Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
FIRST EDITION
BY
NSUBUGA HAROONAH
© Copyright 2016a by Nsubuga Haroonah
ISBN: 978-9987-9922-8-7
Printed by:
Published by:
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This ardent love for disaster management issues shared with Dr.
Sudibyakto culminated into the publication of an article entitled
“Disaster Mitigation and Management in Indonesia” published in
the Indonesian Journal of Geography, Faculty of Geography,
Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. I also
pursued studies in disaster management studies at my Ph.D.
program.
iv
I am grateful to the management of the Zanzibar University for
the conducive and user friendly environment that enables
researchers to carry out their investigations that lead to
publications of their research findings. It is in fact their support
and encouragement that made the publication of this book
possible.
Nsubuga Haroonah
v
PREFACE
It is high time that our people especially the feeble, the women,
those who are physically challenged in general and the children
in particular stopped being hopeless and defenceless against the
punitive vagaries of the catastrophic events in their societies.
Therefore, this book is empowering them to prepare thoroughly
for these fateful events so as to avert or reduce effects thereof
unto vulnerable communities by saving those affected as well as
those at risk already.
vi
Last but not the least, I wish to thank in advance those
individuals who will provide constructive criticisms aimed at the
improvement of this book as well as those who will endeavour to
adopt and implement the valuable ideas analysed therein. To
those who have contributed either directly or indirectly towards
the realisation of this manuscript, are greatly appreciated. Thank
you very much and enjoy reading it and do whatever it takes to
implement its recommendations for the benefit of humanity in
danger as well as those at risk of disasters.
Nsubuga Haroonah
(March, 2016)
vii
LIST OF TABLES
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
x
Figure 3.9 : Boat capsizing due to over loading; indicating
human negligence
Figure 3.12: Ebola victim being buried soon after breathing his
last
xii
LIST OF ACRONYMS
xv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents Pages
Title page
Publisher’s notes i
Dedication ii
Acknowledgement iii
Preface vi
List of Figures ix
Chapters xvii
xvi
CHAPTERS Page
CHAPTER ONE
CHAPTER TWO
TYPES OF DISASTERS 10
CHAPTER THREE
CHAPTER FOUR
CHAPTER FIVE
REFERENCES 118
xvii
CHAPTER ONE
2
Source
www.google.co.tz/germanwings+plane+crash+24.03.2015
Meaning of Emergency
Child Defined
Care Defined
Meaning of Woman
7
Meaning of Disaster Manager
Meaning of Disability
8
normal activities at home, in education, at work or in the
community in general.
Source: http://www.unicef.org/disabilities/index_69386.html
9
CHAPTER TWO
TYPES OF DISASTERS
10
On the one hand, the first school of thought argues that disasters
are either;
i. Natural or
ii. Man made
i. Natural disasters
ii. Environmental emergencies
iii. Complex emergencies
iv. Pandemic emergencies
11
• Natural Disasters resulting from the endogenic
process which causes earthquake and volcanicity
and
• Natural Disasters resulting from the anthropogenic
process or human activities such as subsidence
abuse or addiction.
12
Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Tohoku_earthquake_a
ndtsunami/friday25.12.2015/10.27am
13
Source:
www.youtube.com/devastating/consequences/of/earthquake/f
riday/25.12.2015/11.04am
16
http://lukemusicfactory.blogspot.com/2015/05/baadhi-ya-
maeneo-mengine- yalikumbwa-na.html at 12:45 pm
Figure 2.3: Homesteads affected by the May, 2015 floods in
parts of Unguja.
These floods had far reaching negative effects unto people and
the ecology. Mr. Ayoub Mahmoud Mohammed; the District
Commissioner (DC) for West District, said that the most affected
areas also saw floods claiming some lives. He said;
17
“A 25 –year –old man; Juma
Hamad died on his way to
Mwanakwerekwe market after he
accidentally fell into a deep hole
and failed to swim out and a nine-
year-old boy who was returning
home from Madrassa, was swept a
way by running water”.
Source: Issa Yussuf of the Tanzania Daily News
(Dar es Salaam) 5 May, 2015; Tanzania: Many
left homeless after Isles downpour.
On the effects of the May, 2015 floods in Unguja, the office of
the Vice President, in its impact assessment report, confirmed
that these floods had a number of causalities as already analysed.
It specifically showed of the lives lost in Mwanakwerekwe dam
and at Kinuni area.
