Chapter 5, Solution 1. Chapter 5, Solution 2. Chapter 5, Solution 3.

(a) R in = 1.5 M v 0 = Av d = A(v 2 - v 1 ) v 0 = Av d = A(v 2 - v 1 )

(b) R out = 60 = 105 (20-10) x 10-6 = 1V = 2 x 10 5 (30 + 20) x 10-6 = 10V
(c) A = 8x10 4
Therefore A dB = 20 log 8x104 = 98.06 dB

Chapter 5, Solution 4. Chapter 5, Solution 5. Chapter 5, Solution 6.

vi
v 0 = Av d = A(v 2 - v 1 )
v 4 + -
v2 - v 1 = 0 2 V
A 2 x10 6
I R0
R0 I
v 2 - v 1 = -2 µV = –0.002 mV -
-
1 mV - v 1 = -0.002 mV R in
R in vd
v 1 = 1.002 mV vd
+ +
+ + Av d
+ + - vo
Av d v0
- -
vi + -
-

-v i + Av d + (R i + R 0 ) I = 0 (1)
(R 0 + R i )R + v i + Av d = 0
But v d = R i I,
But v d = R i I,
-v i + (R i + R 0 + R i A) I = 0
v i + (R 0 + R i + R i A)I = 0
vi
I= (2)
R0 (1 A ) R i vi
I= (1)
R0 (1 A ) R i
-Av d - R 0 I + v 0 = 0
-Av d - R 0 I + v o = 0
( R 0 R i A) v i
v 0 = Av d + R 0 I = (R 0 + R i A)I = v o = Av d + R 0 I = (R 0 + R i A)I
R 0 (1 A ) R i
Substituting for I in (1),
v0 R0 R iA 100 10 4 x10 5
10 4
vi R0 (1 A )R i 100 (1 10 5 ) R 0 R iA
v0 = vi
R 0 (1 A ) R i
10 9 100,000
10 4 0.9999990 50 2 x10 6 x 2 x10 5 10 3
1 10 5 100,001 =
50 1 2 x10 5 x 2 x10 6
200,000 x 2 x10 6
mV
200,001x 2 x10 6
v 0 = -0.999995 mV

Chapter 5, Solution 7. Chapter 5, Solution 8. Chapter 5, Solution 9.

100 k (a) If v a and v b are the voltages at the inverting and noninverting terminals of the op amp. (a) Let v a and v b be respectively the voltages at the inverting and noninverting terminals of
the op amp
va = vb = 0
v a = v b = 4V
R out = 100
10 k 1 2 0 v0
1mA = v 0 = –2 V At the inverting terminal,
2k
+
VS + (b) 4 v0
– + 1mA = v 0 = 2V
– Vd R in AV d 2k
+ V out
– 10 k
–
(b) 1V
-
2V
+ +-
ia va + +
- 2V
10 k vb vo
+ - -
+-
At node 1, ( VS – V1 )/10 k = [V1 /100 k] + [(V 1 – V 0 )/100 k] vb + +
2k +
vo va vo
10 V S – 10 V 1 = V 1 + V 1 – V 0 1V + - ia
- - -
Since v a = v b = 3V,
which leads to V1 = (10V S + V0 )/12
-v b + 1 + v o = 0 v o = v b – 1 = 2V
At node 2, (V 1 – V 0 )/100 k = (V 0 – (–AV d ))/100

(a) (b)
But V d = V 1 and A = 100,000,

V 1 – V 0 = 1000 (V 0 + 100,000V 1 ) Since v a = v b = 1V and ia = 0, no current flows through the 10 k resistor. From Fig. (b),
0= 1001V 0 + 99,999,999[(10V S + V 0 )/12] -v a + 2 + v 0 = 0 v 0 = v a – 2 = 1 – 2 = –1V
0 = 83,333,332.5 V S + 8,334,334.25 V 0

which gives us (V 0 / V S ) = –10 (for all practical purposes)

If V S = 1 mV, then V 0 = –10 mV

Since V 0 = A V d = 100,000 V d , then V d = (V 0 /105) V = –100 nV

Chapter 5, Solution 10. 5.11 Using Fig. 5.50, design a problem to help other students to better understand how ideal op But va = v b = 2V,
amps work.
Since no current enters the op amp, the voltage at the input of the op amp is v s . Hence 12 = 10 – v o v o = –2V
Although there are many ways to work this problem, this is an example based on the same kind
10 vo vo of problem asked in the third edition. va vo 0 vo 2 2 2
vs = v o =2 –io = 1mA
10 10 2 vs 8 4 8 4
Problem
i o = –1mA
Find v o and i o in the circuit in Fig. 5.50.

Figure 5.50 for Prob. 5.11

Solution

8k

2k
a io
+ +
5k b
+
3V 10 k 4k vo

10
vb = (3) 2V
10 5

At node a,

3 va va vo
12 = 5v a – v o
2 8

Chapter 5, Solution 12. Chapter 5, Solution 14.

