UNIT 1: THE NAMES

Tenemos 3 géneros

 Masculino: solamente a los que se refieren a hombres o animales de sexo masculino. Ejem: THE HORSE ( el caballo)
 Femenino: solamente los que se refieren a mujeres o animales de sexo femenino. Ejem: THE MARE(la yegua)
 Neutro: desde los niños de cuna hasta los animales inferiores como insectos y objetos o cosas. Ejem. THE BUTTERFLY(la mariposa) – THE
BOOK(el libro) – THE BABY(el bebe)

PLURALES

1- Se forma el plural agregando “ES” si terminan en O, CH, SH, S, y X. ejem:

THE PATATO ----------------- THE PATATOES (las papas)
THE BOX ---------------------- THE BOXES (las cajas)
2- Se forma un plural agregando una “IES” cuando terminen en “Y”. ejem:
FAMILY ---------------------- FAMILIES (familia- familias)
PARTY ------------------------ PARTIES (fiesta- fiestas)
LIBRARY ---------------------- LIBRARIES (biblioteca – bibliotecas)
COUNTRY -------------------- COUNTRIES (país – países)
3- Se forma el plural agregando una “VE” antes de añadir la “S” cuando terminan en “F o FE”. Ejem: WOLF---------------------------
WOLVES (lobo – lobos)
LIFE-------------------------------LIVES (vida – vidas)
KNIFE----------------------------KNIVES (cuchillo _ cuchillos)

4- Tenemos plurales irregulares en ingles que son irregulares en el sentido que no tienen forma singular, pero si existe la forma singular en
español. Esta regla también funciona para las nacionalidades como abjetivos. Ejem:
SPECIES-------------------SPECIES (especies)
MEANS--------------------MEANS (medio)
ENGLISH------------------ENGLISH (ingles)
FRENCH------------------- FRENCH (francés)

5- Hay plurales irregulares que se deben aprender de memoria ejem.

MAN--------------------------MEN (hombre – hombres)
WOMAN--------------------WOMEN (mujer- mujeres)
TOOTH---------------------- TEETH (diente – dientes)
CHILD------------------------ CHILDREN (niño – niños)
FOOT------------------------- FEET ( PIE – PIES)
PERSON--------------------- PEOPLE (persona – personas)
MOUSE--------------------------MICE (raton – ratones)
SHEEP--------------------------- SHEEP (oveja – ovejas)
FISH------------------------------ FISH (pescado- pescados)

6- La ropa y la comida como son sustantivos incontables la ropa se escribe en plural pero en realidad la expresamos en singular, esto pasa
por que singular no existe. Pasa lo contrario con la comida. Ejem:
THOUSERS ---------------------pantalon
PYJAMAS----------------------- pijamas
SHORT--------------------------pantalon corto
KNICKERS----------------------- braga
TIGHTS-------------------------- medias
RICE------------------------------arroz
BREAD-------------------------- pan
WATER-------------------------agua
PASTA---------------------------pasta
TOAST--------------------------tostadas
7- Todas las demás palabras que no cumplan estas reglas se forma su plural agragando una “S”. ejem:
HORSE-------------------------HORSES (caballo)
COMB-------------------------- COMBS(peine)
 MIRROR----------------------- MIRRORS (espejo)
8- Los plurales en las familias y los apellidos en español la gente usa la forma plural en el artuiculo con el apellido en la forma singular, en
inglés es al revés. Ejem:

THE BROWNS ARE VERY GOOD NEIGHBOURS

Los Brown son buenos vecinos

LOS PRONOMBRES

Existen 3:

 Personales: pueden ser nominativos ( si se refiere al que realiza la acción, al sujeto ) se ponen siempre en mayúscula y si en la oración va
acompañado de otro sujeto se coloca de segundo por cortesía. Ejem:I WILL HAVE LUNCH – YOU AND I WILL HAVE LUNCH TOGETHER
Estos son: I-----------------------YO SHE-------------------ELLA
YOU-------------------TÚ YOU------------------ VOSOTROS
HE---------------------EL WE-------------------NOSOTROS
THEY---------------- ELLOS IT------------------- EL, ELLA (NEUTRO)
 Acusativos: si se refieren a alguien que recibe la acción, que es sujeto de ella en este caso son:
ME ------------------ ME IT----------------- EL, LO, ESE
YOU----------------- TE US---------------- NOSOTROS(AS), NOS
HIM------------------ EL, LE, LO HER------------- ELLA, LE, LA
YOU-------------VOSOTROS(AS),LOS THEM------------ELLOS(AS), ESOS
EJEM: SHE LOVE ME --------------------------ELLA ME AMA
 Posesivos: estos pronombres se distinguen de los abjetivos posesivos por que se refieren a alguien o algo que no esta presente.
MINE-------------EL MIO, LA MIA, LOS MIOS, LAS MIAS
YOURS---------- EL TUYO, LA TUYA, LOS TUYOS, LAS TUYAS
HIS---------------EL SUYO, LA SUYA, LOS SUYOS, LAS SUYAS (MASCULINO)
HERS------------ EL SUYO, LA SUYA, LOS SUYOS, LAS SUYAS (FEMENINO)
ITS----------------EL SUYO, LA SUYA, LOS SUYOS, LAS SUYAS (NEUTRO)
YOURS---------- EL SUYO, LOS SUYOS, LA SUYA, LAS SUYAS, DE USTEDES
OURS----------- EL NUESTRO, LA NUESTRA, LOS NUESTROS, LAS NUESTRAS
THEIR------------ EL SUYO, LOS SUYOS, LA SUYA, LAS SUYAS, DE ELLOS, DE ELLAS

