ECG 729 NUMERICAL METHODS AND GEOMECHANICS

Lecture #1. Introduction of the

Geotechnical analysis with Numerical
Method

1.1 General description of class

1.2 Classification of numerical methods

1.3 Philosophy of numerical modelling

 Lecture #1. Introduction of the Geotechnical
1.1 General description of class: Syllabus Analysis with Numerical Method

CODE : ECG 729

COURSE : NUMERICAL METHODS AND GEOMECHANICS
LEVEL : MASTER OF SCIENCE (M.Sc)
CREDIT UNIT : 3.0
CONTACT HOUR : LECTURE : 3 HRS/WEEK
PART : 01/03
COURSE STATUS : -
PREREQUISITE : Soil mechanics, Foundation Engineering, Rock Engineering

At the end of the course, the student should be able to:

a. have basic knowledge of formulation of FEM and FDM numerical methods.

b. conduct numerical analysis on geotechnical problems.

c. apply numerical methods for their present research.

d. suggest suitable numerical method for field design and analysis.

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 Lecture #1. Introduction of the Geotechnical
1.1 General description of class: Syllabus Analysis with Numerical Method

Following topics will be covered in this class.

Lecture
No. Topic
Hours
1.0 Introduction of the Geotechnical Analysis with Numerical Method 3 hours
2.0 Geotechnical Parameters for Numerical Analysis 3 hours
3.0 Elasto-Plastic Analysis 6 hours
4.0 Introduction of Finite Element Method 6 hours
5.0 Introduction of Finite Difference Method 6 hours
6.0 Introduction of Discrete Element Method 3 hours
7.0 Dynamic Analysis 6 hours
8.0 Thermal-Hydraulic-Mechanical Coupled Analysis 6 hours
9.0 Stochastic Numerical Analysis 6 hours

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GEOMECHANICS
 Lecture #1. Introduction of the Geotechnical
1.1 General description of class: Syllabus Analysis with Numerical Method

Teaching Methodology
a. Lectures
Lectures given to cover basic principles of each topic. Background reading of referenced materials
will be assigned. Upgraded assignments will be given at the end of each topic.
b. Computer Laboratory Practice
Modelling process will be instructed in the computer laboratory.
c. Term Project
Term project will be assigned during semester to stimulate and initiate the development of there
researches relevance with underground structure. At the end of the semester, term project will be
presented and evaluated.

Assessment
Coursework : 60%
Pop-up quiz 1% * 10 times 10 %
Test 1 15 %
Test 2 15 %
Term project 20 %
Final examination 40%
Total 100 %

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 Lecture #1. Introduction of the Geotechnical
1.1 General description of class: Background Analysis with Numerical Method

History of Numerical Analysis on Geotechnical Engineering

• Matrix Analysis
• Finite Element Method
• Finite Difference Method
• Distinct Element Method
• Limit Equilibrium Method

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 Lecture #1. Introduction of the Geotechnical
1.1 General description of class: Background Analysis with Numerical Method

History of Numerical Analysis on Geotechnical Engineering

Numerical Analysis during 60~70’s

• Main method: Finite Element Method

• Computer: Main Frame based analysis
• Application area: Mechanical engineering,
Aerospace engineering, Naval architecture
• America and Europe have a monopoly position in the market.

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 Lecture #1. Introduction of the Geotechnical
1.1 General description of class: Background Analysis with Numerical Method

History of Numerical Analysis on Geotechnical Engineering

Numerical Analysis during 80’s
• Main method: Finite Element Method
• Computer: Mini computer based analysis
• Operating System: Computer based OS, VAX etc. VAX Mini Computer
• Application area: Structural engineering (Truss Structure, Dam, Tunnel)
• Japan developed a few FEM software.
• Numerical analysis methods are introduced to South Korea.

Numerical Analysis during 90’s

Post processing with Plotter
• Computer: Personal computer based analysis
• Operating System: Windows and GUI(Graphic User Interface)
• Application area: Geotechnical engineering (Seepage)
• Various numerical analysis software are developed in the world.

