THE EFFECTS AND HAZARDS OF COMBUSTION IN TRANSPORT, UTILITY

AND INDUSTRY TO THE HEALTH, SAFETY, CULTURE, SOCIETY AND

ENVIRONMENT

In this cutting edge period, various patterns have ended up self-evident. In the following couple
of years, street transport will keep on growing all through the whole world. For at any rate the
following decade or two, diesel and petrol motors have utilized the most fuel. In this manner,
the dangerous emanations from the vehicles will give us a few effects in most angle for example
health, safety, culture, society, and especially environment. A number of developing
technologies are hopes for lowering vehicle emissions, including particle traps, a system to
reduce nitrogen oxide emissions, preheated catalytic converters and electronic vehicle controls.
But in the meantime, those technologies would not diminish the impact of burning radically.

There are plenty of effects of combustion to the human health. Air pollutants that are
inhaled have serious impact on human health damaging the lungs and the respiratory system
and they are also diffused in the blood and pumped all around the body. These pollutants are
also deposited on soil, plants and in the water, affecting the human foods and water reservoir.
People exposed to certain amount of air pollutants have higher chance to experience irritation
of the eyes, nose and throat, coughing, hardly can breathe and chest tightness, worsening of
lung and heart problem and in it can even cause death.

There are a lot of impacts of combustion to the human wellbeing. Air pollutants that
are breathed in have genuine effect on human wellbeing harming the lungs and the respiratory
system and they are diffused in the blood and pumped all around the body. These pollutants
are additionally stored on soil, plants and in the water, influencing the human nourishments
and water supply. Individuals presented to certain measure of air pollutants have higher
opportunity to experience aggravation of the eyes, nose and throat, coughing, barely can inhale
and mid-section snugness, exacerbating of lung and heart issue and it can even cause death.

Consistent impact of air contamination can be seen on our Earth's environment.

Worldwide environmental change is the impact of Earth's atmosphere lessening. The Earth's
atmosphere contains an adequate balance of naturally occurring gasses that filter a portion of
the sun's heat close to the Earth's surface. All this time, 'The Greenhouse Effect' keeps the
Earth's temperature stable. Yet, human have harassed the natural balance of the world by
creating a lot of some of those poisonous gasses, mostly methane and carbon dioxide.
Accordingly, the Earth's environment traps more sun's heat causing the Earth's temperature to
increase. This marvel known as global warming and may cause El-Nino. An unnatural weather
change has huge effects, particularly on forests, wildlife, agriculture and coastal areas.

Next, ozone depletion. A gas that happens on both at ground level and in the Earth's
upper atmosphere (stratosphere) is known as Ozone. At ground level, ozone is a toxin that can
conveys damage to the human. Be that as it may, in the stratosphere, ozone shapes a layer that
shields life on earth from the sun's fatal beams which otherwise called Ultraviolet (UV) beams.
But, the ozone layer is step by step being pulverized by man-made chemicals alluded to as
ozone-draining substances, including chlorofluorocarbons which frequently utilized as a
refrigerant or coolant for icebox and cars air condition. Diminishing of the defensive ozone
layer can make expanded measures of UV radiation achieve the Earth, which can lead to more
cases of cataracts, impaired immune systems and skin cancer.

The vast majority of the world would not think about the natural life when it comes to
development. Animals are the most vital being in the environment that makes the world
different. Harmful poisons noticeable all around or kept on soil or surface waters can affect
natural life in various ways. Creatures resemble people; they can encounter a few health issues,
if they are exposed to adequate convergences of air toxics after some time. Studies have proven
that air pollutants are contributing to reproductive failure, birth defects and infections in
animals. These contaminations aggregate in silt and may amplify in the tissues of animals at
the top of the food chain to concentrations higher than in the water of air.