EJEM: MY BOOK AND YOURS ------ mi libro y el tuyo

 Reflexivos: se usan cuando se desea dejar claro que un acto fue hecho por una persona determinada, se añaden a los pronombres las
terminaciones “SELF O SELVES”.
SELF= MISMO, SI MISMO, PROPIO
SELVES= PLURAL DE SELF

MYSELF YOURSELF HIMSELF HERSELF

ITSELF OURSELVES THEYSELVES THEMSELVES

REGLAS GRAMATICALES:

1- SIEMPRE USAMOS EL GENITIVO PARA REFERIRNOS A PERSONAS. Ejem: POUL’S HOUSE (la casa de poul)
2- CUANDO NOS REFERIMOS A COSAS Y LUGARES UTILIZAMOS LA PREPOSISION “OF”. Ejem: THE WHEEL OF THE
BIKE

LOS ARTICULOS

1- Artículo determinado ---------------------- THE

Se usa en todos los casos, generos y números
Ejem: THE MEN – THE WOMAN – THE BUTTERFLY
2- Artículo indeterminado ------------------ AN OR A
 Se usa “A” cuando la siguiente palabra termina en consonante
 Se usa “AN” cuando la siguiente palabra termina en vocal
“SE USAN AMBAS PARA CUALQUIER GENERO Y EN SINGULAR”
EJEM: A MAN – A BABY – AN APPLE

“SE USA PARA EL PLURAL EN CUALQUIER GENERO “SOME”

EJEM: SOME MEN – SOME WOMEN

EL PREFIJO “UN”

El prefijo UN colocado delante de ciertas palabras inglesas da a estas un valor opuesto al que tenían antes de añadirlas. Corresponde a
los prefijos castellanos “DES O IN. EJEM.
EQUAL------------------------------ UNQUAL (igual – desigual)
HAPPY ------------------------------ UNHAPPY (feliz – infeliz)
MARRIED--------------------------- UNMARRIED (casado – soltero)

YES O IF

YES= significa Sí en respuestas afirmativas

IF= significa Sí, dando la idea de en caso de ( un si condicional)
Ejem:
IF I WERE YOU? --------------------------------- si yo fuera ud
WILL YOU COME TOMORROW?----------------- Vendrás mañana?
YES, IF IT IS POSSIBLE ------------------------------ si, si es posible

SOME AND ANY

SOME = algún, algunos, alguna, algo de… SE USA EN FRASES AFIRMATIVAS

ANY= algún, alguno, alguna, algo de , ninguno, ningún…. SE USA POR LO GENERAL EN LAS FRASES INTERROGATIVAS, NEGATIVAS O DE
DUDA
EJEM:
GIVE ME SOME WHITE WINE -------------------------dame algún vino blanco o dame vino blanco
I HAVE NOT ANY WHITE WINE ----------------------- no tengo ningún vino blanco o no tengo vino blanco

THERE IS AND THERE ARE

La expresión verbal impersonal “HAY” se traduce en ingles por there is (singular) y there are ( plural)
 Para interrogar= se invierte el orden de estas palabras. ejem: IS THERE? – ARE THERE? ( HAY, TANTO EN SINGULAR COMO EN PLURAL)
 La expresión en pasado= basta con usar el verbo to be en pasado. Ejem: THERE WAS – THERE WERE
 La expresión impersonal HABRA= se traduce THERE WILL BE. Ejem: there will be war in Europa this year

HERE AND THERE

HERE= aquí, normalmente se refiere al lugar donde está el hablante, y vemos la posición de las personas y las cosas desde el punto de
vista del hablante. Ejem: DO YOU WANT STAY HERE?
THERE= allá, se refiere al lugar donde está el oyente u otra persona, y vemos la posición de las personas y las cosas desde el punto de
vista del oyente u otra persona. Ejem: IT’S THERE, ON THE TABLE