Chapter 5, Solution 13.
Step 1. Label the unknown nodes in the op amp circuit. Next we write the node Transform the current source as shown below. At node 1,
equations and then apply the constraint, V a = V b . Finally, solve for V o in terms of V s .
10 v 1 v1 v2 v1 vo
25 k 5 20 10
10 k
5k a
a + io
100 k i1 +
+ + b i2
+ b 10 k vo
VS 10 k vo
Vo + 90 k
10 k 1V
50 k
10 k
5k 20 k
v1 v2
+ +
Step 2. [(V a -V s )/5k] + [(V a -V o )/25k] + 0 = 0 and +
10V
By voltage division, vo
[(V b -0)/10k] + 0 = 0 or V b = 0 = V a ! Thus,
90
[(-V s )/5k] + [(-V o )/25k] = 0 or, va = (1) 0.9V
100
V o = ( –25/5)V s or V o /V s = –5. 50 vo
vb = vo
150 3

v0 But v2 = 0. Hence 40 – 4v1 = v 1 + 2v 1 – 2v o 40 = 7v 1 – 2v o (1)

But va = v b 0.9 vo = 2.7V
3
v1 v2 v2 vo
At node 2, , v2 0 or v 1 = –2v o (2)
vo vo 20 10
io = i1 + i2 = 0.27mA + 0.018mA = 288 A
10 k 150 k
From (1) and (2), 40 = –14v o - 2v o v o = –2.5V

Chapter 5, Solution 15 Chapter 5, Solution 16 Let currents be in mA and resistances be in k . At node a,

0 .5 v a va vo
(a) Let v 1 be the voltage at the node where the three resistors meet. Applying Using Fig. 5.55, design a problem to help students better understand inverting op amps. 1 3v a vo (1)
5 10
KCL at this node gives
Although there are many ways to work this problem, this is an example based on the same kind But
v1 v1 v o 1 1 vo of problem asked in the third edition. 8 10
is v1 (1) va vb vo vo va (2)
R2 R3 R2 R3 R3 8 2 8
Problem
At the inverting terminal, Substituting (2) into (1) gives
Obtain i x and i y in the op amp circuit in Fig. 5.55. 10 8
1 3va va va
0 v1 8 14
is v1 i s R1 (2)
R1 Thus,
Combining (1) and (2) leads to 0 .5 v a
ix 1 / 70 mA 14 .28 A
R1 R1 vo vo R1 R3 5
is 1 R1 R3 vo vb vo va 10 0. 6 8
R2 R3 R3 is R2 iy 0.6( v o va ) 0 .6( va va ) x mA
2 10 8 4 14

(b) For this case, = 85.71 µA

vo 20 x 40
20 40 k - 92 k
is 25

= –92 k

Figure 5.55

Solution
10k

ix
5k va iy
-
vb + vo

+ 2k
0.5V
- 8k
Chapter 5, Solution 17. Chapter 5, Solution 19.
Chapter 5, Solution 18.
vo Rf 12 We convert the current source and back to a voltage source.
(a) G= –2.4 For the circuit, shown in Fig. 5.57, solve for the Thevenin equivalent circuit
vi Ri 5
looking into terminals A and B. 4
vo 80 24
(b) = –16 3
vi 5
vo 2000 10 k
(c) –400 (4/3) k 4k 10 k
vi 5 10 k
a 0V
c
A
+
(a) –2.4, (b) –16, (c) –400 b
7.5 V +
+ vo
2.5 (1.5/3)V +
2k
B

Figure 5.57
For Prob. 5.18. 10k 1. 5
vo –937.5 mV.
4 3
4 k
Write a node equation at a. Since node b is tied to ground, v b = 0. We cannot write a 3
node equation at c, we need to use the constraint equation, v a = v b . Once, we know v c , vo vo 0
io –562.5 µA.
we then proceed to solve for V open circuit and I short circuit . This will lead to V Thev (t) = V open 2k 10k
circuit and R equivalent = V open circuit /I short circuit .

[(v a – 7.5)/10k] + [(v a – v c )/10k] + 0 = 0

Our constraint equation leads to,

v a = v b = 0 or v c = –7.5 volts

This is also the open circuit voltage (note, the op-amp keeps the output voltage at –5 volts
in spite of any connection between A and B. Since this means that even a short from A to
B would theoretically then produce an infinite current, R equivalent = 0. In real life, the
short circuit current will be limited to whatever the op-amp can put out into a short
circuited output.
V Thev = –7.5 volts; R equivalent = 0-ohms.

Chapter 5, Solution 20. Chapter 5, Solution 21. Chapter 5, Solution 22.

Let the voltage at the input of the op amp be v a . A v = -R f /R i = -15.

8k
If R i = 10k , then R f = 150 k .

2k
4k 4k
a b v o = –4 V.
+ +
+
9V + vo
vs

At node a,

9 va va vo va vb
18 = 5v a – v o – 2v b (1)
4 8 4

At node b,

va vb vb vo
v a = 3v b – 2v o (2)
4 2

But vb = v s = 2 V; (2) becomes v a = 6 –2v o and (1) becomes

–18 = 30–10v o – v o – 4 v o = –44/(–11) = 4 V.

Chapter 5, Solution 23 Chapter 5, Solution 24 Chapter 5, Solution 25.

At the inverting terminal, v=0 so that KCL gives v1 Rf This is a voltage follower. If v 1 is the output of the op amp,

vs 0 0 0 vo vo Rf R1 R2 v 1 = 3.7 V
R1 R2 Rf vs R1
- vs + - v o = [20k/(20k+12k)]v 1 = [20/32]3.7 = 2.312 V.
+
+
R4
R3 vo
v2 -

We notice that v 1 = v 2 . Applying KCL at node 1 gives

v1 (v1 v s ) v1 v o 1 1 1 vs vo
0 v1 (1)
R1 R2 Rf R1 R2 Rf R2 Rf
Applying KCL at node 2 gives

v1 v1 v s R3
0 v1 vs (2)
R3 R4 R3 R4
Substituting (2) into (1) yields

R3 R3 R4 R3 1
vo Rf vs
R1 Rf R2 R3 R4 R2
i.e.
R3 R3 R4 R3 1
k Rf
R1 Rf R2 R3 R4 R2
Chapter 5, Solution 26 Chapter 5, Solution 27. Chapter 5, Solution 28.

