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The Universal Law of Gravity
Newton's Apple
Question
- In what sense does the Moon “fall”?
- State Newton’s law of universal gravitation in
words. Then do the same with one question.
The Universal Gravitational Constant
From the theory of Newton’s Apple, this explains the
attractive force between two objects when they have
mass. That shows the force is proportional to the two
mass objects but inversely proportional to the distance
square of the two objects.
G - universal gravitational
constant - equals to
6.674 × 10 −11 N m 2 kg −2
Questions:
- By how much does the gravitational force
between two objects decrease when the distance
between their centres is doubled? Tripled?
Increased tenfold?
- Consider an apple at the top of a tree that is
pulled by Earth’s gravity with a force of 1N. If
the tree were twice as tall, would the force of
gravity be ¼ as strong? Defend your answer.
Weight and Weightlessness
Weight is the force acted on mass by gravity
pressing against the Earth surface. It is expressed in
formula W = MG that W refers to weight, M refers to
Mass of the object, and G refers to gravitational
acceleration. In the meantime, weightless is the absence
of weight which happens when the effects of gravity are
not felt. Technically, the existence of gravity is two
things pressing against each other. Hence, we could
experience temporally the sensation of weightlessness on
Earth. For example, astronauts face weightlessness
because of no external contact force pulling or pushing
toward their body.
Weightlessness
Weight
Question:
1. Moon has gravity 83.33 percents less than Earth
which is 1.62 m/s^2. This means you weigh six times
less on the Moon than you do on Earth. On which planet,
you will experience longer sensation of absence of
weight or weightlessness?
Cycles of a Tide
Tides cycle as the Moon rotates around the Earth and as
the position of the Sun changes. Throughout the day the
sea level is constantly rising or falling.
1. The sea level rises
2. High tide is reached
3. The sea level falls
4. Low tide is reached
5. Back to number 1
Tidal Currents
When the sea level is rising or falling, water is flowing
to or from the ocean. This flow causes currents called
tidal currents.
Flood current
- A flood current occurs as the sea level is rising towards
high tide. Water is flowing towards the shore and away
from the ocean.
Ebb current
- An ebb current occurs as the sea level is dropping
towards low tide. Water is flowing away from the shore
and towards the ocean.
Slack water
- At the exact time of high tide or low tide there is no
current. This time is called slack water.
Tidal Range
The tidal range is the difference in sea level between low
tide and high tide. The tidal range will vary in different
locations depending on the location of the Sun and the
Moon as well as the topography of the shore line.
Question
1. Mass of Earth when it's radius is 6400 km and
2. N kg-1 is equivalent to ?
Einstein’s Theory of Gravitation
If we called Newton’s law of gravitation is a
basic of study the gravity, then Einstein’s theory of
gravity is the advance one. Newton’s law of gravity
works perfectly for almost everything that is related with
gravity on our planet. However, Albert Einstein found
something inconsistent with Newton’s theory. First,
Newton’s theory said that mass and energy are related.
But, actually, they don’t because if they are related, why
a massless photons gravitate when they have no mass.
Second, there is a speed limit in the Universe (the speed
of light). For example, The Sun is 8 light minutes away
from us. So, it takes 8 minutes for the light of the sun to
reach the Earth which means when you look at the sun,
you always see it as it was 8 minutes ago. So, if the sun
is suddenly disappear, it will take us 8 minutes to feel
the gravitational difference on Earth. But, Newton’s
theory said that if the sun suddenly disappear, you will
feel the difference right away. Albert Einstein, after
inventing the famous theory of relativity, realized that
Newton’s law of gravity had to be changed. This took
him about 10 years to figure out the solution. His
solution is called General relativity. In his new theory,
he found that the space and time were interwoven into a
single continuum known as space-time. Right now, he
decided to describe the force of gravity as a curvature of
space-time. Also, he found out that the every objects that
contained an energy caused a curves in a space-time. In
other words, every object with energy can affect the
force of gravity. Also, the curvature of spacetime effects
light rays. So, light is also affect by the gravity. This is
linked with how black hole occured. The black hole is
the thing that is occured when there is an object that has
a lots of energy to extremely curve the spacetime which
makes an object becomes very dense enough to capture
light. Also, this theory predict that it has a possibility to
create a waves of spacetime because since spacetime is
dynamical and you can curve it, it should be possible to
create a ripples in spacetime. These are called
gravitational waves. These waves have completely same
concept with electromagnetic waves which ripples in
electric and magnetic field instead of spacetime.
Question
1. How Einstein’s theory of gravity linked with
Newton’s ?
2. How Einstein describes force of gravity?
3. How black hole occured base on this theorem?
4. How gravitational wave is linked with
electromagnetic wave?
5. How gravitational wave occurred?
Black Holes
Question
- What was the cause of perturbations discovered
in the orbit of the planet Uranus? What greater
discovery did this lead to?
- What percentage of the universe is presently
speculated to be composed of dark matter and
dark energy?
References
Physics Book
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Forces/isq.ht
ml
https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/what-is-gravity/en/
https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-law-of-universal-g
ravitation-definition-importance-examples.html
https://online.science.psu.edu/phys010_fawd/node/1053
3
https://www.space.com/17661-theory-general-relativity.
html
-Weightlessness and Its Effect on Astronauts. (2018).
Space.com. Retrieved 3 March 2018, from
https://www.space.com/23017-weightlessness.html
-Weightlessness | physics. (2018). Encyclopedia
Britannica. Retrieved 3 March 2018, from
https://www.britannica.com/science/weightlessness
https://isaacphysics.org/concepts/cp_gravitational_field
http://www.softschools.com/formulas/physics/gravitatio
nal_field_formula/334/
http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/circles/Lesson-3
/Newton-s-Law-of-Universal-Gravitation
https://physics.info/gravitation/summary.shtml
https://www.bbc.co.uk/education/guides/z8k887h/revisio
n/4
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_constant