A part from the loss of lives that was recorded, the floods also
destroyed property and the ecology. This was particularly in
areas like Magomeni, Sebuleni, Sogea, Karakana, Chumbuni,
Kwahani, Mpendae, Kwa Alinato.
Zanzibar town areas were also heavily affected. This included
areas like Mwanakwerekwe, Tomondo, Mombasa, Welezo,
Mtopepo, Pangawe, Kinuni, Kisauni, Kiembe Samaki and
Bububu. In Jang’ombe and Nyerere areas of the West District,
houses, wells and sewerage systems were destroyed.
In order to reduce the effects of these floods especially unto the
masses, the government responded quickly to evacuate
communities to safer places. The Office of the second Vice
President working hand in hand with relevant organs such as the
Rescue Teams from the Unit of Fire Fighters and Rescue
18
Operations and the divers from the Coastal Guards, settled the
survivors at Mwanakwerekwe “C” Secondary School.
As many as 87 survivors from Kwahani were resettled at
Mwanakwerekwe “C” Secondary School. However, within a
short spell of time, the numbers increased to 170 as many more
people were brought in from Kijito Upele and Magogoni areas.
19
Source: Primary data obtained on Wednesday May 6th, 2015 at
2.30 p.m.
20
Source: Primary data obtained on Wednesday May 6th, 2015 at
2.33 p.m.
Source:
www.telegraph.co.uk/volcaniceruption/friday/25.12.2015/11.41am
2. Environmental Emergencies
Source: www.documentingreality.com/major-lower-leg-injury-
being-hit-by=bus/friday/25.12.2015/12.04pm
23
Source:
https://www.google.co.tz/search?q=images+of+forest+fire
accessed on 28.12.2014
3. Complex Emergencies
www.tercerainformacion.es/burundi_crisis.jpg/friday/25.12.2015
/5.23pm
Sources: www.images.search.yahoo.com/EbolaVirus/friday
25.12.2015/5.50
26
www.google.co.tz/Ebola+Victim/friday/25.12.2015/6.03p.m.
27
CHAPTER THREE
29
Disaster Management Cycle
• Mitigation
• Risk Management
30
Risk Management is also used by disaster managers in
estimating the magnitude or level of impact the threat might
cause or inflict unto the communities at risk. If it is an
earthquake for example, of what magnitude will it be? For
example, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0 or 8.5 and above!
• Vulnerability
32
Source: VUSSC – COL (d-n) Introduction to Disaster
Management, Vancouver, Canada, accessed at
www.col.org/vussc+Saturday+26.2.2016+12.24pm.
Phase I: Mitigation
More often than not, mitigating may involve building codes and
zoning of areas under threat, carrying out vulnerability analyses,
carrying out mass or public education for purposes of
disseminating awareness and strategies for evacuation.
34
Source: http://www.google.com/url?/tanzanian-president-John-
Magufuli-cleans-streets-on-independence-day-to-fight-cholera-
kipindupindu-thursday-09.12.2015/8.08pm
35
Local and international based organizations that can offer an
upper hand during the mitigation phase just among others may
be the government institutions such as the Department of Social
Welfare (DSW), Universities and Colleges that teach and carry
out research on disaster management or child rights protection,
Save the Children International, Action Aid International,
UNICEF, UNDP, SOS Children’s Villages.
More often than not, the service providers are given some drills
aimed at according them the necessary and adequate technical
36
skills and managerial competencies to counter the hazard
effectively and professionally. These among others include usage
of available equipment, rescue methods, methods of treatment of
the victims including those who may be in need of first aid
services.
37
Source: Primary data from the field taken on 4th May, 2015
These are the last two phases of the Disaster Management Cycle
which come immediately after preparedness for disasters. They
are almost carried out simultaneously as it may be a bit difficult
38
to establish where response begins and ends to give room for the
beginning of the recovery phase. Disaster response is the total
sum of actions taken by disaster managers and institutions on
any disaster occurrence.
It is vital to note that the total sum of actions should begin with
warming the masses or communities on the impending
catastrophic event so that they prepare to evacuate and avoid
danger and loss of life and property. There are two short term
goals of these two phases of the Disaster Management Cycle
namely; to provide and/or deliver the basic human needs to the
victims of the calamity so as to minimize or avert death and
secondly to resettle the victims of the disaster whose property
has been destroyed.