Using Fig. 5.64, design a problem to help other students better understand noninverting op amps. This is a voltage follower. 50 k

v 1 = [24/(24+16)]7.5 = 4.5 V; v 2 = v 1 = 4.5 V; and

Although there are many ways to work this problem, this is an example based on the same kind
of problem asked in the third edition. v o = [12/(12+8)]4.5 = 2.7 V.
v1
vo
Problem va +
Determine i o in the circuit of Fig. 5.64.
10 k
+ 20 k
10 V

0 v1 v1 v o
At node 1,
10 k 50 k
Figure 5.64
But v 1 = 10V,
Solution
–5v 1 = v 1 – v o , leads to v o = 6v1 = 60V
+
Alternatively, viewed as a noninverting amplifier,
vb - io
+ + v o = (1 + (50/10)) (10V) = 60V
0.4V 5k
- 2k vo i o = v o /(20k) = 60/(20k) = 3 mA.
8k
-

8
vb 0.4 vo 0.8vo vo 0.4 / 0.8 0.5 V
8 2
Hence,
vo 0.5
io 0 .1 mA
5k 5k

Chapter 5, Solution 29 Chapter 5, Solution 30. Chapter 5, Solution 31.

R1 va The output of the voltage becomes After converting the current source to a voltage source, the circuit is as shown below:
+
vb - + v o = v i = 1.2 V
12 k
(30 k 20 k ) 12 k
+
3k 6k vo
vi R2 R2 vo By voltage division, 1
- R1 v1 + vo
2
- +
12
vx (1.2) 0.2V 12 V
12 60 6k

R2 R1 vx 0.2 20
va vi , vb vo ix 10 A
R1 R2 R1 R2 20k 20k 2 x106

v 2x 0.04
R2 R1 p 2 W. At node 1,
But v a vb vi vo R 20k
R1 R2 R1 R2 12 v1 v1 vo v1 vo
48 = 7v 1 - 3v o (1)
Or 3 6 12
vo R2
vi R1 At node 2,
v1 vo vo 0
ix v 1 = 2vo (2)
6 6

From (1) and (2),

48
vo
11
vo
ix 727.2 A
6k

Chapter 5, Solution 32. Chapter 5, Solution 33. Chapter 5, Solution 34

Let v x = the voltage at the output of the op amp. The given circuit is a non-inverting After transforming the current source, the current is as shown below:
amplifier. v1 vin v1 vin
0 (1)
1k R1 R2
50
vx 1 (4 mV) = 24 mV
10 but
60 30 20 k 4k vi R3
va vo (2)
+ vo R3 R 4
va
By voltage division,
+
20 vx 4V Combining (1) and (2),
vo = vx 12mV 2k 3k
20 20 2
vx 24mV R1 R1
ix = 600 A v1 va v2 va 0
20 20 k 40k R2 R2

v2
144x10 6
This is a noninverting amplifier. R1 R1
p= o
204 W. va 1 v1 v2
R 60x10 3 R2 R2
1 3
vo 1 vi vi
2 2 R 3v o R1 R1
1 v1 v2
R3 R 4 R2 R2
Since the current entering the op amp is 0, the source resistor has a 0 V potential drop.
Hence v i = 4V.
R3 R4 R1
vo v1 v2
3 R1 R2
vo (4) 6V R3 1
2 R2

Power dissipated by the 3k resistor is R3 R4

vO = (v1 R2 v2 )
R3 ( R1 R2 )
v 2o 36
12mW
R 3k

va vo 4 6
ix –2mA.
R 1k

12mW, –2mA
 Chapter 5, Solution 35. Chapter 5, Solution 36 Chapter 5, Solution 37.

vo Rf VTh Vab Rf Rf Rf
Av 1 7.5 R f = 6.5Ri vo v1 v2 v3
vi Ri R1 R1 R2 R3
But vs Vab . Thus,
R1 R 2
If R i = 60 k , R f = 390 k . R1 R2 R2 30 30 30
VTh Vab v s (1 )v s (2) ( 2) ( 4.5)
R1 R1 10 20 30
To get R Th , apply a current source Io at terminals a-b as shown below.
v o = 1.5 V.
v1
+
v2 - a

+
R2
vo io
R1
-
b

Since the noninverting terminal is connected to ground, v 1 = v 2 =0, i.e. no current passes
through R1 and consequently R 2 . Thus, v o =0 and

vo
RTh 0
io

Chapter 5, Solution 38. Chapter 5, Solution 39 Chapter 5, Solution 40

Using Fig. 5.75, design a problem to help other students better understand summing amplifiers. Determine V o in terms of V 1 and V 2 .
This is a summing amplifier.
Although there are many ways to work this problem, this is an example based on the same kind 100 k 200 k
of problem asked in the third edition. Rf Rf Rf 50 50 50
vo v1 v2 v3 ( 2) v2 ( 1) 9 2.5v 2
R1 R2 R3 10 20 50 100 k Va
Problem 10
Thus, + Vc
V1
vo 16.5 9 2.5v 2 v2 3V +
+ +
Calculate the output voltage due to the summing amplifier shown in Fig. 5.75. V2
40 Vo
Vb

Step 1. Label the reference and node voltages in the circuit, see above.
Note we now can consider nodes a and b, we cannot write a node equation at c
without introducing another unknown. The node equation at a is [(V a –V 1 )/105 ] +
[(V a –V 2 )/105] + 0 + [(V a –V c )/2x10 5] = 0. At b it is clear that V b = 0. Since we
have two equations and three unknowns, we need another equation. We do get
that from the constraint equation, V a = V b . After we find V c in terms of V 1 and
V 2 , we then can determine V o which is equal to [(V c –0)/50] times 40.
Figure 5.75
Step 2. Letting V a = V b = 0, the first equation can be simplified to,

Solution [–V 1 /105] + [–V 2 /105] + [–V c /2x10 5] = 0

Taking V c to the other side of the equation and multiplying everything by 2x105,
Rf Rf Rf Rf we get,
vo v1 v2 v3 v4
R1 R2 R3 R4 V c = –2V 1 – 2V 2
50 50 50 50
(10) ( 20) (50) ( 100) Now we can find V o which is equal to (40/50)V c = 0.8[–2V 1 –2V 2 ]
25 20 10 50
V o = –1.6V 1 –1.6V 2 .
= -120mV

Chapter 5, Solution 41. Chapter 5, Solution 42 Chapter 5, Solution 43.

