SPE 10127

A Method to Determ
and Its Applications

by Jose L. Bashbush, * PEMEX-National University of Mexico

●Member SPE.AIME

C) Copy.lghl 1981, Society of Petroleum Engineers of Al ME

This paper was presented at the 56th Annual Fall Technical Conferel,ca and Exhibition of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, held in
San Antonio, Texas, October 5.7, 1981. The material is subject to correction by the author. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract of
not more than 300 words. Write: 6200 N. Central Expressway, Dallas, Texas 75206.

1
ABSTRACT
.— Equilibrium Ratios. Various nomograms and
correlations have been developed, modified
P.etrograde condensate reservoirs and and refined to simplify the volumixtoua
volatile oil reservoirs are not amenable to calculation implied in the proposed trial
be studied using traditional material and error procedures.
balance methods and simulation techniques.
To analize these “variable composition As the result of drilling deeper andhotte.r
reservoirs” , it is necessary to obtain a horizons, the number of variable composition
consistent and reliable set of K-values reservoirs has increased considerably during
which might be capable of reproducing the the last few years. These reservoirs, often
phase behavior of the fluids within the found at temperatures near the critical
reservoir, temperature of the mixture of hydrocarbons
they contain, present a behavior that pr~
This paper presents a simple and pract~ vents the use of traditional methods common
cal material balance method by which liquid ly applied in moat reservoirs. The need fo~
compositions, K-values and molecular better precision in the forecasting of the
weights of the heavy fraction in the liquid behavior of these kinds of reservoirs comp~
at different pressures are calculated, based sitional material balance methods7 and com
on the data available in a constant volume positional finite difference simulators w~re
depletion lab analysis. Results of the developed.
analyses of three PVT studies are discussed
along with guidelines to evaluate the The fluids of these reservoirs are
goodness of reported experimental data and characterized by having considerable amounts
ways to correct inconsistencies commonly of intermediate hydrocarbons (C2-C6). Tables
found in the reports. 1 and 2 present the consolidated composition
al analysis of 19 of these reservoirs. The
The corrected K-value table generated Cr,nposition of these fluids and the tempe~
with the method can be directly used in a ature of the reservoirs they are found in,
compositional study to predict the reservoir are the reasons for obtaining large retro
behavior. Another use involves the applic~ grade condensations from the gases and h~gh
tion of the metliod as a necessary preamble shrinkage in liquid volumes from the oils.
to the adjustment of the parameters of an
equation of state. This practice will avoid Figure 1 depicts the retrograde
the great deal of time spent in unsucces~ condensate curves obtained in the lab for
ful attempts to match inconsistent inform~ several of the fluids of Table 1. Figure 2
tion includes the liquid phase volum~ curves (re
lated to the volume occupied at the bubble–
point) for seven of the volatile oils of
INTRODUCTION Table 2. The curve of a light black oil
with a bubble point formation volume factor
Several articlesl$2~3$4 and books 5’6 have of 1.6 is also included for comparison. The
dealt with the problem of predicting the difference between this fairly light black
behavior of reservoirs containing variable oil and the volatile oils is quite evident.
composition fluids (volatile oils and
retrograde condensate gases), The end The increased sophistication in the
result of all the predictions is the obtai; predictive techniques for these kinds of
ment of a consistent set of K-values or reservoirs, underlines the need for a
References and illustrations at end of paper.
2 A METHOD TO DETERMINE K-VALUES FROM LABORATORY DATA AND ITS APPLICATIONS -_-—
SPE 10127

procedure that is able to determine K-values PVT cell.

capable of reproducing the observed behavior
of fluid samples in the laboratory. Dykstra For volatile oils it is also necessary
and Mueller8published a method that corre- to know the molecular weight of the original
lates K-values versus pressure and the char fluid, as well as its density at the bubble
acterization factor of each component. Thi; point pressure.
method was successfully used for the
prediction of phase behavior in gas injection The analysis of the set of K-values
processes in spite that the correlating obtained in this manner provides the follow
equation assumes an ideal solution behavior ing additional advantages:
and also that the vapor phase follows the
perfect gas lawg. Subsequent modifications By plotting the K-values versus pressure
to this methodlo~ll have made it suitable it is possible to analize the quality of
for its use in the simulation of variable the experimental data. Incorrect mea
composition reservoirs. surements will show as “humps” or –
“inflections” in the K-value curves.
Jones and Erbar12 presented a computer
The method allows to correct the exper~
oriented algorithm that adjusts an initially -
estimated set of K-values by means of tran~ mental errors by visually altering the
K-values or, in a more adequate form,by
lation andjor rotation of the curves. The
selectively altering the compositions
initial estimate is made through the use of
reported by the lab.
polynomial approximations to published data13.