39
together with sister local and international organizations such as
the Red Crescent (RCr), the International Committee of the Red
Cross (ICRC), UNICEF, Save the Children International (SCI),
academic institutions that are involved in teaching, researching
and promoting basic human rights. Their effort may yield results
especially in terms of saving lives of people who are at risk.
Source: http://www.zanzinews.com/2015/05/mama-mwanamwema-
shein-supporting-and-conforting-the-victims-of-the-floods
41
Source:www.bing.com/+some+of+the+modern+channels+of+co
mmunication/5/1/2016/11:43 am
42
through and/or survived so as to forge a way forward for a better
disaster-free- future and environment. Causes like human error
and negligence that might have caused disasters are reflected
upon to avoid similar mistakes in the near future. During this
period also, strategies for mitigation, prevention, preparedness,
response and recovery to minimize vulnerability to other bouts of
disasters are enhanced. This leads to laying strategies for
developmental programs and activities.
Source:
http://www.google.com/url?/tag/capsize/sunday/27.12.2015/12.1
0pm.
43
During the development period, temporary housing system is
initiated but equipped with basic necessities of life such as good
sanitation, lighting, air, health with safety education is
propagated so that diseases like cholera do not break out as a
result of the congestion of crowds of people, reconstruction of
more permanent houses for communities that are relocated takes
off, counseling and guidance programs are intensified since
many people lost their dear ones and property which is a big
stressor. They may not be able to concentrate on the kind of new
life if still traumatized and depressed.
This is the time when the role of Disaster Managers including
Social Workers, Child Rights Protectionists and Medical Social
Workers becomes critical. They have to solicit government
support to aid the newly resettled communities who have to
under go counseling and guidance sessions for their moral and
emotional stability. Figure 3.10 is depictive of Dr. Ali Mohamed
Shein; the President of Zanzibar paying a visit and also
comforting the victims of the May, 2015 floods that hit Unguja
very hard.
44
Source: http://www.fullshangweblog.com/2015/05/05/rais-wa-
zanzibar-dk-ali-mohamed-shein-awafariji-waliopatwa-na-maafa-
ya-mvua-zanzibar/ accessed at 11:30 pm
Figure 3.10: Dr. Ali Mohamed Shein visiting and comforting the
victims of the May, 2015 floods in Unguja.
The disaster victims are usually very much grieved yet their
communities do not have their own resources to come to their
aid. It is therefore pertinent that governments and disaster
managers work out a program of coming to the rescue of the
disaster affected communities in terms of resettlement schemes.
Figure 3.11 is indicative of some of the necessary support that
will lead to emotional stability and development.
45
Source: http://www.google.com/url?/disaster-relief-recovery-
monday-28.12.2015-2.42am
46
Source:
http://search.tb.ask.com/search/AJimage.jhtml?&searchfor=imag
es+of+Ebola
+victim+being+buried+Monday+28.12.2015+3.00am
Figure 3.12: Ebola victim being buried soon after breathing his
last
47
It ought to be noted that the Disaster Managers, Medical and non
medical Social Workers, Child Rights Protectionists, Red
Crescent and Red Cross Societies are always at the center stage
of the practice of putting to rest the dead ones after disasters
have struck. This is because if they are not buried sooner, there
may occur an outbreak of some other dangerous diseases that
may again claim lives of the survivors. This action shows the
usefulness of Disaster Mangers in society today.
48
CHAPTER FOUR
49
learns to realize the difference between males and females and
becomes aware of sexuality.
50
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) of 1948 and
other few minor frameworks on the other hand.
51
It is obvious here that for Allah to forbid the partaking of all
alcoholic substances because they are acidic and as thus, taking
thereof may endanger the embryo.
On the right to life after child birth, that is to say, right to life.
God says in the Holy Qur’an;
“………..walaataktuluu awlaadakum
min imlaaqi, nahnuu narzuqkum,
waiyyaahum……… (…….Kill not your
children because of poverty. We provide
sustenance for you and for them…..…)
(Q6: 151)
This was a pre Islamic period practice of the Arabs who used to
burry and therefore kill their daughters alive basing on the
traditional belief that the girl child was a source of mischief or
curse in society. It was only the boy child that was spared due to
52
the belief that he was a source of fortunes and blessings! All this
evidence points to one fact that Islam, since its inception, has
been advocating for child rights and child protection for quite a
number of ages now!
