Assignment

Use internet or/and book:

1) To describe family of LED, tungsten halogen, fluorescent, mercury, metal halide

and sodium (high intensity discharge lamp) with include the following
information:

 Starting Method ( Principle of Lamp Operation)

 Construction/development of lamp
 Its Lumen, Life, Efficacy and power

2) Find Energy distribution for Each type of above lamps

 Energy distribution of typical linear fluorescent lamp:

-3% of input energy is converted directly into visible radiation

- Emission of four visible mercury lines at 404.7nm, 435.8nm, 546.1nm,

577-579nm, without phosphor, light is bluish-white

- 60% of input energy produced 253.7nm radiation

- 3% appear 185 nm radiation

- 34% of input energy converted to heat

3) Find Recommendation Illumination Level for any activities (Task)

 The outdoor light level is approximately 10,000 lux on a clear day. In

the building, in the area closest to windows, the light level may be
reduced to approximately 1,000 lux. In the middle area its may be as
low as 25 -50 lux. Additional lighting equipment is often necessary to
compensate the low levels.
4) Explain Photometric Chart for luminous intensity and flux (Light Output)

 In photometry, luminous flux is the measure of the total perceived power of

light while luminous intensity is a measure of the perceived power emitted
by a light source in a particular direction per unit solid angle. This means
 that the maximum luminous intensity depends on the total luminous flux of a
light source, but also on its radiation pattern (the way the light source
radiates in all directions).
 In order to precisely calculate the total luminous flux F we need to take into
account the radiation pattern I (θ) of the light source. Without the radiation
pattern, it's not possible to do the conversion. Precise numerical data of the
radiation pattern is very rarely available, but if one has the chance to have a
datasheet with a nice radiation pattern plot, a free program like Engauge
Digitizer can be used to convert a plot into numerical values. Almost all
light sources have a symmetric radiation pattern, therefore we only use the
data from 0° to 180° (0 to π) and we assume this will stay the same if the
device turns around about its optical axis.

5) Explain term of illuminance, luminous flux, intensity, Luminance, efficacy,

color temperature, color rendering index, black body

 Illuminance : E=dΦ/dA, The areal density of the luminous flux incident at a

point on a surface.
 Luminous flux: is compared to electric current, in ampere, the time rate of
flow of electric charge in wire.
 Luminance: Photometric brightness, luminance is a measure of the flux
emitted from, or reflected by, a relatively flat and uniform surface.
Luminance may be thought of as luminous intensity per unit area. Candelas
per square meter (cd/m2)
 Efficacy: is measured is lumen per watt.
 Color Temperature: The color of a light source can be compared to that of a
blackbody at an appropriate temperature.
 Color rendering index: A system of measure of the color rendition of a
source adopted internationally uses standard color test lamps, and standard
colored objects.
 Black body: a hypothetical perfect absorber and radiator of energ , with no
reflecting power.
 Intensity: is the measurable amount of property, such as forces brightness, or
magnetic field.

6) Explain the light Reflection, Transmission, Refraction and Absorption

  Refraction is a light travelling through air that reaches a translucent or
transparent medium such as water or glass, not only reflects a little, but
penetrates the boundary between the air and the medium. The light rays
actually bend or refract at these boundaries because the light’s speed , and
wavelength change. It’s frequency remains the same, though.
 Absorption is the transformation of radiant power to another type of energy,
usually heat, by interaction with matter.
 Reflection :
 Transmission:

7) Explain Refraction Index of any materials (water, air, iron, brick and wood)

8) What type of color of light can pass through the glass filter

9) Explain what is Photon Energy

 Photon energy is the energy carried by a single photon. The amount of

energy is directly proportional to the photon's electromagnetic frequency and
inversely proportional to the wavelength. The higher the photon's frequency,
the higher its energy. Equivalently, the longer the photon's wavelength, the
lower its energy.

10) Find the risk of radiant energy

 Radiant energy is caused by changes to electron configuration within a

heated substance. Solids, liquids and gases that are sufficiently heated will
generate radiant energy, which is transported through space from one object
to another by wave and is often referred to as electromagnetic radiation.
Radiant energy travels in straight lines and can be reflected, absorbed, or
transmitted completely through an object. It increases proportionally to
flame temperature (by a power of four), so hotter-burning fires generate
significantly more radiation. Close proximity to radiant source also increases
the danger, as smoke particulates and air molecules provide some shielding
effect. Thermal radiation is of primary concern, as EMR in these
wavelengths can be absorbed by skin and cause burns.

11) Five metric can be applied to quantified ballast performance, ballast factor,
Ballast efficiency Factor, Crest Factor, Total Harmonic Distortion
 Five metric can be applied to quantified ballast performance
 Ballast factor
 BF= comb/refb
 Ballast factor low, 0.75-0.85), medium (0.85-1.00) and high (1.00-
1.20)
 Ballast efficiency Factor
 BEF=BF (%)/System power input
 BEF≥1.06 for tow 40W T12 rapid star lamps
 Crest Factor
CF= Vpeak/Vrms
 High current crest factor reduce lamp life, Lamp life published by
lamp mfg are invalid if current crest factor exceeds 1.7
 Total Harmonic Distortion
 Measure of deviation from pure sine wave of the voltage and current
wave
 Electronic ballast has high THD (35 to 40%), which cause excessive
line current harmonic, Electronic ballast ≤ 20% THD
 Power Factor
 PF= Watts/RMS Volts*RMS amp