Normal boiling points of the heavy components - Even if an equation of state is utilized
are also required in the characterization the method allows to first check if the
process. PVT results are internally consistent.
If they are not, the application of, the
In a more rigorous way, several methods procedure will render a consistent set
based upon the use of two and three-parameter of K-values. This precaution will avoid
equations of state (EOS) have been developed. the great deal of time and difficulty
The most commonly used EOS are the numerous involved in useless or impossible match
modifications to the Redlich-Kwongl” EOS es to incorrect data.
and the Peng-Robinson15 EOS. A recent publ~
cation16 summarizes most of these equations. The first stage of a constant volume
depletion test will be briefly reviewed,
The use of EOS in phase behavior calc~ since this test is the basic source of info~
lations presents several advantages over mation for the method.
other methods by reducing the use of empir~
cal correlations and allowing the calcula
tion of a consistent set of physical prope~ CONSTANT VOLUME DEPLETION TF.ST
ties. Furthermore, once the parameters of
the equation are adjusted, it is theoretical A constant volume depletion test consist
possible to calculate the whole two-phase of a series of expansions tit constant composj
envelope knowing only the initial fluid tion, equilibrations at constant presure and
composition. The problem arises during the then withdrawals again at constant pressure
adjustment of the equation to experimental all .~f them carried out at reservoir tempers
lab data. The large number of parameters ture. The gas withdrawn from the cell is
and the ample range of variation of some of analized and its amount and composition
them, makes it difficult to know if the match measured.
is unique or if it applies to the whole range
of interest. Figure 3 schematically presents the
first step of a test performed on a sample
A simple and practical method for the of the Gas Condensate ‘8A”. Figure 3a, shows
exact calculation of K-values of a hydroca~ the initial conditions of the cell at the
bon mixture with nitrogen, carbon dioxide dew point pressure of 6720 psig. The volume
and/or hydrogen sulfide is presented. The VI occupied by the sample at the saturation
information required is available in a pressure serves as the basis for the entire
routine constant volume PVT compositional test. Figure 3b represents the end of the
analysis, that is: first expansion. In this case the pressure in
the cell has decreased to 5800 psig. The
Initial fluid composition at the volume of the sample in the cell V2 is pr~
saturation pressure, portional to the plz relationships:
Composition of the gas effluent
displaced during each pressure PI 22
. .. (1)
decrement, ‘2 ‘;l@
Gas deviation factor,
Amount of gas displaced in each step, 1.0656 Vl ... (2)
‘2 =
and
Volume of the liquid phase in the
SPE 10127 JOSE L. BASHBUSH 3

The two-phase deviation factors are used 3. The number of moles of the vapor phase
in this calculation since there are two Ng . is calculated by the application of
phases present in the cell below the satur~ th~ real gas law. The volume of the
tion pressure. The first stage is concluded gaseous phase is the difference between
with a constant pressure production of the the initial cell volume VI and the volume
gas phase G2, until the volume of the sample occupied by the liquid (RLVj) at the
is reduced to the original volume VI. See corresponding pressure.
Figure 3c. In this test tk,e retrograde
condensate occupies 7.~0% of “Vll and consg The number of moles of the liquid phase
quently the gas G2 occupies 92.20% of V . (N~j) is the difference between Nj and
The moles of G2 g as produced are 6.193%1 of Ng..
the moles originally present in the cell at J
the saturation pressure. As a way of checking the accuracy of the
experimental data, it is convenient to
The procedure is repeated in succesive calculate the two-phase deviation factor
stages until a minimum test pressure is commonly reported in the PVT
reached (generally 700 psig). For this $ es for condensates .
~~~ 12
pressure, the composition of the gas phase as
well as the composition of the retrograde 4. The number of moles withdrawn in each
liquid remaining in the cell are reported. depletion stage S. ia obtained as a
function of the aAount of mass produced
Table 3 contains the corrected compos~ in two succeeding stages.
tional analysis of a depletion study perfo~
med dn a sample of Gas Condensate A. The following two steps are applied to each
component or pseudo-component included in the
For a volatile oil, the procedure is PVT analysis:
identical, but in this case the initial
pressure is the bubble point pressure and the 5. A material balance for each one of the
cell contains liquid and not gas. components renders the equation:

Initial moles of = Noles of ith comp~

DESCRIPTION OF THE METHOD ith component nent in the vapor
phase
The equations are developed in Appendix
A. Moles of ith comp~ Moles produced
+ nent in the liquid + of the ith
The method consists on the application .. . (3)
phase component
of a material balance to the moles of fluid
originally present in the cell at the satur~
The above equation is solved in terms of
tion pressure, (bubble point for an oil or
the mol fraction of the ith component in
dew point for a gas). The objective is to
the liquid phase xi, that is the only
obtain the liquid composition in the cell
unk~own remaining.
