasa baba )

Its thermal properties such as density, heat capacity, and thermal conductivity are
relatively higher than other conventional oils (Sarafraz, M. M., Hormozi, F.).
Title: TRIBOLOGICAL TESTING OF ENGINE OILS

-Car engine oil is a primary link in functioning and preserving durability of the

following unit: piston – ring – cylinder.

-The testing material comprised of selected commercial mineral engine oils, semi-

synthetic and fully synthetic ones, which were divided into three groups:

-The first group contained mineral oils marked with the viscosity class

15W-40 by different producers.

-The second group included semi-synthetic oils of winter viscosity class

10W but of different classes for summer conditions 40 and 60 by various

producers.

-The measure of anti-wear properties of the tested oil was the average diameter of defects

on the bottom balls at constant, described testing parameters.

On the basis of the tests of engine oil authors can make the following conclusions:

1. The elaborated method of comparison of wear of testing node and viscosity parameters

in the same temperature allows to compare oils for application and, at the same time,

predict how they will protect the movement nodes in operating conditions.

2. The friction nodes lubricated with all tested engine oils: mineral, semisynthetic and

synthetic were characterized by similar wear resistance of the surface layer of testing

balls working in the sliding friction.

TITLE: vegetable oil as base oil for automobile lubricants

Promoting vegetable oil as base oil for automobile lubricants.

-Coconut oil, which is sbundant, is reportedly being widely used as two stroke

engine lubricant.

-Experiments were carried out on a two stroke SI engine which was coupled to

eddy current dynamometer, an Infrared gas analyzer, RPM sensor is coupled to determine

engine RPM, thermo couple is used to measure cylinder head temperature and exhaust

manifold temperature.

-After conducting the experiment by plotting the results the following

observations can be made.

-Thermal Efficiency: thermal efficiency of an engine is defined as the ratio

of the power output to that of chemical energy input in the form of fuel supply.

-Thermal efficiency is slightly high when coconut oil is being used as

lubricant compared to 2T oil as lubricant.

Title: Thermal Performance and Viscosity of Biologically Produced Silver/Coconut

Oil Nano fluids.

-Demands for highly efficient cooling systems have increased.

-Traditional working fluids such as water and engine oils are commonly used in

many industrial sectors including power cycles, automotive industries or lubricating

processes.

-The major challenge of using traditional coolant is that the thermal properties of

these coolants are relatively poor.

-In this work, thermal conductivity, viscosity, and boiling heat transfer coefficient

of a biologically produced nano-coolant were experimentally quantified. The

nanoparticles were produced from silver nitrate via the plant extraction method and by

means of green tea leaf extract.

-Cocos nucifera oil (coconut oil) was also selected as the base fluid.

**According to the literature, it can be stated that coconut oil is an appropriate

host fluid for dispersing the nanoparticles, because the thermal properties of coconut oil

such as density, heat capacity and thermal conductivity are relatively higher than other

traditional oil.

**Viscosity of oil is a key parameter, especially for nano-lubricants, in which the

presence of particles may result in enhancement of viscosity and changes in the behavior

of the oil.
 **Viscosity can significantly influence pumping power and lubrication

performance of oil for high-friction surfaces.

-In this work, thermal performance of biologically produced Ag nanoparticles

dispersed in coconut oil was investigated.

-Oil is a promising option for cooling systems working in high heat flux

conditions, and it can also be used for lubricating purposes due to its enhanced viscosity.

-Fouling formation for this nano fluid is negligible in comparison with other

tested Nano fluids , including alumina and copper oxide aqueous nano fluids.
Title: Experimental Investigation on the Performance of Coconut oil Based Nano

Fluid as Lubricants During Turning of AISI 304 Austenitic Stainless Steel

-Coconut oil has been widely used as lubricants ever since.

-The study shows us how coconut oil can be used as a base lubricant.

-Since coconut oil is also an eco-friendly substance, which has also abundant in

the Philippines, can be very helpful for the society.

-Machining temperatures can be controlled by reducing the friction between tool-

work piece and tool-chip interface with the help of effective lubricant.

-Rao and Singh (2007) studied the use of solid lubricants during hard turning

while machining bearing steel with mixed ceramic inserts at different cutting

conditions and tool geometry. Results showed 8–15% improvement in the surface

finish with the use of solid lubricants.

-As the study shows, using coconut oil as a solid lubricant can help lessen the

friction in machining.
Title: experimental investigation of coconut and palm oils as lubricants in four-

stroke engine

-Lubricants are in use ever since man had learnt to build equipments for various

applications.

-Researches over the decades improved the performance of mineral based oils in

terms of viscosity, dispersant, detergent qualities but it also increases the toxicity of these

mineral based oils far from where it was decades ago.

- Therefore the use of biodegradable yet effective lubricant has been the focus and

the top priority in the lubricant industry.

-Body vegetable oils are very similar in structure; the similarity in structures

makes them exist in only a narrow range of viscosities limiting their applications to only

few applications as lubricants.

-This triglyceride structure strongly interacts with metallic surfaces resulting in

reduced friction and wear forming a high strength lubricant film.

-On the other side most importantly, the same strong intermolecular interaction

which is responsible for providing a durable lubricant film also results in poor low-

temperature

-Coconut and palm oils, which are basically triglycerides of saturated fatty acids,

available in plenty in countries like India, Malaysia, Indonesia and Philippines.

- Performance analysis of Palm oil in terms of wear, friction, viscosity, lubricant

degradation and exhaust emissions was carried out and compared with a mineral oil-
based commercial lubricating oil in a two-stroke gasoline portable generator set, followed

by wear test on a four ball wear tester.

**Experimental results demonstrated that the palm oil based lubricating oil

exhibited better performance in terms of wear, whereas the mineral oil based lubricating

oil exhibited better performance in terms of friction.

**In a few previous studies, it was found that the palm oil based lubricant was

more effective in reducing the emission levels of CO and hydrocarbon17.

**Coconut oil and palm oil can be an alternative to motor oil and it has nearly the

same contents when it comes when it comes to lubrication and viscosity. Most of the test

were nearly the same when it comes to overall performance and it can be used solely.

Conclusion:

These past studies show that coconut oil is already proven and widely used as a
lubricant.

With that, it can be hypothesized that a coconut oil would be a good alternative
additive to motor oil, preferably to replenish its lubricating property to improve further its
other properties as well.
Title: Biodiesel Production from Waste Coconut Oil in Coconut Milk

Manufacturing (???) (Necessary pa ba to?)

Purpose:

-to develop a 3 step biodiesel production from waste coconut oil taken from a

wastewater pond in a coconut milk manufacturing plant.

Aim:

-to develop a 3-step biodiesel synthesis process that comprises of acid catalyzed

hydrolysis, acid catalyzed esterification, and alkaline trans esterification.

-The purity of the ester content and the fuel properties of biodiesel are analyzed following

biodiesel standards.

-Waste coconut oil was obtained from the wastewater pond of the coconut milk

processing plant of Ampol Food Processing Ltd. in Thailand.

-The waste coconut oil from the wastewater pond included water contamination,

solid particles and fat.

-The product from acid hydrolysis was filtered to separate the solid particles part,

and the liquid part was further put into the separation funnel for separation into two

layers.

-The fuel properties of the waste coconut oil biodiesel were close to the standard