Besides the Holy Qur’an being the major source of child rights
and child protection, there are also a number of prophetic
traditions that are advanced to justify the view that Hadith was
part of the earliest sources or foundations of issues pertaining to
child care, child protection and child rights. For example, the
Holy Prophet is quoted to have said that:-
Abu Hurayra reported that the Prophet (May Allah bless him and
grant him peace,) said,
53
'Amr bin Shu'aib (May Allah be pleased with him) narrated that
on the authority of his father who heard it from his father
reported: Messenger of Allah said:
'Abdullah ibn 'Amr ibn al-'As reported that it reached him that
the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, said,
54
The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child
(UNCRC)
The Convention also argues that for the full and harmonious
development of the child’s personality, the child should grow up
in a family environment because it enables the child to grow up
in an atmosphere of happiness, love and understanding.
Article 1.
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.
They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act
towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Article 2.
Article 3.
56
Article 4.
Article 5.
Article 6.
Article 7.
All are equal before the law and are entitled without any
discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to
equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this
Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination.
Source:www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights-
accessed-Tuesday-1.12.2016-11.38am.
57
THE ILO CONVENTION NUMBER 182 ON THE WORST
FORMS OF CHILD LABOUR
Article 1
Each Member which ratifies this Convention shall take
immediate and effective measures to secure the prohibition and
elimination of the worst forms of child labour as a matter of
urgency.
59
Article 2
For the purposes of this Convention, the term "child" shall apply
to all persons under the age of 18.
Article 3
For the purposes of this Convention, the term " the worst forms
of child labour" comprises:
(a) All forms of slavery or practices similar to slavery, such as
the sale and trafficking of children, debt bondage and serfdom
and forced or compulsory labour, including forced or
compulsory recruitment of children for use in armed conflict;
(b) The use, procuring or offering of a child for prostitution, for
the production of pornography or for pornographic
performances;
(c) The use, procuring or offering of a child for illicit activities,
in particular for the production and trafficking of drugs as
defined in the relevant international treaties;
(d) Work which, by its nature or the circumstances in which it is
carried out, is likely to harm the health, safety or morals of
children.
Article 4
1. The types of work referred to under Article 3 (d) shall be
determined by national laws or regulations or by the competent
authority, after consultation with the organizations of employers
and workers concerned, taking into consideration relevant
international standards, in particular paragraphs 3 and 4 of the
Worst Forms of Child Labour Recommendation, 1999.
60
2. The competent authority, after consultation with the
organizations of employers and workers concerned, shall identify
where the types of work so determined exist.
3. The list of the types of work determined under paragraph 1 of
this Article shall be periodically examined and revised as
necessary, in consultation with the organizations of employers
and workers concerned.
Article 5
Each Member shall, after consultation with employers' and
workers' organizations, establish or designate appropriate
mechanisms to monitor the implementation of the provisions
giving effect to this Convention.
Article 6
1. Each Member shall design and implement programmes of
action to eliminate as a priority the worst forms of child labour.
2. Such programmes of action shall be designed and
implemented in consultation with relevant government
institutions and employers' and workers' organizations, taking
into consideration the views of other concerned groups as
appropriate.
Article 7
1. Each Member shall take all necessary measures to ensure the
effective implementation and enforcement of the provisions
giving effect to this Convention including the provision and
application of penal sanctions or, as appropriate, other sanctions.
61
2. Each Member shall, taking into account the importance of
education in eliminating child labour, take effective and time-
bound measures to:
Article 8
Members shall take appropriate steps to assist one another in
giving effect to the provisions of this Convention through
enhanced international cooperation and/or assistance including
support for social and economic development, poverty
eradication programmes and universal education.
62
Article 9
The formal ratifications of this Convention shall be
communicated to the Director-General of the International
Labour Office for registration.
Article 10
1. This Convention shall be binding only upon those Members of
the International Labour Organization whose ratifications have
been registered with the Director-General of the International
Labour Office.
2. It shall come into force 12 months after the date on which the
ratifications of two Members have been registered with the
Director-General.
3. Thereafter, this Convention shall come into force for any
Member, 12 months after the date on which its ratification has
been registered.
Article 11
1. A Member which has ratified this Convention may denounce
it after the expiration of ten years from the date on which the
Convention first comes into force, by an act communicated to the
Director-General of the International Labour Office for
registration. Such denunciation shall not take effect until one
year after the date on which it is registered.