with can be used, along with the gas compos~
tion obtained in the lab, to calculate the
6. The equilibrium ratio of the ith compo
K-values.
nent K. at the corresponding pressure—is
obtain;d dividing the mol fraction of
The procedure is divided into eight
the ith component in the vapor phase
steps:
(reported in the PVT analysis) by the mol
fraction of the ith component in the
1. In the first step the total number of
liquid phaae calculated in step 5 above.
moles NT in the system is obtained. Thi s
number 1s a function of the initial cel 17
Once all the equilibrium ratios have bee]
volume V1. However, dcring the calcul~ “
calculated it is convenient to extrap~
tion procedure the volume cancels out
late the curves to obtain the K-values
and does not enter into the equations.
corresponding to the saturation pressure
(either bubble point or dew point). The
For a volatile oil it is necessary to
extrapolated values can be then correcte~
know the density at the bubble point and the
to satisfy the corresponding limitation
apparent molecular weight of the original
at this pressure, i.e.:
reservoir fluid. For a retrograde condensate ,
the dew point and the deviation factor su~
The sum of the mole concentrations for
fice, since the real gas law can be applied.
the first drop of dew (for gases) or for
the first bubble of gas (for oils) shoul~
Steps 2 through 6 are repeatedly
be exactly one.
applied for each depletion level for which an
ana’lysis of the produced gas is available.
8. The last step consist of the calculation
of the molecular weight of the C7+ fras
2. The number of moles remaining in the
tion in the liquid. The molecul~r weight
cell N. are obtained as a function of
and the number of moles of the fluid at
the amaunt of mass produced up to a
the saturation pressure (step 1) are
given depletion level (WSPj).
known. Therefore it is possible to calcy
4 A METHOD TO DETERMINE K-VALUES FROM LABOFQiTORYDATA AND ITS APPLICATIONS SPE 10127

late the mass originally in the cell. than about one percent.
This mas is partitioned into a vapor
Another useful plot* can be generated
and liquid phases, with the molecular
with the calculated liquid compositions
weight of the vapor phase being measured
vereus pressure. Again, unexpected humps
in the test. Then it is possible to
in the curves would be indicative of
calculate the molecular weight and the
experimental errors.
mass of the vapor phase.
The most important and sensitive check
Subtracting the mass of the vapor phase on the consistency of the experimental
from the total mass in the cell at the data is a plot of the K-values obtained
beginning of the corresponding depletion through this procedure (step 6) versus
stage, the mass of the liquid phase is pressure. The curves should plot in a
obtained. Finally, with the composition parallel-like trend with no humps or
(step 5), number of moles (step 3), and crossings. The upper curve (higer K-va~
mass of the liquid phase in the cell ues) should correspond to nitrogen,
known, it is possible to calculate both, followed by the curves of methane and
the molecular weight of the liquid, and carbon dioxide. Then, either the curve
the molecular weight of the C7+ fraction of ethane or the curve of hydrogen SU1
in the liquid. fide (depending on the fluid composition
and reservoir temperature). Underneath,
the curves of the rest of the components
CONSISTENCY OF THE EXPERIMENTAL DATA should plot, in order of their molecular
weights. The K-values of isobutane and
The consistency of the experimental iso-pentane should always be higher than
data can be revised in several ways. the ones corresponding to the “normal”
components.
The first check can be easily done by
plotting* the composition of the produced gas
versus pressure. Smooth curves should be the APPLICATIONS
norm. Humps in the plot will usually be an
indication of experimental error. To il~tistrate the utilization of the
method, a discussion of t’ne characterization
For gas-condensate fluids this plot can of three of the ?luids in Tables 1 and 2
be extended to the dew point pressure utili~ follows.
ing the composition of the fluid at the dew
point. However, for volatile oils the plot
can not be extended to the bubble point by CASE 1. GAS CONDENSATE “A”
means of the composition of the fluid at the
bubble point (a very common mistake). The Gas-Condensate “A” is in a hot (273”F),
composition of the first “bubble” of gas deep (15 000’) reservoir with an originsl
(consistent with the rest of the data in the pressure over 1 000 psi above the dew point
plot) is very different from the composition pressure. Bottom hole samples were collected
of the oil in the cell at the bubble point. and analized. The maximum retrograde condens~
This is the case even for oils near the tion of 19.4 percent of hydrocarbon pore
critical conditions. Therefore, the gas comp~ space occurred at a pressure of 31OO psig.
sition obtained in the extrapolation of the Table 3 contains the corrected compositional
K-values (step 7) should be used in this case analysis of a constant volume depletion study
at the reservoir temperature. Table 4 has the
A second check applicable to retrograde concentrations, modified in Table 3, that
condensate gases is by means of the two were originally reported by the lab.