R f /R i = 1/(4) R i = 4R f = 40k Since the average of three numbers is the sum of those numbers divided by three, the In order for
value of the feedback resistor needs to be equal to one-third of the input resistors or,
The averaging amplifier is as shown below: Rf Rf Rf Rf
1 vo v1 v2 v3 v4
Rf R 1 25 k . R1 R2 R3 R4
R 1 = 40 k 10 k 3
v1
to become
R 2 = 40 k
v2 1
vo v1 v2 v3 v4
R 3 = 40 k 4
vo
v3 Rf 1 Ri 80k
+ Rf 20 k .
R 4 = 40 k Ri 4 4 4
v4
Chapter 5, Solution 44. Chapter 5, Solution 45. Chapter 5, Solution 46.

This can be achieved as follows: v1 1 1 Rf Rx Rf

R4 vo ( v2 ) v3 v1 ( v2 ) v3
3 3 2 R1 R2 R3
R3 R R
vo v1 v2 i.e. R 3 = 2R f , R 1 = R 2 = 3R f . To get -v 2 , we need an inverter with R f = R i . If R f =
a R /3 R /2 10k , a solution is given below.
R1 b
v1 Rf Rf 30 k
+ v1 v2 10 k
vo R1 R2 v1
R2 10 k
10 k
v2 v2 30 k
i.e. Rf = R, R1 = R/3, and R 2 = R/2
+ -v 2
v1 v2 Thus we need an inverter to invert v 1 , and a summer, as shown below (R<100k ). 20 k
v3 vo
v b v1 vb v 2 R1 R2 +
At node b, 0 vb (1)
R1 R2 1 1
R1 R2 R
R
R
v1 R/3
0 va va vo vo + -v 1
At node a, va (2)
R3 R4 1 R4 / R3 R/2
v2 vo
+
But va = v b . We set (1) and (2) equal.

vo R 2 v1 R 1 v 2
1 R 4 / R3 R1 R 2

or
R3 R4
vo = R2 v 1 R1 v 2
R3 R1 R2

Chapter 5, Solution 47. Chapter 5, Solution 48. (v1 –10m)/(10k) + v 1 /30k + (v1 –3.87m)/20k = 0

Using eq. (5.18), We can break this problem up into parts. The 5 mV source separates the lower or 6v 1 – 60m + 2v 1 + 3v1 – 11.61m = 0
circuit from the upper. In addition, there is no current flowing into the input of
the op amp which means we now have the 40-kohm resistor in series with a or v 1 = 71.61/11 = 6.51 mV.
parallel combination of the 60-kohm resistor and the equivalent 100-kohm
resistor. The current through the 20k-ohm resistor, left to right, is,
= 14.09 V.
i 20 = (6.51m–3.87m)/20k = 132 x10 –9 A

thus, v o = 3.87m – 132 x10–9x80k = –6.69 mV.

+10 mV

Thus, 40k + (60x100k)/(160) = 77.5k

which leads to the current flowing through this part of the circuit,

i = 10 m/77.5k = 129.03x10–9 A

The voltage across the 60k and equivalent 100k is equal to,

v = ix37.5k = 4.839 mV

We can now calculate the voltage across the 80-kohm resistor.

v 80 = 0.8x4.839 m = 3.87 mV

which is also the voltage at both inputs of the op amp and the voltage between the
20-kohm and 80-kohm resistors in the upper circuit. Let v 1 be the voltage to the
left of the 20-kohm resistor of the upper circuit and we can write a node equation
at that node.

Chapter 5, Solution 49. Chapter 5, Solution 50. Chapter 5, Solution 51.

R 1 = R 3 = 20k , R 2 /(R 1 ) = 4 (a) We use a difference amplifier, as shown below: We achieve this by cascading an inverting amplifier and two-input inverting summer as
shown below:
i.e. R 2 = 4R 1 = 80k = R4 R1 R2
v1
R 2 1 R1 / R 2 R2 R
Verify: vo v2 v1 R
R1 1 R 3 / R 4 R1 vo R
+ v1 R
(1 0.25) R1 R2 + va
4 v2 4v1 4 v2 v1 v2
1 0.25 R
v2 vo
Thus, R 1 = R 3 = 20 k , R 2 = R 4 = 80 k . +
R2
vo v 2 v1 2.5 v 2 v1 , i.e. R2 /R 1 = 2.5
R1
If R1 = 100 k then R 2 = 250k

Verify:
(b) We may apply the idea in Prob. 5.35.
v o = -v a - v 2
v0 2.5v1 2.5v 2 But v a = -v 1 . Hence
R R vo = v1 - v2.
v1 v2
R/2 R/2
Rf Rf
v1 v2
R1 R2

i.e. Rf = R, R 1 = R/2.5 = R2

We need an inverter to invert v 1 and a summer, as shown below. We may let R =

100 k .