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 Lecture #1. Introduction of the Geotechnical
1.1 General description of class: Background Analysis with Numerical Method

Effect of development of PC on FEM analysis

Year of Year of Number of FEM
CPU Main Memory OS
development production node (Dim)
80286 1982 1986 1(Mbytes) DOS 300 (2D)

80386 1986 1990 4 DOS 3000 (2D)

DOS / Windows
80486 DX 1989 1992 8 5000 (2D)
3.0
DOS / Windows
Pentium 1993 1993 64 4000 (3D)
3.1
Pentium Pro 1995 1995 128 Windows 95 7000 (3D)

Pentium 2 1997 1997 256 Windows 98 / NT 10000 (3D)

Pentium 3 1999 1999 512 Windows 2000 15000 (3D)

Pentium 4
2000 2000 512 Windows 95 15000 (3D)
Athlon XP
Core 2 Duo
2005 2005 2000 Windows XP 30000 (3D)
Athlon 64 (dual core)
Core 2 Quad
2007 2007 4000 Windows Vista 64 40000 (3D)
Athlon 64 (quad core)

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 Lecture #1. Introduction of the Geotechnical
1.1 General description of class: Background Analysis with Numerical Method

Korea
Japan
America
Europe

Pre and Post-processing Window-based FEM software

software for FEM analysis

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 Lecture #1. Introduction of the Geotechnical
1.1 General description of class: Background Analysis with Numerical Method

Numerical Analysis in 21 Century

1200+6.34=1200
• Computer: Personal computer based analysis
1587-120=1470
• Operating System: 32 bit and 64 bit Windows (significant digit problem)
• CPU: Dual core, Quad Core, etc.
• Advanced mesh generation, High speed solver (Multi-frontal Sparse Gaussian Solver)
• Theoretical advances and various constitutive models
Project (2D→3D)

Tunnel Lining
(Surface Mesh) Normal Projection

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 Lecture #1. Introduction of the Geotechnical
1.1 General description of class: Background Analysis with Numerical Method

Material Model Behavior

Linear Elastic Most Simple: Free yield elastic & isotropic hard rock
von Mises Elasto-Plastic: Potential function follows non-associated flow
Tresca rule: Ductile material such as steel

Mohr-Coulomb
Elasto-Plastic, Softening: General soil and rock
Modified Mohr-Coulomb
Drucker-Prager Elasto-Plastic: Brittle material such as concrete
Transversely Isotropic Anisotropic Elastic: Free yield jointed rock
Duncan-Chang Hyperbolic, Nonlinear Elastic: Nonlinear soil behavior
Hoek-Brown Elasto-Plastic: Macro behavior of rock mass
Jointed Rock Anisotropic Elasto-Anisotropic Plastic: Jointed rock mass
Cam-Clay, Modified Cam-Clay Elasto-Plastic: Weak clay material model with critical state
Strain Softening Strain Softening: Softening reduction of strength after peak
2D/3D Interface Elasto-Plastic, Frictional & Cohesive: Soil-Structure interface
Hardening Soil Elasto-Plastic. Hardening
London Clay Jardine Model
User-defined Material User-coded Subroutine (Fortran)

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 Lecture #1. Introduction of the Geotechnical
1.1 General description of class: Applications Analysis with Numerical Method

Typical applications of numerical method on geotechnical problems

• Excavations (Tunnel, Cavern, Open-cut)

• Foundation (Raft, Pile)
• Slope (Dam, Embankment)
• Earthquake simulation (Seismic analysis, Liquefaction)
• Groundwater (Saturation and unsaturation, Seepage force)
• Consolidation (Drained and undrained condition)
• Thermal transfer (Heating and cooling)
• Geo-environmental system (Flow of pollutant)

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 Lecture #1. Introduction of the Geotechnical
1.1 General description of class: Applications Analysis with Numerical Method

• Excavations (Tunnel, Cavern, Open-cut)

Excavation Tunnel

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 Lecture #1. Introduction of the Geotechnical
1.1 General description of class: Applications Analysis with Numerical Method

• Foundation (Raft, Pile)

(Popescu et al., 2005)

(Fenton and Griffiths, 2002)

Shallow foundation Group pile foundation (Dry dock)

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 Lecture #1. Introduction of the Geotechnical
1.1 General description of class: Applications Analysis with Numerical Method

• Slope (Dam, Embankment)

Slope Embankment

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 Lecture #1. Introduction of the Geotechnical
1.1 General description of class: Applications Analysis with Numerical Method

Slope stability analysis of x 10

-8

embankment: Muar
8

4m
4

2
-8
x 10
15

10

4.5m 5

-7
x 10
10

5m 4

2
-6
x 10
10

5.5m 4

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 Lecture #1. Introduction of the Geotechnical
1.1 General description of class: Applications Analysis with Numerical Method

• Seismic analysis (Earthquake simulation, Liquefaction)

2.0

Vertical disp. (mm)

1.5
1.0
0.5
Linear analysis
0.0
Non-linear analysis
-0.5
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

Blasting at tunnel excavation face Earthquake simulation

Time (sec)
on tunnel

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 Lecture #1. Introduction of the Geotechnical
1.1 General description of class: Applications Analysis with Numerical Method