-phase deviation factor. The calculated
values (step 3) should not differ in When the procedure was applied to the
more than a unit in the third decimal original data and the K-values were plotted,
place in all instances. This condition a few inconsistencies were apparent. Figure
is not severe, therefore, satisfying it 4 shows the K-value curves that were thought
is not a conclusive proof of consistency to indicate errors in the experimental infor
of the experimental data, mation. The most notorious are the crossove~s
All of the compositional PVT reports, shown by the curves for iso-butane and normal
include the analysis of the liquid butane, and the ones shown by the curves of
remaining in the cell at the end of the ethane and hydrogen sulfide.
las depletion stage. This composition
should be compared against the calcula To correct those curves the concentr~
ted composition (step 5). For most – ties originally reported by the lab we~e
components with initial mole conce~ modified until a set of smooth K-value curves
trations greated than 0,4 percent, the was obtained. It wae necessary to make 19
changes of which 12 were beyond the exper~
difference between the calculated and
the measured compositions should be less mental occuracy. Of the other seven, only
four resulted in changes greater than one

* semilog coordinate paper

SPE 10127 JOSE L. BASHBUSH 5

percent (and less than one and a half percent) CASE 3. GAS CONDENSATE IIB,!
of the original concentrations.
As a contrast to the former two instance~
Table 5 and Figure 5 contain the CalC~ this case is presented to show the usefulness
lated compositions of the retrograde liquid of the procedu?e not only in the characterize
condensed in the cell for each pressure tion of a fluid but also in correcting exper~
level. Included in Table 5 is a list ot the mental information inadequately obtained or
calculated two-phase deviation factors. reported.
Evidently there is an excellent match
between the values measured in the lab and As the basis for an urgent simulation
the ones calculated by this procedure. The study, a first attempt to characterize the
composition of the first drop of dew, is fluid of Gas Condensate “B” by the method
shown in Table 5 as the composition of the presented in this paper failed. Several of
liquid at the dew point of 6720 psig. the calculated compositions for the retrograch
liquid were negative and consequently, the
Table 6 shows the calculated equilibrium K-values as well. A thorough analysis of the
ratios graphically displayed in Figure 6. The information and the calculations, pointed out
K-values at the dew point are extrapolations that the major source of error was probably
of the trend shown by the rest of the curves. the original fluid composition. (First column
Actually, four different extrapolating of Table 8). The method was applied in
equations combined with four different ways several instances until a consistent set of
of forcing the extrapolated values to sat- K-value curves was obtained. The calculated
isfy the dew point condition were used. initial composition after seven trials is
Therefore, the numbers on the second columns shown in the second column of Table 8. With
of Tables 5 and 6 were chosen out of 16 these numbers and the calculated K-values
possible sets. (Figure 9) it was possible to continue the
reservoir study.
Figure 7 shows the behavior of the
molecular weight of the heptanes plus frac The third column of Table 8, has the
tion. As pressure decreases from the dewp;int, composition modified by the service company
the molecular weight of this fraction de- that performed the PVT study, several weeks
creases up to a minimum at around 1300 psig. after they were notified of the error. With
Beyond that, there is a slight increase. As these modifications still several humps were
a result of this decrease and of the calcu present in the K-value curves.
lated liquid compositions, the apparent m~
lecular weight of the retrograde liquid, The compositions of columns 2 and 3 are
first decreases showing a minimum at about very similar, nonetheless, the composition
4800 psig, and then increases. calculated with the outlined procedure
resulted in a consistent set of K-values and
Once the PVT data has been analized in allowed the reservoir study to continue in a
this manner, it is possible to either use matter of hours.
the information directly into a model, or to
attempt to calibrate the parameters of an
equation of state with the knowledge that CONCLUSIONS
the experimental information is consistent
throughout. Even having fairly good exper~ A method that allows to obtain the
mental data, as it is the case for Gas equilibrium ratios, liquid compositions and,
Condensate “A”, serious difficulties could the molecular weight of the liquid and of
have arisen in trying to match the behavior the C7+ fraction in the liquid for a variable
of the butanes for example, using an composition fluid has been presented. The
equation of state. data required is obtained from a constant
volume depletion test.
IICI!
