Education Days Moscow 2013

Basin and Petroleum Systems Modelling:

Applications for Conventional and Unconventional
Petroleum Exploration Risk and Resource
Assessments

By Dr Bjorn Wygrala
Schlumberger

21-22 November 2013

9. Closing Session
 1. Opening Session: Industry Challenges and Opportunities

Conventional Petroleum Systems

2. Deepwater and Salt
3. Structural Complexity
4. Reservoir in Petroleum Systems Modeling

Theoretical Aspects
5. Temperature and Pressure
6. Petroleum Generation and Migration

Unconventional Petroleum Systems

7. Shale Gas/Oil
8. Gas Hydrates

9. Closing Session: Petroleum Systems Modeling in Context

2
 Geologic Risk Factors in Exploration

Trap Risk
- Prospect/fault geometry
Reservoir Risk seal
- Porosity/permeability carrier/

Seal Risk
reservoir

- Capillary pressure, fault seal

Charge* Risk
- Petroleum generation and expulsion
- Petroleum migration, entrapment and loss
- Timing relationship with structural evolution
carrier
- Petroleum property predictions
source

* Charge is the volume of hydrocarbons available for entrapment

3
 Geologic Risk Factors in Exploration

Seal

Trap
Charge
Reservoir

4
 PetroMod 3D Petroleum Systems Model – Campos Basin, Brazil
Jubarte oil field
Roncador oil field

Play
Oligocene-
Miocene

Play Upper
Cretaceous Post-salt
marine
source rock

Pre-salt
lacustrine
source rocks

5
 PetroMod 3D Petroleum Systems Modeling – Campos Basin, Brazil

existing known fields and

potentially charged prospects

predicted hydrocarbon
migration routes

mature source rocks

PetroMod salt

6
 PetroMod 3D Modeling: Petroleum Property Predictions
Petrobras Application of 3D Petroleum Systems Modeling for
petroleum property prediction (Santos Basin, post-salt prospect)

Pre-drilling
prediction of
petroleum
charge history,
volumetrics and
properties (API
gravities, GOR)

Post-drilling
results
(discovery)

Courtesy of Petrobras
7
 Exploration Workflow Requirements
From megaregional screening to prospect/field scale

Screen:
Focus:

Screening Workflows: Focussed Workflows:

- Cover large areas with sparse data - … add locally refined data
- Basin to Play to Prospect scale - Basin to Play to Prospect scale
- Rapid workflows - Efficient workflows
- High uncertainties! - Reduce uncertainties!

8
 PetroMod 3D Modeling: From Megaregional to Reservoir Scales

Typical Model Size in Exploration:

Regional Scale
with about 10 million cells

1000- 2000 km

MEGA-REGIONAL
MEGA-REGIONALSCALE SCALE
Total HC Resource Assessment:
Hydrocarbon Resource Assessment
Complete Mexican
Entire Golf Gulf PEMEX
of Mexico, of Mexico
RESERVOIR SCALE
Middle-East Oil Field
KOC Kuwait

100-200 km

REGIONAL SCALE
Exploration Risk Assessment:
Campos Basin, Brasil

10 - 20 km

9
 Sparse Data

10
 “Interpretation” on
bitmap images

11
 “Interpretation” on
bitmap images

Additional control
points for surface
modeling

12
 “Interpretation” on
bitmap images

Additional control
points for surface
modeling

13
 “Interpretation” on
bitmap images

TWT
surface TWT <=> TVD

Water velocity

Overburden velocity based on

thickness/compaction stage

Additional control
points for surface
modeling

14
 TVD
surface

15
 Frontier Exploration: Basement Structure Inferred from Radar Gravity

16
 Rich Data

17
 Gulf of Mexico: Geology from Seismic

Sigsbee
Escarpment

Peripheral plain

Green Knoll

Post-salt sediments

Salt diapir

Salt
sheet Salt diapir
Turbidites

Geological features : Laake and Fiduk,

 Salt features: salt sheets, diapir; salt dissolution; salinar tectonics First Break, v.31,
September 2103,
 Sedimentary features: turbidites, salt-sediment interaction p.81-85
 Shallow drilling hazards: seafloor instability, shallow gas
2013
18 © 2013 WesternGeco AL
 Extraction of Geobodies: Salt Sutures and Impurities

Structurally sharpened
PSDM cube

Geobodies

Laake and Fiduk,

First Break, v.31,
September 2103,
p.81-85

2013
19 © 2013 WesternGeco AL
 Geology from Seismic: Cut-out into turbidite, gas hydrate zone above salt

Salt canopy Sigsbee Escarpment

Green Knoll

Gas hydrates

Abyssal plain

Faulted roof of salt diapir Shallow turbidite channel Laake and Fiduk,
First Break, v.31,
September 2103,
p.81-85

2013
20 © 2013 WesternGeco AL
 Petroleum Resource Assessments

21
 Petroleum Resource Assessment Workflow
for conventionals and unconventionals

G&G Data Analysis Risks

Petroleum Statistical
into and and
Systems Analysis
Model Mapping Resources

Interpretation, mapping Petroleum Systems Risk Mapping and Statistical assessment of Resource
of Gross Depositional Modeling of maturation, definition of conventional and Mapping and
Environments and expulsion vs. retention, Assessment Units unconventional Reporting
model construction migration and (ASU) hydrocarbon resources
accumulation

22
 Conventionals and Unconventionals

23
 Conventional Petroleum Systems and Processes
In conventional petroleum systems, we are interested Reservoir System
in the hydrocarbons that have been expelled from the
loss
source rocks

Carrier System

loss

Source System

Basic processes:
source unit
- generation
carrier - expulsion
source unit
- migration
- containment
(accumulation/loss)

24
 Unconventional Petroleum Systems and Processes 1
In unconventional petroleum systems, we are
interested in the hydrocarbons that have been
retained in the source rocks

Source/Reservoir System

Basic processes:
source unit - generation
- retention
source unit - secondary cracking
of oil to gas
- containment
(accumulation/loss)
25
 Unconventional Petroleum Systems and Processes 2
In unconventional petroleum systems, we are
interested in the hydrocarbons that have been
loss
retained in the source rocks ... or migrated into
juxtaposed, continuous organic-lean intervals

Source/Carrier/Reservoir
System

Shale-oil Resource Systems

source unit ... are organic-rich mudstones that have
carrier generated oil that is stored in the organic-
rich mudstone intervals or migrated into
source unit juxtaposed, continuous organic-lean
intervals. Thus these systems may
include primary and secondary migrated
oil.
Jarvie, 2012

26
 1. Opening Session: Industry Challenges and Opportunities

Conventional Petroleum Systems

2. Deepwater and Salt
3. Structural Complexity
4. Reservoir in Petroleum Systems Modeling

Theoretical Aspects
5. Temperature and Pressure
6. Petroleum Generation and Migration

Unconventional Petroleum Systems

7. Shale Gas/Oil
8. Gas Hydrates

9. Closing Session: Petroleum Systems Modeling in Context

27