ABJETIVOS
Existen 3 clases:
a- CALIFICATIVOS: son inmutables en el género y el número, normalmente se ponen antes del nombre que califican.
Ejem: THE CRASY MAN – THA CRASY WOMAN
Se ponen después del sustantivo cuando algo los complementa
Ejem: A MAN WORTHY AF PRAISE
b- POSESIVOS: son invariables en género y número, exceptuando la tercera persona singular, que cambia de genero según el que
posee. Son:
MY= MI, MIS
YOUR= TU, TUS
HIS= SU, SUS, DE EL (MASCULINO)
HER= SU, SUS, DE ELLA (FEMENINO)
ITS= SU, SUS, DE EL (NEUTRO)
OUR= NUESTRO, NUESTROS, NUESTRAS
YOUR= SU, SUS DE USTEDES
THEIR= SU, SUS, DE ELLOS, DE ELLAS
c- DEMOSTRATIVOS: son invariables en el género pero cambian en el mismo teniendo su plural, son:
THIS= ESTE, ESTA
THAT= ESO, ESA
THESE= ESTOS, ESTAS
THOSE= ESOS, ESAS

PALABRAS INTERROGATIVAS

WHO QUIEN O QUIENES, SE EMPLEA REFIRIENDOSE A PERSONAS WHO IS MAKING THAT NOISE?
WHOM WHO DESPUES DE UNA PREPOSICION SE CONVIERTE EN WHOM TO WHOM? – FOR WHOM?
WHICH CUALES, LO CUAL, EL CUAL, LA CUAL, LOS CUALES, LAS CUALES WHICH IS YOUR ROOM?
WHERE SIGNIFICA DONDE WHERE IS MY SON?
WHEN SIGNIFICA CUANDO WHEN MAY I GO?
WHAT SIGNIFICA QUE, EN FRASES EXCLAMATIVAS WHAT VA SEGUIDO DE A WHAT TIME IS IT? – WHAT A SMALL HOUSE
WHY SE PREGUNTA POR WHY SE RESPONDE CON BECAUSELOS DOS WHY DO YOU DO THERE?
SIGNIFICAN POR QUE
HOW SIGNIFICA COMO CUANDO SE PREGUNTA POR LA EDAD O HOW ARE YOU? – HOW LONG IS THIS ROOM?
DIMENSIONES SIGNIFICA DE QUE
WHOSE SIGNIFICA DE QUE O DE QUIENES WHOSE IS THIS HAT?

THAN AND AS…AS

THAN= Significa QUE en las frases comparativas. Ejem.: these shoes are cheaper tan those – estos zapatos son mas baratos que estos
AS…AS= significa tan…. Como o tanto…. Como. En las frases comparativas. Ejem: THIS RIVER IS AS WIDE AS THE DANUBE – este rio es
tan ancho como el danube
 EJERCICIOS
1- ESCRIBE LA FORMA PLURAL DE LOS SIGUIENTES SUSTANTIVOS

BABY:_________ CAKE:__________ CHURCH:________ GLASS:________ WIFE:________ FISH:_________ MONTH:________

CHILD:_________ WISH:__________ WOMAN:________ DOG:_________ SKY:_________ LEAF:_______ PUPPY:__________

2- ELIGE EL PRONOMBRE CORRECTO

 WHO IS KATE? KATE IS MY FRIEND._____ IS A TEACHER.
 WHO IS THIS MAN? THIS IS HENRY _____ IS MY BOSS
 CARLOS, THIS CAR IS ____
 DO YOU KNOW TOM?. YES, I KNOW _____
 THIS HAT IS ______
 GUYS, THESE BIKES ARE _____
 I DON´T SEE THEM. DO ____ SEE THEM?
 WE _____ GOING TO THE CINEMA. DO YOU WANT TO COME WHIT _____
 I LOVE THIS BOOK! DID YOU READ _____ ¿
 WHERE ____ TOM AND KATY LIVING? ______ LIVE NEXT TO MY HOUSE
 WHERE ___ THE CAT? _______ IS THE GARDEN
 THIS IS _____ DOG. THIS DOG IS HERS
3- USE THE, A, AN, THIS, THAT, THOSE OR THESE EN LAS SIGUIENTES ORACIONES
 MY FATHER IS ____ DOCTOR
 THERE IS ____ HOTEL NEAR HERE
 ______ ARE MY CHILDREN HERE
 THIS IS A ____ PACIFIC OCEAN
 ____ IS MY CAR HERE
 PUT YOUR NAME AT ____ TOP OF THE PAGE PLEASE
 HAVE YOU GOT ___ UMBRELLA?
 _____ ARE MY CHILDREN OVER THERE IN THE PARK
 _____ IS MY CAR OVER THERE