CASE 2. VOLATILE OIL
The method is practical and efficient
Figure 8 shows the equilibrium ratios even for a desk calculator. The procedure can
calculated from a PVT analysis for Volatile cut down significantly the time required to
Oil “C”. The K-value curves only required characterize a fluid. Furthermore, the
three very slight modifications to plot in a method permits to:
smooth way. The similarity between the
Detect experimental errors
measured composition of the liquid left in
the cell at 700 psig, and the composition Correct such errors
calculated by the method is remarkable. The
maximum difference between any two cOmPo~ Adjust the parametersof an equation of
state with the certainty that the base
itions is less than 0.3 percent (Table 7),
information is consistent
The consistency shown by the Volatile - Utilize the calculated K-value table
Oil “C” data has been the best shown out of directly into compositional simulation
28 PVT analyses characterized to date. packages.
 .

NOMENCLATURE for Prediction of Recovery from Volatil

Oil Depletion Drive Reservoirs”, Trans.
K= equilibrium ratio, dimensionless AIME, V, 210, 1957,

N= mass, moles 4, Jacoby, R.H. y Koeller R.C.: “Effect of

Composition and Temperature on Phase
P= absolute pressure, psia Behavior and Depletion Performance of
Rich Gas Condensate Systems”, Trans.
RLV = liquid volume in the cell, % of Vl AIME, v.216, 1959.

s . amount of mass produced in a 5. Standing, M.B.: “Volumetric and Phase

depletion stage, moles Behavior of Oil Field Hydrocarbon
Systems”, SPE-AIME 1977. (Published
T= absolute temperature, ‘Rankine originally in 1952).

WSP = total mass produced, % of initial 6. Eilerts C.K. et al. : “Phase Relations
moles of Gas Condensate Fluids”, Monograph 10,
Vols. 1 and 2; Bureau of Mines-American
x= mol fraction in the liquid phase, Gas Association, 1959.
dimensionless
7. Lohrenz, J., Clark G.C. y Francis R.J.:
Y= mol fraction in the gas phase, “A Compositional Material Balance for
dimensionless Combination Drive Reservoirs with Gas
and Water Injection”, Trans. AIME, 1963,
z . deviation factor, dimensionless
8. Dykstra, H. y Mueller, T.D.: “Calcu13
tion of Phase Compositions and Prope~
SUBSCRIPTS ties for Lean or Enriched Gas Drive”,
. SPEJ, Sep. 1965.
1 saturation pressure conditions

. 9. Hoffmann, A.E., Crump, J.S. y Hocott C.

2 any other pressure
R.: “Equilibrium Constants for a Gas
. Condensate System”, Trans. AIME, v. 198!
c calculated 1953.
D= dew point
10. Scientific Software Corporation, N-COMP
User’s Manual.
g= gas
11. Abel, W., Jackson, R.F. y Wattenbarger,
i= i-th component
R.A.: “Simulation of a Partial Pressure
Maintenance Gas Cycling Project with a
i- iso-
Compositional Model, Carson Creek Field
Albert”a”, JPT, Jan. 1970.
j= j-th depletion stage,
j = 1 at the saturation pressure 12. Jones , D.M. y Erbar J.: “Computer
Determination of Data Matched Equili&
L= liquid rium Ratios”, JPT, Aug. 1970.

n = normal- 13. NGSMA , “Engineering Data Book” Tulsa,

Okla, 1957.
r . reservoir conditions
14. Redlich, O. y Kwong, J.N.: “On the
T= total Thermodynamics of Solutions, V. A Equ~
tion of State. Fugacities of Gaseous
Solutions”, Chem. Rev., v. 44, 1949.
REFERENCES
15. Peng, D.Y. y Robinson, D.B.: “A New
1. Jacoby, R.H. y V.J. Berry: “A method Two-Constant Equation of State”, Ind.
for Predicting Depletion Performance of Eng. Chem. Fund., v. 15, 1976.
a Reservoir Producing Volatil Crude
Oil”. Trans.AIME, v. 21O, 1957. 16. S6nchez, J.C. y Leyva M.A.: “Estudio
Comparative de Ecuaciones de Estado”,
2. Jacoby, R.H. y V.J. Berry: “A Method IMP, vol. XII, Abril 1980.
for Predicting Pressure Maintenance
Performance for Reservoirs Producing
APPENDIX A
Volatil Crude Oil”. Trans. AIME, v.213,
1958.
The equations of the appendix follow
the order delineated in the paper.