• Groundwater (Saturation and unsaturation, Seepage force)

Seepage analysis Hydraulic-Mechanical coupled analysis

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 Lecture #1. Introduction of the Geotechnical
1.1 General description of class: Applications Analysis with Numerical Method

• Consolidation (Drained and undrained condition)

Consolidation of embankment

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 Lecture #1. Introduction of the Geotechnical
1.1 General description of class: Applications Analysis with Numerical Method

• Thermal transfer (Heating and cooling)

Distance [m] Distance [m]
Distance [m]
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
0 50 100 150 200 0
0
0

50

50 50
100

150

Depth [m]
Depth [m]
Depth [m]

200 100 100

250

Temperature [oC]
Temperature [oC]
150 150 0
300 0 5
5 10
10 15
350 15 20
20 25
Initial Condition 25
30
200
1 Year later 200
5 Years later 30
400

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 Lecture #1. Introduction of the Geotechnical
1.1 General description of class: Applications Analysis with Numerical Method

• Geo-environmental system (Flow of pollutant)

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 Lecture #1. Introduction of the Geotechnical
1.2 Classification of numerical method Analysis with Numerical Method

General classification of geotechnical analysis

• Closed form solution: State of stress, Elastic foundation

• Conventional method: Bearing capacity, Earth Pressure, Slope stability

Limit equilibrium method
Limit theorem – Upper bound, Lower bound
Stress field method

• Numerical method
Subgrade reaction model Continuum model - Finite element method
Discontinuum model Finite difference method
Hybrid model Boundary element method

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 Lecture #1. Introduction of the Geotechnical
1.2 Classification of numerical method Analysis with Numerical Method

Discrete Methods
Advantage Disadvantage

·Explicit DEM : UDEC, 3DEC, PFC, DMC ·DDA: relatively larger time steps,
DEM ·Implicit DEM : DDA(Discontinuous deformation closed-form integrations for the
analysis) stiffness matrices of elements
·Assemblage of rigid or deformable blocks / particles
·Theoretical foundation of DEM is the formulation and
solution of equations of motion of rigid and
deformable bodies using implicit and explicit
formulations
·Contact patterns between components of the
systems are continuously changing with the
deformation process for the former, but are fixed for
the latter
·Consider block deformation and fracturing and
fragmentation of the rock
·Special discrete model that considers fluid flow and ·Lack of knowledge of the
DFN transport processes in fractured rock masses through geometry of the rock fractures
a system of connected fractures. limit more general application of
·Useful for the study of flow in fractured media in DEM, DFN.
which an equivalent continuum model is difficult to ·The adequacy of the DEM and
establish. DFN are highly dependent on the
·FRACMAN / MAFIC, NAPSAC interpretation of the in situ fracture
·The stochastic simulation of fracture systems is the systems geometry.
geometric basis of the DFN approach. ·The detailed geometry of fracture
·Fractal concept has been applied to DFN to consider systems in rock masses cannot be
scale dependence of the fracture systems geometry, known and can only be roughly
and for up-scaling the permeability properties. estimated.

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 Lecture #1. Introduction of the Geotechnical
1.2 Classification of numerical method Analysis with Numerical Method

The four basic methods, two levels, and hence eight different approaches to
rock mechanics modeling

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 Lecture #1. Introduction of the Geotechnical
1.2 Classification of numerical method Analysis with Numerical Method

Continuum Methods

Advantage Disadvantage

·Discretization of the governing partial differential ·Inflexibility in dealing with fractures

FDM equations by replacing the partial derivatives with
30m differences defined at neighboring grid points.
·Formation and solution of the equations are localized :
efficient for memory and storage handling
·Straightforward simulation of complex constitutive
100m 30m material behavior, such as plasticity and damage.
·FLAC is the most well-known computer code for stress
20m analysis for rock engineering problems using the
FVM/FDM.
·Used to study the mechanism of fracturing processes:
40m
shear band formation of rock and soil samples
·FVM covers the all aspects of rock mechanics: slope
stability, underground openings, coupled hydro-
120m mechanical, THM processes, rock mass characterization,
tectonic process, glacial dynamics.
·Inability to incorporate explicit
representation of fractures.
·Complex boundary conditions and
material heterogeneity: unsuitable for
modeling practical mechanics problems
·FVM approach is easy to handle
material heterogeneity, mesh generation,
and treatment of boundary conditions
with unstructured grids of arbitrary
shapes.