R
R
R
R/2.5
v1
+ -v 1
R/2.5
v2 vo
+
Chapter 5, Solution 52 Chapter 5, Solution 53. v1 v A vB vA vA va
At node A,
R1 / 2 Rg R1 / 2
Design an op amp circuit such that (a)

v o = 4v 1 + 6v 2 – 3v 3 – 5v 4 R1
R1 R2 or v1 vA vB vA vA va (1)
v1 2R g
Let all the resistors be in the range of 20 to 200 k .
va v2 vB vB vA vB vb
Solution vo At node B,
vb + R1 / 2 R1 / 2 Rg
A summing amplifier shown below will achieve the objective. An inverter is R1 R2
inserted to invert v 2 . Since the smallest resistance must be at least 20 k , then let v2 R1
or v2 vB (v B vA ) vB vb (2)
R/6 = 20k therefore let R = 120 k . 2R g

At node a,
R/4 R Subtracting (1) from (2),
v1 va va vo R 2 v1 R1vo
v1 va (1)
R1 R2 R1 R2 2R 1
R/6 v2 v1 vB vA vB vA vB vA vb va
R R2 2R g
v2 R At node b, vb v2 (2)
+ R1 R 2 Since, v a = v b ,
R/3 v2 v1 R1 vi
v3 But va = v b . Setting (1) and (2) equal gives 1 vB vA
2 2R g 2
R/5 R2 R 2 v1 R 1v o
+ v2
v4 R1 R 2 R1 R 2
vi 1
R1 or vB vA (3)
v 2 v1 v o vi 2 R1
R 1
2
2R g
vo R2
vi R1 But for the difference amplifier,

(b) R2
vo vB vA
R 1 /2 v R 1 /2 R2 R1 / 2
v1 A
R1
va or vB vA vo (4)
2R 2
vi Rg
R 1 /2 R 1 /2 R1 vi
+ v2 1
+ Equating (3) and (4), vo
vB vb + 2R 2 2 R1
1
vo 2R g
R2
vo R2 1
vi R1 R1
1
2R g

v1 va va vA Chapter 5, Solution 54. Chapter 5, Solution 55.

(c) At node a, The first stage is a summer (please note that we let the output of the first stage be v 1 ).
R1 R2 / 2
Let A 1 = k, A 2 = k, and A 3 = k/(4)
2R 1 2R 1 A = A 1 A 2 A 3 = k 3/(4)
v1 va va vA (1) R R
R2 R2 v1 vs vo = –v s – v o 20 Log10 A 42
R R
2R 1 2R 1 Log10 A 2.1 A = 102 1 = 125.89
At node b, v2 vb vb vB (2)
R2 R2 The second stage is a noninverting amplifier k3 = 4A = 503.57
k = 3 503.57 7.956
Since v a = v b , we subtract (1) from (2), v o = (1 + R/R)v1 = 2v1 = 2(–v s – v o ) or 3v o = –2v s
Thus
2R 1 vi v o /vs = –0.6667.
v2 v1 (v B vA )
R2 2 A 1 = A 2 = 7.956, A 3 = 1.989
R2
or vB vA vi (3)
2R 1

At node A,

va vA vB vA vA v o
R2 /2 Rg R/2
R2
va vA vB vA vA vo (4)
2R g

vb v B vB vA vB 0
At node B,
R/2 Rg R/2
R2
vb vB vB vA vB (5)
2R g
Subtracting (5) from (4),
R2
vB vA vB vA v A v B vo
Rg
R2
2 vB vA 1 vo (6)
2R g
Combining (3) and (6),
R2 R2
vi 1 vo
R 1 2R g
vo R2 R2
1
vi R1 2 Rg

Chapter 5, Solution 56. Chapter 5, Solution 57. Chapter 5, Solution 58.

Using Fig. 5.83, design a problem to help other students better understand cascaded op Let v 1 be the output of the first op amp and v 2 be the output of the second op amp. Looking at the circuit, the voltage at the right side of the 5-k resistor must be at 0V if
amps. the op amps are working correctly. Thus the 1-k is in series with the parallel
The first stage is an inverting amplifier. combination of the 3-k and the 5-k . By voltage division, the input to the voltage
Although there are many ways to work this problem, this is an example based on the follower is:
same kind of problem asked in the third edition.
The second state is a summer. 35
Problem v1 ( 0. 6) 0.3913V = to the output of the first op amp.
1 35
v 2 = –(100/50)v s2 – (100/100)v 1 = –2vs2 + 2v s1
Calculate the gain of the op amp circuit shown in Fig. 5.83. Thus,
The third state is a noninverting amplifier
v o = –10((0.3913/5)+(0.3913/2)) = –2.739 V.
10 k 40 k

0 vo
io 684.8 µA.
1k 4k
– 20 k
+ + –
vi +
–

Figure 5.83 For Prob. 5.56.

Solution

Each stage is an inverting amplifier. Hence,

Chapter 5, Solution 59. Chapter 5, Solution 60. Chapter 5, Solution 61.
The first stage is a summer. Let V 1 be the output of the first stage.
The first stage is a noninverting amplifier. If v 1 is the output of the first op amp, The first op amp is an inverter. If v 1 is the output of the first op amp,

v 1 = (1 + 2R/R)v s = 3v s (1) V 1 = –(200/100)(0.4) = –0.8 V

By voltage division,
The second stage is an inverting amplifier The second op amp is a summer
(2)
v o = –(4R/R)v 1 = –4v 1 = –4(3v s ) = –12v s V o = –(40/10)(–0.2) – (40/20)(–0.8) = 0.8 + 1.6
Combining (1) and (2),
= 2.4 V.
v o /v s = –12.