3. Reudelhuber, F.O. y Hinds R.F.: “ A
Compositional Material Balance Method 1, Obtainment of NT (for gases):
 ~D
.. . (Al)
‘T = 10.732 ZD Tr

2. Moles of fluid remaining in the j-th

depletion stage

N. = NT (1 - wsPj/loo) .. . (A.2)
3

3. Moles of gas, moles of liquid and

calculated two-phase deviation factor

p. (1 - RLV/100)
... (A.3)
(Ng)j=
10.732 Z. Tr
J

(N~)j = Nj - (Ng)j

Pj
.. . (A.4)
I
.. . (A.5)
(z
2pc)j =
10.732 Nj Tr

4. Number of moles withdrawn in the j-th

depletion stage

WSP. - WSP.-l .. . (A.6)

s .=
J ‘T
100

5. Material balance for the i-th component

in the j-th depletion stage

(Yi)l NT = (Yi)j (Ng)j + (xi)j(N~)j

+ (Yi)j ‘j ... (A.7)

solving for xi

‘j ,..
:x.)==
(yi)lNT - (Yi)j

[
‘Ng)j +

1 (A
.
8)

lJ
(Nz)j

6. Equilibrium Ratios
I
[1
Yi
Ki=— .. . (A.9)
x.
1
j

Steps 5 and 6 are applied for every

component in each one of the depletion stages

7.

8.
Extrapolation of the K-value

Mass balance to obtain the molecular

curves
I
weight of the liquid and the molecular
weight of the heavy fraction (C7+) in
the liquid.
 TABLE 1

CONSOLIDATED ANALYSES OF SEVERAL GAS CONDENSATE FLUID SYSTEi.lS

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (lo)
=~ t, ~u GC”E” G~n~n ~~ I*B ,, GC tt~ t, .-& ,,~ ,, G~ t,J t,
GC’’A1’ GC1’1 “ ~~o,~t,
—— . — — ,_ _ _,

69.93 70.60 77.22 74.96 71.68 74.51 69.79 67.55 71.02

c1 - ‘2 70.20

C2 - C6
24.05 22.80 15.71 17.87 20.77 17.83 22.14 23.59 19.23 19.74
032- H2S

6.02 6.60 7.07 7’.17 7.55 7.66 8.07 8.86 9.75 10,06
‘7+

Reservoir
Temperature 160 271 314 266 266 273 264 237 277 274
(’F)

TABLE 2

CONSOLIDATED ANALYSES OF SEVERAL VOLATILE OiLS

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)

“~ U~U “~tt~,t “(j ,$~ t’ “~,,or,
Vo”c “ “(),,pt, “~wQ1t ~~tt~,, Vo“s “
—— —— . . _

65.01 50.43 62.13 59.81 S6.33 49.S8 51.79 48.76 30.90

% - ‘2

C2 - C6
22.98 35.37 23.3G 23.72 23.58 29.43 26.25 25.80 39.80

co2-~2s

12.01 14.20 14.49 16.47 20.04 20.99 21.96 25.44 29.30

‘7+

Reservoir
Temperature
241 276 279 270 266 318 275 261 286
(°F)
 TABLE 3
cORRECTED c014poSIT10NAL ANALySES FOR GAS CONDENSATE “A” (MOL, PERCENT)
RESERVOIR PIwSSUlw3 ‘PSIG
CONPONENT ~ g“~ ~ ~ 2200. ~ ~ Jo&
%?s .110 .110 .111 .112 .113 .114 .117 .120 .060
C02 2.600 2.630 2.666 2.700 2.730 2.760 2.780 2.790 .710
1.590 1.640 1.690 1.720 1.750 1.750 1.710 1.650 .100
N2
72.920 74.450 76.020 77.360 78.329 73.690 78.370 76.950 12.430
%
C2 7.300 7.260 7.226 7.236 7.260 7.420 7.740 8.24o 3.280
3.360 3.310 3.259 3.220 3.210 3.260 3.450 3.720 2.880
C3
ic4 .830 .800 .770 .760 .760 .780 .830 .900 1.030
nC ~ 1.410 1.355 1.”300 1.280 1.280 1.300 1.380 1.490 2.070
ic5 .700 .660 .610 .582 .570 .579 .620 .730 1.620
nC .730 .680 .630 .6oO .588 .587 .630 .740 1.850
5
C6 .790 .700 .613 .570 .550 .550 .600 .680 3.190
c?+
7.660 6.405 5.105 3.860 2.860 2.210 1.773 1.990 70.780

NW OF c,+ 174 153 141 132 124 118 113 111 196
.814 .799 .788 .779 .771 .765 .760 .757 ,830
‘G ‘F C7+
Z-FACTO%
EQ. GAS 1.213 1.108 1.021 ,954 .917 .912 .936 .962
TWO-PHASE 1.213 1.116 1.033 .964 .910 .863 .804 .710
WELI.ISTREAi2
PRODUCED
CUM.%OF INIT. .000 6.193 14.359 25.021 38.349 53. s01 70.557 81.868

RJ3TROGRAOE
LIQUID .000 7.800 14.900 18.200 19.400 19.300 18.100 17.100
VOLUME

NOTE: The last column contains the equilibrium liquid phase

composition corresponding to the last pressure.