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 Lecture #1. Introduction of the Geotechnical
1.2 Classification of numerical method Analysis with Numerical Method

·Flexibility for the treatment of material heterogeneity,
FEM non-linear deformability, complex boundary conditions,
in situ stresses and gravity
·Generalized FEM: the meshes can be independent of
the problem geometry.
·Manifold method uses the truncated discontinuous
shape functions to simulate the fractures and treats the
continuum bodies, fractured bodies and assemblage of
discrete blocks in a unified form.
·Extended to Large deformations and crack propagation
problem in rock mechanics
·Seeks a weak solution at the global level through a
BEM numerical solution of an integral equation derived using
Betti’s reciprocal theorem and Somigliana’s identity.
·Applicability for stress analysis problems
·General stress and deformation analysis for
underground excavations, soil-structure interactions,
groundwater flow and fracturing processes
·DDM(displacement discontinuity method) is the best
approach for fracture growth simulations and applied to
rock fracture problems for 2D, 3D
·Reduction of the model dimension
·Simpler mesh generation than FEM, FDM
·Solutions inside the domain are continuous
·Suitable for fracturing inhomogeneous and linearly
elastic bodies.
·The treatment of fractures and
fracture growth remains the most
important limiting factor in the
application of the FEM for rock
mechanics problem
·Block rotations, complete
detachment, large-scale fracture
opening cannot be treated.
·Handicapped by the requirement of
small element size, continuous re-
meshing with fracture growth,
conformable fracture path and
element edges
·BEM is more efficient than FEM
when it comes to the fracture
problems
·Not efficient in dealing with material
heterogeneity: BEM cannot have as
many sub-domain as elements in
FEM.
·Not efficient in simulating non-linear
material behavior: plasticity and
damage evolution process.

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 Lecture #1. Introduction of the Geotechnical
1.2 Classification of numerical method Analysis with Numerical Method

Hybrid continuum / discrete methods

Advantage Disadvantage

·Used for flow and stress/deformation problems of
Hybrid fractured rocks
·BEM/FEM, DEM/FEM, DEM/BEM
Model ·BEM is most commonly used for simulating far-
field rocks as an equivalent elastic continuum
·FEM and DEM is used for non-linear or fractured
near-fields where explicit representations of
fractures and non-linear mechanical behavior,
such as plasticity
·Effective representation of the far-field to the
near-field rock mass
·Special attention needs to be paid
to the continuity or compatibility
conditions at the interfaces
between regions of different
models, when different material
assumptions are involved
·Rigid – deformable and block-
region interfaces

·Non 1:1 mapping ·The procedure may be regarded

Neural Ground ·Geometrical and physical constraints of the as simply supercomplicated curve
networks Size problem, which dominate the governing equations fitting
and constitutive laws when the 1:1 mapping ·The model cannot reliably
Depth
Stresses techniques are used, are not such a problem estimate outside its range of
K0 ·Different kinds of neural networks can be applied training parameters
Disp.
Steel rib to a problem ·Critical mechanisms might be
Strain
Shotcrete ·The programs can incorporate decisions based on omitted in the model training
empirical methods and experiences. ·There is a lack of any theoretical
Rockbolt
·Significant potential basis for verification and
validation of the techniques and
their outcomes

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 Lecture #1. Introduction of the Geotechnical
1.2 Classification of numerical method Analysis with Numerical Method

Requesting Design Conditions

Stability
Displa- Type of Problem
Found- Heav- Reaction NS
Global cement
ation ing
Closed form solution N N N Y Y Y Elastic

Limit equilibrium
Y Y* Y Y N N
method

Stress field method Y Y* Y Y N N Stabilitly

Lower B. Y Y* Y* Y** N N
Limit
theroem
Upper B. Y Y* Y* Y** N N
Elastic, Progressive
Beam-spring Y N Y Y Y N failure

Numerical analysis Y Y Y Y Y Y Progressive failure

NS: Neighboring structure, Y: Possible, Y*: Conditional possible , Y**: Approximation, N: impossible

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 Lecture #1. Introduction of the Geotechnical
1.2 Classification of numerical method Analysis with Numerical Method

Applicability of various geotechnical analysis methods

Anisotropy Heterogeneous Stress Layered soil
dependent structure
strength
Closed form solution Occasionally P. with Gradual Impossible P. Simple
possible condition case
Limit equilibrium Possible Possible P. Limited
method Approximation
Stress field method P. with Gradual P. with Gradual P. with Gradual P. Simple
condition condition condition case
Limit theorem Lower Possible Possible P. with Gradual P. Simple
B. condition case
Upper Possible Possible Impossible P. Simple
B. case
Beam-spring Impossible Impossible Partially P. Impossible
Numerical analysis Possible Possible Possible Limited
Therefore, numerical analysis is the flexible and effective geotechnical analysis method.