Chapter 5, Solution 62. Chapter 5, Solution 63. Chapter 5, Solution 64

Let v 1 = output of the first op amp The two op amps are summers. Let v1 be the output of the first op amp. For the first
v 2 = output of the second op amp stage, G4

The first stage is a summer R2 R2 G G3

v1 vi vo (1)
R1 R3
R2 R G1
v1 v i – 2 vo (1) 1 G 2
R1 Rf For the second stage,
- -
+ 0V + v 0V + +
R4 R4
vo v1 vi (2) vs G2 vo
The second stage is a follower. By voltage division R5 R6 - -

R4 R3 R4 Combining (1) and (2),

vo v2 v1 v1 vo (2)
R3 R4 R4
R4 R2 R4 R2 R4 At node 1, v 1 =0 so that KCL gives
From (1) and (2), vo vi vo vi
R 5 R1 R5 R3 R6
G1v s G 4 vo Gv (1)
R3 R2 R2 R 2R 4 R 2R 4 R4
1 vo vi vo vo 1 vi
R4 R1 Rf R 3R 5 R 1R 5 R6 At node 2,
R2 R4 R4
R3 R2 R2 G 2 v s G3 v o Gv (2)
1 vo vi vo R1 R5 R6
R4 Rf R1 From (1) and (2),
vi R2 R4
vo R2 1 R2 R4 R f 1 G1v s G4 v o G2 v s G 3 vo (G1 G2 )v s (G3 G4 )v o
R3 R5
vi R1 R3 R2 R1 R2 R4 R3 R f R4 R f or
1
R4 Rf vo G1 G2
vs G3 G4

Chapter 5, Solution 65 Chapter 5, Solution 66. Chapter 5, Solution 67.

We can start by looking at the contributions to vo from each of the sources and the fact 80 80 80
The output of the first op amp (to the left) is 6 mV. The second op amp is an inverter so that each of them go through inverting amplifiers. vo = (0.3) (0.7)
40 20 20
that its output is
4.8 2 .8 2 V.
The 6 V source contributes –[100k/25k]6; the 4 V source contributes
30 –[40k/20k][–(100k/20k)]4; and the 2 V source contributes –[100k/10k]2 or
vo ' (6mV) -18 mV
10
The third op amp is a noninverter so that 100 40 100 100
vo (6) (4) (2)
25 20 20 10
40 48
vo ' vo vo vo ' 21 .6 mV
40 8 40 24 40 20 –4V
 Chapter 5, Solution 68. Chapter 5, Solution 69. Chapter 5, Solution 70.

If R q = , the first stage is an inverter. In this case, the first stage is a summer The output of amplifier A is

15 15 15 30 30
Va (15) 45 mV va (15) vo 45 1.5v o vA (1) (2) 9
5 5 10 10 10

when Va is the output of the first op amp. For the second stage, The output of amplifier B is

The second stage is a noninverting amplifier. 6 20 20

vo 1 va 4v a 4 45 1.5v o vB (3) (4) 14
2 10 10
6 180
vo 1 va (1 3)( 45) –180mV . 7vo 180 vo –25.71 mV.
2 7

40 k
20 k
vA
a
60 k
vB + vo
b
10 k

10
vb ( 14) 2V
60 10

vA va va vo
At node a,
20 40

But v a = v b = -2V, 2(-9+2) = -2-vo

Therefore, v o = 12V

Chapter 5, Solution 71 Chapter 5, Solution 72. Chapter 5, Solution 73.

Since no current flows into the input terminals of ideal op amp, there is no voltage The first stage is a noninverting amplifier. The output is
20k drop across the 20 k resistor. As a voltage summer, the output of the first op 50
5k 100k vo1 (1.8) 1.8 10.8V
amp is 10
v 01 = 1.8 V
- 40k The second stage is another noninverting amplifier whose output is
+ The second stage is an inverter vL v01 10.8V
+ v2
1.5 V 80k - 250
– 10k + + v2 v 01
100
2.5(1.8) –4.5 V.
vo
20k
-

- 10k
+ v1 +
- v3

+
2.25V 50k
– 30k

20 50
v1 2.25, v2 (1.5) 6, v3 (1 )v1 6
5 30
100 100
vo v2 v3 ( 15 7.5) 7.5 V.
40 80

Chapter 5, Solution 74. Chapter 5, Solution 75. Chapter 5, Solution 76.

Let v 1 = output of the first op amp The schematic is shown below. Pseudo-components VIEWPOINT and IPROBE are involved as The schematic is shown below. IPROBE is inserted to measure io . Upon simulation, the value
v 2 = input of the second op amp. shown to measure v o and i respectively. Once the circuit is saved, we click Analysis | Simulate. of i o is displayed on IPROBE as
The values of v and i are displayed on the pseudo-components as:
The two sub-circuits are inverting amplifiers i = 200 A i o = –562.5 A

100 (v o /v s ) = -4/2 = –2
v1 (0.9) 9V
10 11.25V
32 The results are slightly different than those obtained in Example 5.11.
v2 (0.6) 12V
1.6 –19.358uV
v1 v 2 9 12 0.750V
io 150 A. 375mV
20k 20k –936.8mV
750 mV

2k

–11.25V
 Chapter 5, Solution 77. Chapter 5, Solution 78. Chapter 5, Solution 79.