2. Each Member which has ratified this Convention and which
does not, within the year following the expiration of the period
of ten years mentioned in the preceding paragraph, exercise the
right of denunciation provided for in this Article, will be bound
for another period of ten years and, thereafter, may denounce this
63
Convention at the expiration of each period of ten years under
the terms provided for in this Article.
Article 12
1. The Director-General of the International Labour Office shall
notify all Members of the International Labour Organization of
the registration of all ratifications and acts of denunciation
communicated by the Members of the Organization.
2. When notifying the Members of the Organization of the
registration of the second ratification, the Director-General shall
draw the attention of the Members of the Organization to the
date upon which the Convention shall come into force.
Article 13
The Director-General of the International Labour Office shall
communicate to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, for
registration in accordance with article 102 of the Charter of the
United Nations, full particulars of all ratifications and acts of
denunciation registered by the Director-General in accordance
with the provisions of the preceding Articles.
Article 14
At such times as it may consider necessary, the Governing Body
of the International Labour Office shall present to the General
Conference a report on the working of this Convention and shall
examine the desirability of placing on the agenda of the
Conference the question of its revision in whole or in part.
64
Article 15
1. Should the Conference adopt a new Convention revising this
Convention in whole or in part, then, unless the new Convention
otherwise provides:
Article 16
The English and French versions of the text of this Convention
are equally authoritative. The General Conference of the
International Labour Organization, having been convened at
Geneva by the Governing Body of the International Labour
Office, and having met at its 87th Session on 1 June 1999, and
considering the need to adopt new instruments for the prohibition
and elimination of the worst forms of child labour, as the main
priority for national and international action, including
international cooperation and assistance, to complement the
Convention and the Recommendation concerning Minimum Age
65
for Admission to Employment, 1973, which remain fundamental
instruments on child labour, the Convention was adopted.
Child care, child protection and child rights are effected and
implemented by different societies worldwide through different
strategies, approaches and arrangements. Save the Children
(2010:vii) is emphatical on some of them and these are; Family –
based Care, Family-like Care, Informal Care, Kinship Care,
Residential Care, Institutions and Emergency.
• Family-like Care
There are about 682 children who have accessed direct care
services in SOS Children’s Village in Zanzibar. About 1,150
67
family-strengthening programmes benefit over 1,400 children
and their families. Around 3,240 children attend 4 SOS
Kindergartens and 22,630 children attend 3 SOS primary and
secondary schools. (Source: SOS data base, pg 14,-16, 2013).
Figures 4.1 and 4.2 are depictive of the facilities in question.
Source:
www.soschildren’svillage.Org/accessed/on/friday/21.11.2014/at/
10.21/am
Figure 4.1: SOS Children’s Village Facility worldwide
68
Source:
www.sos-
childrenvillages.org/accessed/on/Friday/21.11.2014/at/10.24a.m
Informal Care
69
Kinship Care
Residential Care
These are settings where children are looked after full time for at
least one month due to the temporary or permanent inability or
unwillingness of their parents to provide care. In Africa, these
are almost not available!
Emergency
71
CHAPTER FIVE
72
Due to this phenomenon, the fleeing exodus neither follows nor
takes one route, people with their property including beddings,
children, livestock are always seen wondering from one place to
another and in all directions. Many are reported in the mass and
electronic media as having drowned or even been rescued from
drowning in large water bodies like the Pacific or Atlantic Ocean
heading to safer zones especially in the neighbouring countries
and/or continents especially Europe more so during situations of
armed conflicts. This is aimed at safeguarding and protecting
their precious lives and necks from danger.
During times of crisis, people move, hide and run around for the
safety of their lives. They run in opposite directions. Each one is
nursing the belief that his or her direction is the safest. This is
indeed real confusion and it is the order of the day even in
modern times. Places like Yemen, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Congo,
South Sudan, mankind is suffering because of conflict and war.
Figure 5.1 is depictive of the kind of scenario being explained
here.
74
Source:http://search.tb.ask.com/search/AJimage.jhtml?searchfor
=reFUGEES+CAMP+IN+NGARA+ Accessed on 16.12 .2014
75
Disaster Mangers are getting involved because when disasters
strike and cause terrible confusion, many people (children
inclusive) are abandoned. These among others include children,
the feeble, the elderly and those who are physically challenged.
These need to be saved and rescued from the effects of the
catastrophic event, lest, the event may have far reaching negative
effects unto families and communities.