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 Lecture #1. Introduction of the Geotechnical
1.2 Classification of numerical method Analysis with Numerical Method

Characteristics of Numerical Method

Advantages of Numerical Method

Intuitive simulation of design conditions

• 3 Dimensional geometric shape
• Nonlinearity of geotechnical materials
• Simulation of complex geological profile
• Simulation of construction stage: Tunnel (Excavation, shotcrete, rockbolt)

Conventional analysis method

• Empirical equations
• Theoretically derived Closed-form solution

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 Lecture #1. Introduction of the Geotechnical
1.2 Classification of numerical method Analysis with Numerical Method

Intuitive simulation of design conditions

Task-Oriented User Interface

Terrain Geometry Maker

Tunnel Modeling Wizard

Digital
Digital Map
Map

TGM

DXF Data

Specialized Module for Real Terrain Geometry

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 Lecture #1. Introduction of the Geotechnical
1.2 Classification of numerical method Analysis with Numerical Method

Characteristics of Numerical Method

Disadvantages and problems involved with numerical analysis

• Cost problems
• Time problems
• Complexity problems
• Limitation and restriction of input parameters
• Stability of analysis (Verification of result)
• Limitation of approximation (Simplification problem)

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 Lecture #1. Introduction of the Geotechnical
1.2 Classification of numerical method Analysis with Numerical Method

Disadvantages and problems involved with numerical analysis

Effect of errors involved with numerical analysis

• A: Geometrical shape
• B: Construction sequences
Total Error (%) =
• C: Constitutive model
A+B+C+D+E+F
• D: Theoretical background + etc…
• E: Designer skill
• F: Uncertainty of input parameter
• ETC…
To understand and minimize is the main task for skillful geotechnical analyzer.

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 Lecture #1. Introduction of the Geotechnical
1.3 Philosophy of numerical modeling Analysis with Numerical Method

Why we should use numerical analysis?

Engineering design Numerical analysis Economic efficiency

Better than nothing ? Blind acceptance ?

Function as a engineering tool

: Numerical analysis is a competent tool better than other analysis method.

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 Lecture #1. Introduction of the Geotechnical
1.3 Philosophy of numerical modeling Analysis with Numerical Method

Design analysis: Examination of stability and sustainability of structure.

Stability: Structure should Sustainability: Structure should

have safety against to the not be malfunction induced by
failure during life time. the displacements.

Stability problem: Plasticity Displacement problem: Elasticity

Geotechnical analysis: Design analysis related to the ground and geostructures.

Geotechnical analysis consists with displacement and stability analysis.

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 Lecture #1. Introduction of the Geotechnical
1.3 Philosophy of numerical modeling Analysis with Numerical Method

Geotechnical analysis and Design analysis

Site investigation Problem definition Design condition, Design load, Standard

Hypothesis Section, Dimension

N Geological Profile
Idealize, Simplify
Y
Counter plan Geometrical Shape

N Stability analysis Constitutive Model

Geotechnical Parameter
N Displacement analysis

Design Analysis
Construction method

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 Lecture #1. Introduction of the Geotechnical
Final Remarks Analysis with Numerical Method

Issues of special difficulty and importance

• Systematic evaluation of geological and engineering uncertainties

• Understanding and mathematical representation of large rock fractures
• Quantification of fracture shape, size, connectivity and effect of fracture
intersections for DFN, DEM models
• Representation of rock mass properties and behavior as an equivalent continuum
and existence of the REV
• Representation of interface behavior
• Scale effects, homogenization and up-scaling methods
• Numerical representation of engineering processes, such as excavation sequence,
grouting and reinforcement
• Time effects
• Large-scale computational capacities
• Quantitative representation of the physics of fractured rocks remains generally
questionable

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 Lecture #1. Introduction of the Geotechnical
Final Remarks Analysis with Numerical Method

• Geotechnical engineer: In present, numerical analysis is not properly educated.

Structural engineers deal with geotechnical problems.
Understand the geotechnical behaviors and mechanisms.

• Numerical software: Pre- and post-processing focused development.

Advanced constitutive and material models are now requesting
Creep relaxation, General coupling, Plastic softening,
Brittle failure, Liquefaction

• Geotechnical parameter: Garbage in, Garbage out.

Communication between analyzer and site investigator
Understanding of parameter and material model

• Numerical modelling: Heterogeneous, anisotropy, complexity, boundary

Reasonable simplification by field experience
Execution -> Verification -> Feedback -> Acceptable Modeling

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