4- ESCUCHA Y ESCRIBE TODO LO APRENDIDO

THE WOLF IN CHEEP´S CLOTHING

___ Wolf found great difficulty in getting at ___ sheep owing to ___ vigilance of ____ shepherd and ___ dogs.
But one day ___ found ___ skin of __ sheep ___ had been flayed and thrown aside, so __ put ___ on over ____ own pelt
and strolled down among ___ sheep.
____ Lamb ___ belonged to ___ sheep, whose skin ___ Wolf was wearing, began to follow ___ Wolf in the Sheep’s clothing;
so, leading the Lamb ___ little apart, ___ soon made ___ meal off ___, and for ____ time ___ succeeded in deceiving ___
sheep, and enjoying hearty meals.
 GREEDY BOY

____ lived a twin brother called Sam and Tom! ____ were identical twins, even ____ mother found __ too hard to
differentiate between ____ during ___ initial months of birth. However, ____ were like two poles when it comes to
everything other ____ their appearance. ____ neither agree with anything nor do ____ share even one single trait!

Sam had no friends, whereas for Tom ___ world was friendship. Sam loved sweets and Tom loved to eat spicy foods. Sam
was mommy’s pet and Tom was daddy’s pet. While Sam was generous, Tom was greedy!

_____ They grew up, their father wanted to share ___ fortune equally. However, Tom did not agree and ___ argued ____
whoever ___ more intelligent and strong, will gain higher share of wealth ____ other.

Sam agreed. ____ Father decided to organize a competition between the two. And ____ ordered the two sons to walk ___
long ___ they can in and ___ should return home before ___ sunset. Whoever covers the longer distance and returns home
before sunset will get huge amount of wealth proportionate to the distance they covered. ____ don’t carry watch to
calculate time.

Both started to walk a long way during a sunny day. Sam walked slowly and steadily, while Tom urged to win over Sam
started to run instantly.

The distance they cover until mid-noon will be equal to the distance they would reach home before sunset. ___ was mid-
noon and Sam decided to return back as ___ could reach home on time.

However, Tom, with ___ greediness to earn more wealth, did not turn ___ way back home even after mid-noon. ___
walked two times longer distance ____ ____ Sam was covered and decided to return back before the sunset. He urged to
return home as the Sun turned orange in the evening. Unfortunately, ___ could not even make half way to home and the
moon rises.

__ lost the race and was defeated because of greediness!

 GREEDY BOY

There lived a twin brother called Sam and Tom! They were identical twins, even their mother found it too hard
to differentiate between them during the initial months of birth. However, they were like two poles when it
comes to everything other than their appearance. They neither agree with anything nor do they share even one
single trait!

Sam had no friends, whereas for Tom the world was friendship. Sam loved sweets and Tom loved to eat spicy
foods. Sam was mommy’s pet and Tom was daddy’s pet. While Sam was generous, Tom was greedy!
As they grew up, their father wanted to share his fortune equally. However, Tom did not agree and he argued
that whoever is more intelligent and strong, will gain higher share of wealth than other.
Sam agreed. Their father decided to organize a competition between the two. And they ordered the two sons to
walk as long as they can in and they should return home before the sunset. Whoever covers the longer distance
and returns home before sunset will get huge amount of wealth proportionate to the distance they covered. They
don’t carry watch to calculate time.
Both started to walk a long way during a sunny day. Sam walked slowly and steadily, while Tom urged to win
over Sam started to run instantly.
The distance they cover until mid-noon will be equal to the distance they would reach home before sunset. It
was mid-noon and Sam decided to return back as he could reach home on time.

However, Tom, with his greediness to earn more wealth, did not turn his way back home even after mid-noon.
He walked two times longer distance that what Sam was covered and decided to return back before the sunset.
He urged to return home as the Sun turned orange in the evening. Unfortunately, he could not even make half
way to home and the moon rises.
He lost the race and was defeated because of greediness!

THE WOLF IN CHEEP´S CLOTHING

A Wolf found great difficulty in getting at the sheep owing to the vigilance of the shepherd and his dogs.
But one day it found the skin of a sheep that had been flayed and thrown aside, so it put it on over its own pelt
and strolled down among the sheep.
The Lamb that belonged to the sheep, whose skin the Wolf was wearing, began to follow the Wolf in the
Sheep’s clothing; so, leading the Lamb a little apart, he soon made a meal off her, and for some time he
succeeded in deceiving the sheep, and enjoying hearty meals.

Moral of a fable: appearances are deceptive.