1. The home
2. Government Involvement
It is arguably true that even the best plans and strategies for
disaster management would remain mere decoration and nice
peaces of paper in government offices if the central or local
government systems were left out. Under normal circumstances,
government has the overall responsibility of ensuring the safety
and satisfactory care of all people including children and at all
times. Therefore, the plans and efforts of the Disaster Managers
may prove more productive with the involvement of the long and
rich arm of government.
78
With government intervention, Disaster Managers may succeed
in recommending government to promulgate an enabling
legislative framework which if implemented, will go along way
in helping the disaster affected communities to recover quickly
from the painful effects of the disaster event itself. For example,
since the survivors may be left without any tangible means of
income and livelihood coupled with the destruction of the
educational and other essential facilities, the Government then,
in its policy framework, may come up with policies on;
79
• The Wetland Management Policy can also be passed and
implemented. This bars communities from putting to use
in form of dwelling, practicing agriculture in wetlands.
This is because these are in most cases low lands that are
prone to disasters like floods. Many people lose their
lives and property during rainy seasons in low land areas
of Tanzania Mainland and Zanzibar. This is one of the
reasons why there is an exercise of demolition of houses
of people in Dar es Salaam who put up dwelling
structures and business entities in low land areas. This is
technically referred to as “Bomoa Bomoa.”
81
In order to register success in regard to this policy development,
the Local Government Authorities with the Disaster Managers in
the Republic of Indonesia implement it through effective
registration of the beneficiaries at District Level called
Kapupaten.
83
Source: http://www.zanzinews.com/2015/05/mama-
mwanamwema-shein-awafariji.html at 4:13 pm
Figure 5.2: First Lady of Zanzibar pays a visit to the affected
communities resettled at Mwanakwerekwe C Secondary School.
Institutional building could be the other measure for
containing the adverse effects of disasters. Institutional
building may among other things involve training
sufficient manpower (Disaster Managers) and putting in
place policies and structures in a firm that could be to
counter disaster events when they strike so that
vulnerability is not so high. This would also be a very
handy measure during disaster preparedness. It is
interesting to note that as a way of building capacity for
disaster preparedness, a number of Universities around
the world have designed as part of their curricular,
Disaster Management and Child Care study programs at
84
all levels; Certificate, Diploma, Bachelors and
Postgraduate levels. Such institutions among others
include Coventry University (CU) in Coventry, West
Midlands, United Kingdom, Zanzibar University (ZU) in
Tanzania, University of Colombia (UC) and University of
Gadjah Mada (GMU) in Yogyakarta – Indonesia.
Last but not the least, from the District levels, the framework
should spill down to the Sub County more especially to the Sub
County Disaster Management Committee which directly
supervises the Parish and Village Disaster Management
Committees for the final stage of the implementation phase. This
strategy does not only reduce the effects of disasters unto
communities, but also, rescues children and all those who are at
risk in the vulnerable areas.
86
5. Participation of Multi-sectoral Agencies
Source: http://lukemusicfactory.blogspot.com/2015/05/baadhi-
ya-maeneo-mengine-yalikumbwa-na.html accessed on
05/05/2015 12:30pm
Figure 5.5: Some of the areas affected by the May, 2015 Floods
in Zanzibar that destroyed a number of infrastructure
89
6. Intervention of Development Partners
91
• Bursaries and scholarships and Exchange Programs
(These should be organized targeting pupils and/or
students whose care givers have breathed their last in the
disasters or who have been swiped of their fortunes by the
hazards and can not maintain their children in school. The
upper hand therefore for such children would be a very
well come gesture.
92
• In addition to this argument, data of the impact
assessment can be presented to both the Developmental
Partners and agencies from the local and international
scenes for purposes of soliciting for the required financial
and technical support. This would be used as a strong
variable to justify this particular strategy used by Disaster
Managers.
93
Village has a well established, enriched and facilitated
Family Rehabilitation Program (FRP) which caters for
issues of family rehabilitation during and after family
conflicts including Domestic Violence (DV), Gender
Based Violence (GBV) and the like.
94
event including but not limited to loss of their dear ones, loss or
destruction of property and the like.
95
Secondly, during emergencies, the armed forces play the vital
role of coordinating relief greatly desired by the victims during
and after disaster events. This among other things include rescue,
distribution of food supplies, medicines, equipment, personnel
and the disaster managers themselves.