The schematic for the PSpice solution is shown below. The circuit is constructed as shown below. We insert a VIEWPOINT to display v o . Upon The schematic is shown below.
simulating the circuit, we obtain,
Note that the output voltage, –6.686 mV, agrees with the answer to problem, 5.48.
v o = 667.75 mV v o = –4.992 V

R3 R4 R5
6.510mV
20k 10k 40k

V5 V3
1Vdc 20Vdc
0
3.872mV
1.000V
U2
1.000V uA741
0V
1 2
OS1 -
6
–6.686mV 2.000V OU T
5 3
OS2
7 + -20.00V
3.872mV V+

0
4.838mV V4
0.0100V 1.666V
20Vdc

V2 0
20Vdc 20.00V R6
0 100k
U1 0V
V6 0V 3 5
+ OS2
5Vdc
6
OU T
2 1
- 4 OS1
V- 20.00V
uA741
R1 R2 V1
20Vdc
-4.992V
20k 10k
1.666V
5.000V 0

Checking using nodal analysis we get,

For the first op-amp we get v a1 = [5/(20+10)]10 = 1.6667 V = v b1 .

For the second op-amp, [(v b1 – 1)/20] + [(v b1 – v c2 )/10] = 0 or v c2 = 10[1.6667–1)/20] +

1.6667 = 2 V;

[(v a2 – v c2 )/40] + [(v a2 – v c1 )/100] = 0; and v b2 = 0 = v a2 . This leads to v c1 = –2.5v c2 .

Thus,

= –5 V.

Chapter 5, Solution 80. Chapter 5, Solution 81. Chapter 5, Solution 82.

The schematic is shown below. We insert one VIEWPOINT and one IPROBE to measure v o The maximum voltage level corresponds to
The schematic is as shown below. After it is saved and simulated, we obtain and i o respectively. Upon saving and simulating the circuit, we obtain,
v o = 343.4 mV 11111 = 25 – 1 = 31
v o = 2.4 V.
i o = 24.51 A Hence, each bit is worth (7.75/31) = 250 mV

Chapter 5, Solution 83. Chapter 5, Solution 84.

2R
The result depends on your design. Hence, let R G = 10 k ohms, R 1 = 10 k ohms, R 2 = 20 k
ohms, R 3 = 40 k ohms, R 4 = 80 k ohms, R 5 = 160 k ohms, R 6 = 320 k ohms, then, (a) The easiest way to solve this problem is to use superposition and to solve for each
term letting all of the corresponding voltages be equal to zero. Also, starting with R
-v o = (R f /R 1 )v 1 + --------- + (R f /R 6 )v 6 each current contribution (i k ) equal to one amp and working backwards is easiest.
1A
= v 1 + 0.5v 2 + 0.25v 3 + 0.125v 4 + 0.0625v 5 + 0.03125v 6 2R
2R R R R
(a) |v o | = 1.1875 = 1 + 0.125 + 0.0625 = 1 + (1/8) + (1/16) which implies,
+
v2
[v 1 v 2 v 3 v 4 v 5 v 6 ] = [100110] +
v1 2R 2R 2R
ik
(b) |v o | = 0 + (1/2) + (1/4) + 0 + (1/16) + (1/32) = (27/32) = 843.75 mV
2R
+ + +
v2 v3 v4
(c) This corresponds to [1 1 1 1 1 1].

|v o | = 1 + (1/2) + (1/4) + (1/8) + (1/16) + (1/32) = 63/32 = 1.96875 V Therefore, v 2 = 1xR + (3/2)(2R) = 4R volts or i 2 = v 2 /(4R) or i 2 =
0.25v 2 /R. Clearly this is equal to the desired 1/4 th.

Now for the third case, let v 1 = v 2 = v 4 = 0, and i 3 = 1A.

For the first case, let v 2 = v 3 = v 4 = 0, and i 1 = 1A.

Therefore, v 1 = 2R volts or i 1 = v 1 /(2R).

Second case, let v 1 = v 3 = v 4 = 0, and i 2 = 1A. 2R

5R/3
2R R R R
1.5
2R
2R 2R 2R
i2
2R +
+ v3
v2

The voltage across the 5R/3-ohm resistor is 5R/2 volts. The current through the
Simplifying, we get, 2R resistor at the top is equal to (5/4) A and the current through the 2R-ohm
resistor in series with the source is (3/2) + (5/4) = (11/4) A. Thus,
 v 3 = (11/2)R + (5/2)R = (16/2)R = 8R volts or i 3 = v 3 /(8R) or 0.125v 3 /R. Again, Chapter 5, Solution 85.
we have the desired result. 21R/11 This is a noninverting amplifier.

For the last case, v 1 = v 2 = v 3 and i 4 = 1A. Simplifying the circuit we get, v o = (1 + R/40k)v s = (1 + R/40k)2
11/4A
2R
The power being delivered to the 10-k give us
R R R 2R
+
v4 P = 10 mW = (v o )2/10k or v o = 10 2 x10 4 = 10V

1A Returning to our first equation we get

2R 2R 2R

2R 10 = (1 + R/40k)2 or R/40k = 5 – 1 = 4
+
v4 Thus, R = 160 k .
Since the current through the equivalent 21R/11-ohm resistor is (11/4) amps, the
voltage across the 2R-ohm resistor on the right is (21/4)R volts. This means the
current going through the 2R-ohm resistor is (21/8) A. Finally, the current going
through the 2R resistor in series with the source is ((11/4)+(21/8)) = (43/8) A.

Now, v 4 = (21/4)R + (86/8)R = (128/8)R = 16R volts or i 4 = v 4 /(16R) or

0.0625v 4 /R. This is just what we wanted.
5R/3 R

1.5A (b) If R f = 12 k ohms and R = 10 k ohms,

2R 2R
-v o = (12/20)[v 1 + (v 2 /2) + (v 3 /4) + (v 4 /8)]
2R
+
v4 = 0.6[v 1 + 0.5v 2 + 0.25v 3 + 0.125v 4 ]

For [v 1 v 2 v3 v 4 ] = [1 0 11],

|v o | = 0.6[1 + 0.25 + 0.125] = 825 mV

For [v 1 v 2 v3 v 4 ] = [0 1 0 1],

|v o | = 0.6[0.5 + 0.125] = 375 mV

Chapter 5, Solution 86. Chapter 5, Solution 87. Chapter 5, Solution 88.

