Example (1) : consider a uniform

prismatic bar: ue ue
1 2

L = length
X
A = cross-sectional area 1
L

E = elastic modulus X2

Determine the form of the

displacement function.
Solution:
Bar element 2 node - 2 D.o.f
ue





ue  1e
   
   
   
  u




2 

Nodal displacement :
Number of generalized coordinates = No.
of D.o.f = 2
α1 , α2
•Displacement function :
u = α1 + α2 x ---------(1)

at node (1) ue = α + α x ---------(2)

1 1 2 1

at node (2) ue2 = α1 + α2 x2 --------(3)

 ue 
 1 x α











ue  1e  1 1  A α
     
     
   
 
     

1 x α
         
 u 











   

2


2 2








Solving for [α]

[α] = [A]-1 [ue]
To find α1 and α2 subtracting equs. (3) – (2)
ue - 1u e = α (x - x ) = α L
2 2 2 1 2

 ue - ue = α L
2 1 2

u e - ue
 α2 = 2 1
L
From eq. (2)
ue = α + α x
1 1 2 1
e
 α1 = 1 - α2 x1
u

ue - ue 

1  u1e - 2
 


1 x





L 


1

ue x ue x ue ue
α1  u1e - 2 1  1 1  u1e  1 x1 - 2 x1
L L L L
 x  x
 α1  u1e 1  1 - u2e 1








L 

L
Subs. In (1)
u  α α x
1 2
 e e 

 x 
 x  u - u 
  1  1  ue - 1 ue   2 1  x




L  1 L 2  L 
 

x x ue x ue x
 u1e  u1e 1 - 1 u2e  2 - 1
L L L L
 x   x 
 u1e  1  1 - x   u2e  x - 1  , L  x  x
  



L L  L

L  1 2
x
 - x  x - x 
 u1e 2   



1  ue


L   L  2
u  N1 u1e  N 2 u2e
 x -x x -x
 N  2 at x  x , N  2 1  L  1
1 L 1 1 L L
at x  x , N  0
2 1
x-x
N  1 at x  x , N  0
2 L 1 2
x -x
at x  x , N  2 1  L  1
2 2 L L

N1 & N2 are shape function

Generally Ni = 1 at node i
And = 0 at all other node
u1e
u e2
2- Node truss element :
u1e
Main difference between one-dimensional
bar element and truss element is that the
element truss have various orientation,
Local and Global coordinates.
Local coordinates = xe , ye
global coordinates = x , y
 ue 

 V2
Local D s . o . f  ue   1e 


u 
 xe
2
 Y,V local
xe 2 U2
ye
U e 


1 

 V1
V e 

Global D s . o . f  U e   1e 


ye L
U  

θ U1
2
1
global
V e 


2 
 X,U
Formulations :
(1) Displacement function :
•Local coordinates :
u  α1  α2 x
1
u  1 xe α  1 x e A



ue





























     

1
 φ A
















ue  N u e


















   

In global coordinates :
Consider any point .
•Transformation V
u
v

θ
U
u  U cos θ  V sin θ
v  - U sin θ  V cos θ
u
  
cos sin U   


     
     
     
v





- sin cos V








u  T U 












1 e 1
u  T φ A



u  φ A T ue

 
 
 

 











 

 






 
 
 



 
(2) Strain :

 u 1
ε   E A T ue
 
         
         

x,y
       
   
       

(3) Stress :
1



δ  D ε  D E A T ue















































           

D B T ue 

























     

S T ue 



















   
(4) Element stiffness matrix :
In local :
T
ke   B D B d ve
























       
ve
In global :
T



Ke  T ke T























     

Where ke




 = element stiffness matrix
 

in local axes .
u1e
u e2
xe
(5) Body force : only :
2

Element nodal load vector :

T
T 
 1

 T



R be  T












A





 N






b dv




  




ve

Example :
Generalized coordinate element
formulation 2 – D Truss Element.


Determine the element stiffness matrix.

Solution :
Local axes x , y
V
Local D.o.f 2
xe
2
ue
2
Y
u1e




2 U2

 ue 






 
ue

 2



V1
ye ue
1

U1
1
Global coordinates : X , Y




Ue 1



 



V1e 


Local D.o.f  



Ue 2



 

V2e




u  T  U 

L m 0 0 
T  








where L  cos , m  sin
 0 0 L m 

x -x 2 2
L  cos θ  2 1 Le  

 x2 - x1 

  y2 - y1






Le    

y2 - y1
m  sin θ 
Le
x2 – y2

y2 - y1
Φ
θ
x1 , y1 x2 - x1
(1) Displacement function :
•Local coordinates

u  α1  α2 x
u1e 




 u  N1



 N2
  N ue













u2e
 





   

x2 - x x - x1
N1  , N2 
L L
 •In global coordinates
u  N T ue























(2) Strains:
•In local coordinates
 
dy d N1 d N2 e
εx  
 
 

 u 
  
dx dx 

dx 

 

ue 



εx  1 - 1 1 1  B ue
















L ue
  

 2



   
•In global coordinates :
εx  B T ue









 
 
 




(3) Stresses : in local

δx  E εx  E B ue 


















•in global
δx  E B T ue
























 (4) Element stiffness matrix :
•In local
T
K e   B D B dv
























v
x2 T E Ae 1 - 1  

  B E B Ae dx 
     
     
 
x1

L -1 1
   



 •In global
T e



Ke  T












k T









   


L 0 



L -L 

   
T e 
m 
0 E Ae 1 - 1 E Ae m  m
   

 
         
T   k  











L L -1 1 L -L L
   
     


0 

  



   
   
 0 m  -m m  
  
L -L 



 
   
T e E Ae m -m L m 0 0
 T k T 
         
         
   
 
L -L     
L 0 0 L m







 
 
 
-m m  
 
L2 Lm - L2 - Lm




 
 
Lm m
 2 - Lm - m 2 
 





- L2 - Lm L2

 Lm 

 
 
- Lm - m 2 Lm m 2





E Ae K





 K 



L2 

Lm




    
 where K 








L K 





 K 

 
 

Lm
 

m2


      