Coordination of the disaster relief may rely more on the Child
Rights Convention Framework to include inter-departmental co-
operation, public awareness through conferences and education,
law reform, policy formulation, research and documentation,
criminalization of culprits, timely processing of cases for non
delayed justice because Justice delayed is justice denied.
98
Source:
www.google.co.tz/DRC_childsoldiers/tues/02.06.2015.12.28p.m.
99
A comparison of incidents involving United Nations
peacekeepers, troops, and employees.
Source:https://en.wikipedia/wiki/united_Nations_peacekeeping/
Human_rights_in_United_Nations_missions_accessed_monday_
07.03.2016_5.28pm
Source:http://search.tb.ask.com/search/AJimage.jhtml?searchfor
=killing+of+albino+in+Tanzania
102
• There are so many children unto whom permanent
harm is inflicted in the country either by their step
mothers, or by their original or care givers. For
example, there are frequent reports in Tanzania of
cases such as:-
“Inasikitisha! Mtoto
Alivyonyongwa na Baba wa
Kambo” which may mean “It is
surprising! A child is killed by his
step father.”
103
Table 5.2: Cases and complaints on Child Abuse in Zanzibar in
2011
105
Table 5.3: Number of cases on child rights violation in Zanzibar
Table 5.3 shows that out of the several child abuse cases, rape
tops the list with 47 cases. This is indeed very absurd and
academia should rise up to work with the medics and police
service in the country to rescue or avert this ugly trend of events!
107
The ZLSC and LHRC (2012: 350) have summarized the cases of
sexual abuses which were reported from May to December 2011
to the One Stop Center that was established with the financial
support from Save the Children International and the
MoSWYWCD in 2011 as reflected in Table 5.5.
108
is a vivid example. It is reported that On 10 September
2011, the MV Spice Islander I, a passenger ferry
carrying over 2,000 passengers, sank off the coast of
Zanzibar. It was traveling between Unguja and Pemba,
when it capsized. Early estimates put the death toll at
around 200, but a report published by the Tanzanian
government in January 2012 claimed that over 1,500
people had been killed.
https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinking/_of_the_MV_Spice
_Islander_1_accessed_monday_07.03.2016_11.45_am
This is yet the other dependable and strong strategy that can be
utilized to protect children who are at risk or who are vulnerable
to disaster events most especially war or armed conflicts.
Numerous international legal frameworks and mechanisms could
be adopted and implemented and these among others may
include;
109
women and children and protected during times of
conflict.
110
• Legal Framework Number 1261 (1999). This was the
instrument that brought and/or put to an end the
recruitment and use of children below the age of eighteen
into the army.
111
• The Human Rights Law especially the (The United
Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child; UNCRC
(1989) that sets out comprehensive economic, social and
cultural rights as well as civil and political rights of
children.
112
causes human, material and economic or environmental loss that
exceeds the community's or society's ability to cope using its
own resources.
113
https://www.google.co.tz/search?q=hiroshima+atomic+bomb,
Japan 25. 01.2016 6: 40 pm.
Diseases like Ebola, cholera, yellow fever, viruses like ZIKA hit
communities and weaken the economic sector, lead to loss of
revenue and people’s income since people are no longer
productive, life is destroyed and day today production activities
are hampered with. Masses therefore express fear working in
114
such calamitous environments. For example, in Central Africa
and Equatorial Guinea in 2014 when the Ebola virus attacked the
area, death of local and foreign staff was registered.
117
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Gita (2004),
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118
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119
International Federation of Social Work (IFSW) 10/24/2011
Declaration of Ethical Principles of Social Work
120
Munich Re, NatCatservice:
http://www.unisdr.org/2005/wcdr/thematic-
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122
UNICEF (2002), Core Commitments to Children in
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www.bing.com/modern+channels+communication/5/1/2016/11:43 am
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123
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www.tercerainformacion.es/burundi_crisis.jpg/friday/25.12.2015
/5.23pm
www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights-accessed-
Tuesday-1.12.2016-11.38am.
www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights-accessed-
Tuesday-1.12.2016-11.38am.
www.unicef.org/disabilities/index_69386.html
124
www.youtube.com/earthquake/friday/25.12.2015/11.04am
Zanzibar Revolutionary Government Monograph, Stopping
Violence Against Children: A National Plan to Respond to
Violence Against Children in Zanzibar 2011-2015
125