—
— TABLE 4

REPORTED LAB CONCENTRATIONS MODIFIED IN TABLE 3, GA!j CONDENSATE “A”

(MOL, PERCENT)

R3sERVOIR PRESSU~ (PSIG)

COMPOliENT 5800 4900 _4000 3100 2200 1300

H2S .11 .11 .11 .11 .12 I

C02 2.66

C2 7.24 7.23

ic4 .78

nC4 1.36 1.32

1C5 .59 .58

nC5 .59 .59

.62 -
C6

6.40 5.06 - 1.77

‘7+

I
 TAE!LE 5
CALCULATED COMPOSITIONS OF RETROGRADE LIQUID CONDENSED IN THE CELL, CONDENSATE “A”

(MOL, PERCENT)

RESERVOIR PRESSURE (PSIG)

CONPONENT ~ ~ 4y : 4000. ~ S 1300.

-— Jo&
H2S .106 .104 .103 .098 .092 .085 .065 .043
C02 2.238 2.179 2.128 1,984 1.795 1.532 1.139 .715
.906 .889 .873 .775 .574 .419 .259 .102
~2
52.299 51.471 50.702 45.379 38.815 31.915 21.609 12.545
c1
7.096 7.361 7.832 7.724 7,627 6.931 5.434 3.291
C2
4.034 4.061 4.084 4.231 4.334 4.250 3.681 2.877
C3
1C4 1.238 1,251 1.260 1,274 1.300 1.279 1.189 1.052
nC 2.158 2.181 2.199 2,233 2.282 2.322 2.233 2.087
4
ic5 1.157 1.261 1.343 1.436 1.541 1.628 1.713 1.625
nC5 1$405 1.431 1.447 1,545 1.654 1.800 1.918 1.876
2.013 2.052 2.060 2.176 2.360 2.599 2.896 3.191
C6
24.551 25.259 25.969 31.143 37.623 45,241 57.864 70.596
c?+

MW Ol?C7+ 292* 248.6 221.5 201.8 199.2 197.4 196.9

MW Ol? LIQUID 91.1 82.2 76.8 93.7 106.5 128.6 152.1

Tk!O-PHASE Z
FACTOR
----- CHECK-
LABORATORY 1.213 1.116 1.033 ,964 .910 .863 ,804 .710
CALCULATED ----- 1.116 1.s34 .964 .910 ,863 .804 .710

* EXTRAPOLATED

TABLE 6

CALCULATED EQUILIBRIUM RATIOS-FOR GAS CONDENSATE “A”

PRESSURE (PSIG)

COMPONENT ~ S8Q& 4900. &o& ~ ~ 1300. &

H2S 1.0361 1.058 1.079 1.143 1.226 1.345 1.811 2.823
co* 1.1616 1.207 1.253 1.361 1.521 1.801 2.439 3.902
1.7558 1.845 1.936 2.218 3.046 4.175 6.611 16.128
~2
1.3943 1.446 1.499 1.705 2.018 2.466 3.627 6.134
c1
0.92457 0.9236 0.9226 0.9368 0.9518 1.071 1.424 2.504
C2
0.83292 0.8151 0.7980 0.7610 0.7406 0.7671 0.9373 1.293
C3
ic4 0.67045 0.6397 0.6110 0.5965 0.5844 0.6100 0.6983 0.8559
nC4 0.65353 0,6213 0.5912 0.5731 0.5608 0.5599 0.6179 0.7138
ic5 0.60514 0.5235 0.4543 0.4052 0.3698 0.3557 0.3618 0.4492
nC5 0.51971 0.4752 0.4354 0.3884 0.3555 0.3262 O.32(I5 0.3945
0.39236 0.3412 0.2976 0.2619 0.2330 0.2115 0.2072 0.2131
C6
0.31200 0.2536 0.1966 0.1239 0.07602 0.04885 0.03064 0.02819
c?+
 TABLE 7

CALCULATED AND MEASURED COMPOSITIONS FOR THE

LIQUID AT 700 PSIG, VOLATILE OIL “C”

~A~ljRED CALCULATED
CONPOSITION COMPOSITION DIFFERENCE
COMPONENT (Mol. %) (Mol.%) (%)

H2S .31 .31

co ~ .65 .65

N .12 .12
2
11.02 11.05 0.27
c1
5.01 5.02 0.20
C2
4.79 4.80 0.21
C3
1C4 1.32 1.32

nc5 3.30 3.30

— iC 1.s1 1.81
5
.-
— nC ~ 2.42 2.42

C6 3.96 3.96

65.29 65.23 0.09

C7+

100.00 r.o.oo

TABLE 8.