Design a voltage controlled ideal current source (within the operating limits of the op The output, v a , of the first op amp is, We need to find V Th at terminals a – b, from this,
amp) where the output current is equal to 200v s (t) µA.
v a = (1 + (R 2 /R 1 ))v 1 (1) v o = (R 2 /R 1 )(1 + 2(R 3 /R 4 ))V Th = (500/25)(1 + 2(10/2))V Th

The easiest way to solve this problem is to understand that the op amp creates an output Also, v o = (-R 4 /R 3 )v a + (1 + (R 4 /R 3 ))v 2 (2) = 220V Th
voltage so that the current through the feedback resistor remains equal to the input
current. Substituting (1) into (2), Now we use Fig. (b) to find V Th in terms of v i .
a
In the following circuit, the op amp wants to keep the voltage at a equal to zero. So, the v o = (-R 4 /R 3 ) (1 + (R 2 /R 1 ))v 1 + (1 + (R 4 /R 3 ))v 2
a
input current is v s /R = 200v s (t) µA = v s (t)/5k.
Or, v o = (1 + (R 4 /R 3 ))v 2 – (R 4 /R 3 + (R 2 R 4 /R 1 R 3 ))v 1 20 k 30 k
Thus, this circuit acts like an ideal voltage controlled current source no matter what
(within the operational parameters of the op amp) is connected between a and b. Note, If R 4 = R 1 and R 3 = R 2 , then, 20 k 30 k
you can change the direction of the current between a and b by sending v s (t) through an vi
vi
inverting op amp circuit. v o = (1 + (R 4 /R 3 ))(v 2 – v 1 ) +

which is a subtractor with a gain of (1 + (R 4 /R 3 )). 40 k 80 k

a b 40 k 80 k

5k
b b
v s (t) +
+ (a) (b)
–

v a = (3/5)v i , v b = (2/3)v i

V Th = v b – v a (1/15)v i

(v o /v i ) = A v = -220/15 = -14.667

Chapter 5, Solution 89. Chapter 5, Solution 90. Chapter 5, Solution 91.

A summer with v o = –v 1 – (5/3)v 2 where v 2 = 6-V battery and an inverting amplifier The op amp circuit in Fig. 5.107 is a current amplifier. Find the current gain i o /i s of the
with v 1 = –12v s . amplifier.
vo
+
R2
is R1 i2
i1
io

io = i1 + i2 (1)

Figure 5.107 But i1 = is (2)

For Prob. 5.90.
R 1 and R 2 have the same voltage, v o , across them.
Solution
R 1 i 1 = R 2 i 2 , which leads to i 2 = (R 1 /R 2 )i 1 (3)
Transforming the current source to a voltage source produces the circuit below,
Substituting (2) and (3) into (1) gives,
At node b, v b = (2/(2 + 4))v o = v o /3
i o = is (1 + R 1 /R 2 )
20 k
5k i o /i s = 1 + (R 1 /R 2 ) = 1 + 8/1 = 9
a

b +
+ 4k
5i s +
io vo
2k

At node a, (5i s – v a )/5 = (v a – v o )/20

But v a = v b = v o /3. 20i s – (4/3)v o = (1/3)v o – v o , or i s = v o /30

i o = [(2/(2 + 4))/2]v o = v o /6

i o /i s = (v o /6)/(v o /30) = 5
Chapter 5, Solution 92 Chapter 5, Solution 93. Thus,

The top op amp circuit is a non-inverter, while the lower one is an inverter. The output R3 1
A =
at the top op amp is R1 R2 RL R2RL
1 RL R1 R4
R3 R2R3 R2 RL
v 1 = (1 + 60/30)v i = 3v i R1 v
a
while the output of the lower op amp is
vb + io Please note that A has the units of mhos. An easy check is to let every resistor equal 1-
v 2 = -(50/20)v i = -2.5v i + R4 ohm and v i equal to one amp. Going through the circuit produces iL = 1A. Plugging into
+
the above equation produces the same answer so the answer does check.
vi
Hence, v o = v 1 – v 2 = 3v i + 2.5v i = 5.5v i + iL vo
R2 vL RL
v o /v i = 5.5

At node a, (v i – v a )/R 1 = (v a – v o )/R 3

v i – v a = (R 1 /R 2 )(v a – v o )

v i + (R 1 /R 3 )v o = (1 + R 1 /R 3 )v a (1)

But v a = v b = v L . Hence, (1) becomes

v i = (1 + R 1 /R 3 )v L – (R 1 /R 3 )v o (2)

i o = v o /(R 4 + R 2 ||R L), i L = (R 2 /(R 2 + R L ))i o = (R 2 /(R 2 + R L ))(v o /( R 4 + R 2 ||R L ))

Or, v o = i L [(R 2 + R L )( R 4 + R 2 ||R L )/R 2 (3)

But, v L = iLRL (4)

Substituting (3) and (4) into (2),

v i = (1 + R 1 /R 3 ) i L R L – R 1 [(R 2 + R L )/(R 2 R 3 )]( R 4 + R 2 ||R L )i L

= [((R 3 + R 1 )/R 3 )R L – R 1 ((R 2 + R L )/(R 2 R 3 )(R 4 + (R 2 R L /(R 2 + R L ))]i L

= (1/A)iL