Growth and Decay

1. The population of a community is known to increase at a rate proportional to the number

of people present at time t. If an initial population P0 has doubled in 5 years, how long
will it take to triple? To quadruple?

2. Suppose it is known that the population of the community in Problem 1 is 10,000 after 3
years. What was the initial population P0? What will be the population in 10 years? How
fast is the population growing at t = 10?

P = 10,000 ; t = 3yrs. ;
𝑃 = 𝑃𝑜𝑒 𝑘𝑡 . 𝑡 = 10 𝑦𝑟𝑠
𝑙𝑛2 𝑙𝑛2
(3) (10)
10,000 = 𝑃𝑜𝑒 5 𝑃 = 𝑃𝑜𝑒 𝑘𝑡 = 6597.54𝑒 5
10,000
𝑃𝑜 = 𝑙𝑛2 𝑃 = 26,390.16
(3)
5
𝑃𝑜 = 6597.54
 3. Population of a town grows at a rate proportional to the population present at time t. The
initial population of 500 increases by 15%in 10 years. What will be the population in 30
years? How fast is the population growing at t=30?

𝑃𝑜 + 0.15(𝑃𝑜) = 𝑃𝑜𝑒 𝑘𝑡 ; 𝑡 ln(1.15)

𝑘=
= 10𝑦𝑟𝑠 10
500 + 0.15(500) = 500𝑒 𝑘(10) 𝑡 = 30𝑦𝑟𝑠
ln(1.15)
575 = 500𝑒 𝑘(10) 𝑃 = 500𝑒 10
(30)
575 𝑃 = 760.44 𝑦𝑟𝑠
= 𝑒 𝑘(10)
500
23
ln ( )
25 = 𝑘
10

Carbon Dating:

1. Archaeologists used pieces of burned wood, or charcoal, found at the site to date
prehistoric paintings and drawings on walls and ceilings of a cave in Lascaux, France.
Use the information on page 84 (in our text book) to determine the approximate age
of a piece of burned wood, if it was found that 85.5% of the C-14 found in living trees
of the same type had decayed.

𝐴 = 𝐴𝑜𝑒 𝑘𝑡
k = -0.00012378
A(t) = 0.145Ao
t = 15,600 years

2. The Shroud of Turin, which shows the negative image of the body of a man who
appears to have been crucified, is believed by many to be the burial shroud of Jesus of
Nazareth. See the figure below. In 1988 the Vatican granted permission to have the
shroud carbon-dated. Three independent scientific laboratories analyzed the cloth and
concluded that the shroud was approximately 660 years old,A????1 an age consistent
with its historical appearance. Using this age, determine what percentage of the
original amount of C-14 remained in the cloth as of 1988.

Half life of c-14 is 5700 years

So for 660 years decayed %
𝐴(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑜𝑒 −0.00012378𝑡
𝑡 = 660
𝐴(660) = 𝐴𝑜𝑒 −0.00012378(660)
= 0.921553Ao
= 92%
Newton’s law of cooling and warming:

1. A thermometer is removed from a room where the temperature is 70*F and is taken
outside where the air temperature is 10*F. After one-half minute the thermometer
reads 50*F. What is the reading of the thermometer at t = 1 minute? How long will it
take the thermometer to reach 15*F?

𝑑𝑇 1
𝑘( )
= 𝑘(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑚) 50 = 10 + 60𝑒 2
𝑑𝑡 50−10 1
𝑇1 = 70°𝐹 , 𝑇𝑀 = 10°𝐹 = 𝑒 2𝑘
60
1 2 1
𝑡 = min , 𝑇2 = 50°𝐹 𝑙𝑛 = 𝑘
2 3 2
𝑑𝑇 2
= 𝑘(𝑇 − 𝑇10) 𝑘 = 2 ln ( )
𝑑𝑡 3
𝑘 = −0.8109302162
𝑑𝑇 𝑇 = 10 + 60𝑒 (−0.8109302162)(1)
∫ = 𝑘 ∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 − 10 𝑇 = 36.67℉
𝑒 ln(𝑇−10) = 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 + 𝑐 15 = 10 + 60𝑒 (−0.8109302162)𝑡
𝑇 − 10 = 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 + 𝑒 𝑐 15 − 10 = 60𝑒 (−0.8109302162)(1)
𝑇 − 10 = 𝑐𝑒 𝑘𝑡 5
ln( )
𝑇 = 10 + 𝑐𝑒 𝑘𝑡 60 = 𝑡 = 3.064 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠
𝑡 = 0, 𝑇1= 70°𝐹 → 70 = 10 + 𝐶2 −0.8109302162
1
𝑡 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛, 𝑇2 = 50℉
2

2. A thermometer is taken from an inside room to the outside where the air temperature is
5◦F. After 1 minute the thermometer reads 55◦F, and after 5 minutes the reading is 30◦F.
What is the initial temperature of the room.
 3. A small metal bar, whose initial temperature was 20 degrees C is dropped into a large
container of boiling water. How long will it take the bar to reach 90 degrees C if it is
known that its temperature increases 2 degrees in 1 second. How long will it take the bar
to reach 98 degrees C?

Series Circuit:

1. A 30-volt electromotive force is applied to an-LR series circuit in which the inductance is 0.1
henry and the resistance is 50 ohms. Find the current i(t)
if i(0)=0 Determine the current as t--> infinity.
dI
Use the fact that L  RI  v(t ) and I(0)  0
dt
dI
L  RI  v (t ) and I (0)  0
dt
dI
0.1  50 I  30
dt I ( 0)  0
dI
 500 I  300 3
dt 0  c
5
v (t )  e 
500dt
 e 500t 3
c  
dI 5
e 500t  500e 500t I  300  e 500t
dt 3 3  500t
I   e

e 500t I  300  e 500t
5
3
5

3 500t I  as t  
e 500t I  e c 5
5
3
I   ce  500t
5
 2. A 100-volt electromotive force is applied to an RC-series circuit in which the resistance
is 200 ohms and the capacitance is 10−4 farad. Find the charge q(t) on the capacitor if
q(0) = 0 Find the current i(t)?

𝑑𝑞 1
a. 𝑅 + 𝑞 ; 𝑅 = 200 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠, 𝑐 = 10−4 𝑓𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑑, 𝐸 (𝑡) = 100
𝑑𝑡 𝑐
𝑑𝑞
200 + 104 𝑞 = 100
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑞
2 + 100𝑞 = 1
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑞 1
+ 50𝑞 =
𝑑𝑡 2
1
𝑞= + 𝑐𝑒 −50𝑡
100
1 1 −50𝑡
𝑞= − 𝑒
100 100

𝑑𝑞 1
b. 𝑖 = =− (−50)𝑒 −50𝑡
𝑑𝑡 100
1
𝑖 = 𝑒 −50𝑡
2

3. A 200-volt electromotive force is applied to an 𝑅𝐶 series circuit in which the resistance is

1000 ohms and the capacitance is 5 × 10−6 farad. Find the charge (𝑡) on the capacitor if
(0) = 0.4. Determine the charge and current at 𝑡 = 0.005 𝑠. Determine the charge as 𝑡 →
∞.
𝑑𝑞 1
1000 + 𝑞 = 200
𝑑𝑡 5 𝑥 10−6
1
𝑞 (𝑡) = + 𝐶𝑒 −200𝑡
1000
q(0.005) = 0.00026

𝑖(𝑡) = −200𝐶𝑒 −200𝑡

i(0.005) = 0.1472