COMPARISON BETWEEN ORIGINAL COMPOSITIC;i S

FOR GAS CONDENSATE “B”

ORIGINALLY CALCUI.ATED NODIFIED

REPORTED COMPOSITION C014POSITION
COMPONENT COMPOS IT ION
(Mol.%) (Mol.%) (Mel.%)

H2S 1.27 1.27 1.2?

Coz 2,33 2.33 2,33

‘2
0.40 0.40 0.40

c1 74.56 74.57 74.56

7.38 7.38 7,38

C2

C3 3.07 3.07 3.07

ic4 0.61 0.61 0.61
nC4 1.25 1.25 1.25
ic5 0.43 0.43 0.43
nC5 0.62 0.62 0,62

C6
0.91 0.91 0.91
---------------- --------- --------. --------. --------- ------
C7 0.48 1,00 0.98

C8 0.66 1.21 1.23

C9 1.21 1.03 1.02

Clo 0.93 0,76 0,76

Cll 0.69 0.55 0.55

Clz+ 3.20 2.61 2.63

100.00 100,00 100.00

 RETROGRADE
CONDENSATE
28 /

d
>
24
w
!?
#
20

5
2
A
o
>
w
s
(n
z
g.12
z
~

u .
0 8. 0
a ,
*
,,
,-
E 8
W4
K +

0
o 1000 2000 3 coo 4000 5000 6000 7000 80<

PRESSURE ( PSIG )

fig. l- Retrograde condenaatloncurvaa

.f —
Fig, 2- Llquidphaae volume cuwe2

.
[p~iq] 6720 5800 5800
3.0 I I I I I I
[%1 [%1 [%] G2 Pduced and
\ 4
analked(6.193%)

10T
4- $.
I
100 G!
H
v 10656 GZ
I
9220
Gt
[
v
I Ns
“\\
GAS CONDENSATE “A”

\ Cg

1 1 -———— ————— ._,

.I... . . II . J. i ~.80 ,2/, . -.,, I .
. .. . w 2’ ?.60
7’
\

(a) (b) (c)

“c+ -.— —.-
./

Fig. 3- Constant volume depletion teat

I
720

I I I I I I I
o 1000 2000 30QI 400U 300Q 6CQ 7oca

PRESSURE (PSI13)

Fl& 4- Selected K.value cuwes, Orlglnal data

10Q.C

c,

10.C

“c
k4
1.0

/ C02

6i

GAS CONDENSATE“A”

I I
Hz S
I / I I I I I I I I_ I t 1 I
0.1 — &
o 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000’ - 6000

PRESSURE ( PSI]

Fig. 5- Compositon of theretrograde llquld condensed in the cell

 X7-’-----l

lx’ GAs CONDENSATE “A”

0.02 I I I ~ J~
1000 2cmn 3(M 4000 5000 6 COO 7000

PRESSURE ( PSIG)

Fig. 6-Equilibrium raliosfor gaacondensate,-A’s

200 ‘ I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I I I 1 I 1
n
5
g
A GAS CONDENSATE ‘A”
~
a
s
o
Q u
h 150
a
u
o

&
a
❑ L
3 0
+
K
a
4 100 — . 2Q0 IIJ
u s
w
d
=
J

6720 Id
:

so I I 1 I I I t I I I 1 I I I 150
1000 2WQ 3000 4000 moo 6000 7000

PRESSURE ( PSIG)

Fig. 7- Molecular waighl behavior

 10.( I I I I I

5.(

1.(

O.:

0,1

0.05

VOLATILE OIL ‘c”

0.02 I I I I I I I
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6 OC

PRESSURE (PSIG)

Fig. 8- Equilibrium ratios for volatiie oil “C”

 10.(
\l I I I I
“\

5.1 GAS CONDENSATE “B”

\

c’

I
C3
1.(
\
I
“* \ iC4 I
x
\
>+
II o.!

x-

0.1

0.05

c,’ +
/
0.01 I /l I I I
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 70

PRESSURE ( PSIG)

Fig. 9- Equilibrium ratios for gas condensate “~,,