Haze that every now and again happens in Malaysia before the year's over is brought
on when daylight experiences modest contamination particles noticeable all around. Haze
uncover the colour, clarity, structure and composition of what we see. Some haze-causing
pollutants are specifically radiated to the air by sources, for example, power plants, mechanical
offices, trucks and vehicles and construction activities. Others are formed when gasses
discharged to the air formed particles as they are conveyed downwind. Presently, Beijing has
the most pessimistic scenario of haze and the administration work hard to turn out with an
answer.
 Haze that forms causes corrosive downpour, which is a precipitation containing
destructive measures of sulphuric and nitric acids. These acids are formed generally by Sulphur
Oxide discharged into climate when fossil fuels are burnt. These acids tumble to the Earth
either as downpour, haze, snow or even in gas structure. Some are conveyed by the twist,
sometimes hundreds of miles. In the environment, acid rain harms trees and causes soils and
water to ferment making it acidic, making the water unacceptable for some fish and other
untamed life. It likewise accelerates the rot of structures, statues and figures that are a piece of
our national legacy.
(b)
i. 150 kg of coal;
39.25
𝑚𝐶 = × 150 = 58.875 𝑘𝑔
100
6.93
𝑚𝐻2 = × 150 = 10.395 𝑘𝑔
100
41.11
𝑚𝑂2 = × 150 = 61.665 𝑘𝑔
100
0.72
𝑚𝑁2 = × 150 = 1.08 𝑘𝑔
100
0.79
𝑚𝑆 = × 150 = 1.185 𝑘𝑔
100

Mole numbers of coal: (Molar masses, M, Table A-1)

𝑚𝐶 58.875 𝑘𝑔
𝑁𝐶 = = = 4.9063 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀𝐶 12 𝑘𝑔/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚𝐻2 10.395 𝑘𝑔
𝑁𝐻2 = = = 5.1975 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀𝐻2 2 𝑘𝑔/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚𝑂2 61.665 𝑘𝑔
𝑁𝑂2 = = = 1.9270 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀𝑂2 32 𝑘𝑔/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚𝑁2 1.08 𝑘𝑔
𝑁𝑁2 = = = 0.0386 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀𝑁2 28 𝑘𝑔/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚𝑆 1.185 𝑘𝑔
𝑁𝑆 = = = 0.0370 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀𝑆 32 𝑘𝑔/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

Chemical reaction equation for the combustion process:

4.9063𝐶 + 5.1975𝐻2 + 1.927𝑂2 + 0.0386𝑁2 + 0.037𝑆 + 𝑎𝑡ℎ (𝑂2 + 3.76𝑁2 )
→ 𝑥𝐶𝑂2 + 𝑦𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝑧𝑆𝑂2 + 𝑤𝑁2
C : x = 4.9063
H2 : y = 5.1975
O2 : 1.9270 + ath = 4.9063 + 0.5y + 0.037 → ath = 5.6151
N2 : w = 0.0386 + (ath x 3.76) = 0.0386 + (5.6151 x 3.76) = 21.15
S : z = 0.037
Thus,
4.9063𝐶 + 5.1975𝐻2 + 1.927𝑂2 + 0.0386𝑁2 + 0.037𝑆 + 5.6151(𝑂2 + 3.76𝑁2 )
→ 4.9063𝐶𝑂2 + 5.1975𝐻2 𝑂 + 0.037𝑆𝑂2 + 21.15𝑁2
ii. Mole number of each component in the products
30% excess air → 1.3ath
4.9063𝐶 + 5.1975𝐻2 + 1.927𝑂2 + 0.0386𝑁2 + 0.037𝑆 + 𝑁𝑒𝑤 𝑎𝑡ℎ (𝑂2 + 3.76𝑁2 )
→ 4.9063𝐶𝑂2 + 5.1975𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝑘𝑂2 + 0.037𝑆𝑂2 + 𝑥𝑁2
O2 mass balance;
1.9270 + New ath = x + 0.5y + z + k
1.9270 + 1.3(5.6151) = 4.9063 + (0.5)5.1975 + 0.037 + k
k = 1.6846

New ath + 0.0386 = x

1.3(5.6151) + 0.0386 = x
x = 7.3382

Thus,
4.9063𝐶 + 5.1975𝐻2 + 1.927𝑂2 + 0.0386𝑁2 + 0.037𝑆 + 7.3382(𝑂2 + 3.76𝑁2 )
→ 4.9063𝐶𝑂2 + 5.1975𝐻2 𝑂 + 1.6846𝑂2 + 0.037𝑆𝑂2 + 7.3382𝑁2

No. of mole of each component in the product:

𝑁𝐶𝑂2 = 4.9063 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑁𝐻2 𝑂 = 5.1975 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑁𝑂2 = 0.037 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑁𝑆𝑂2 = 01.6846 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑁𝑁2 = 7.3382 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

iii. Energy Balance:

𝑄𝑂𝑈𝑇 = ∑𝑁𝑅 (ℎ̅𝑓° + ℎ̅ − ℎ̅° ) − ∑𝑁𝑃 (ℎ̅𝑓° + ℎ̅ − ℎ̅° )𝑃
𝑅

Mini property table:

Substance ℎ̅𝑓° in kJ/kmol ℎ̅298K in kJ/kmol ℎ̅350K in kJ/kmol
O2 0 8682 10,213
N2 0 8669 10,180
H2 O -241,820 9904 11,652
CO2 -393,520 9364 11,351
SO2 -297,100 ∆ℎ̅𝑆𝑂 = ℎ̅350K - ℎ̅298K = 4253 kJ/kmol
2
 ∑𝑁𝑃 (ℎ̅𝑓° + ℎ̅ − ℎ̅° )
𝑃

= 4.9063(-393520 + 11351 – 9364) + 5.1975(-241820 + 11652 – 9904) +

1.6846(0 + 10213 – 8682) + 0.037(-297100 + 4253) +
7.3382(0 + 10180 – 8669)
= -3,165,925.68 kJ/kmol fuel

∑𝑁𝑅 (ℎ̅𝑓° + ℎ̅ − ℎ̅° )

𝑅

= 1.9270(0 + 8282 – 8282) + 0.0386(0 + 8669 – 8669) +

7.2996(0 + 8682 – 8682) + 27.4465(0 + 8669 – 8669)
= 0

Heat released in kJ/kmol of fuel:

𝑄𝑂𝑈𝑇 = 0 − (−3,165,925.68) = 3,165,925.68 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

iv. Identify and list the products in this combustion process that cause problems to
the health or environment.
1. Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
2. Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)
v. What are the problems caused by these products of combustion to the
environment or health?
Haze that forms causes corrosive downpour, which is a precipitation containing
destructive measures of sulphuric and nitric acids. These acids are formed generally by
Sulphur Oxide discharged into climate when fossil fuels are burnt. These acids tumble
to the Earth either as downpour, haze, snow or even in gas structure. Some are conveyed
by the twist, sometimes hundreds of miles. In the environment, acid rain harms trees
and causes soils and water to ferment making it acidic, making the water unacceptable
for some fish and other untamed life. It likewise accelerates the rot of structures, statues
and figures that are a piece of our national legacy.

Incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons additionally brings carbon monoxide

pollution. A scentless, colourless gas, carbon monoxide causes migraines and
inconveniences for individuals with coronary illness. Carbon dioxide is constantly
discharged when hydrocarbons are burnt. It is a main source of worldwide
environmental change and the acidification of seas. Burning of oil and coal,
specifically, causes the arrival of nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide. These oxides
consolidate with water and oxygen in the air, making nitric and sulfuric acids, which
come back to Earth's surface as corrosive downpour or acid rain. Acid deposition hurts
amphibian creatures and murders trees. Since it makes certain nutrients, for example,
calcium and phosphorus, less accessible to plants, it diminishes the productivity of
ecosystem and ranches. An extra issue connected with nitrogen oxides is that they,
alongside hydrocarbon pollutants, add to the arrangement of tropospheric ozone, a
noteworthy part of brown haze.

Carbon Dioxide will cause the Earth's atmosphere traps more sun's heat creating
the Earth's temperature to rise radically and bringing on El-Nino, an unnatural weather
change which has noticeable effects, particularly on forests, natural life, agriculture and
coastal areas.
vi. If Nitrogen Monoxide and Nitrogen Dioxide (NOx) and Carbon Monoxide (CO)
are present in the products of this combustion process, what problems would NOx
and CO cause to the environment or health?
Since NOx are transparent to most wavelengths of light, they permit by far most
of photons to go through and, consequently, have a lifetime of no less than a few days.
NO2 appears to have a much more lifetime and is equipped for voyaging significant
separations before making ozone. Climate systems often travel over the earth's surface
and permit the atmospheric impacts to move downwind for a few hundred miles. There
are reports found that every real city on has a crest of ozone that expands more than a
hundred miles out to ocean.

Nutrient enrichment issues (eutrophication) happen in bodies when the

availability of either nitrates or phosphates turn out to be too vast. Subsequently, the
proportions of nitrogen to phosphorus, silicon, and iron and different nutrients are
modified. This alteration may prompt changes in phytoplankton, produce poisonous or
toxic brown or red algal or stimulate other plant growth. The algal blooms and plant
growth create a shadow and cause the demise of different plants in the water, which
exhausts the oxygen substance of the water when the plants bite the dust, sink, and rot.
Eutrophication can make the bottom part of water inhabitable for both marine creatures
and sea-going plants.

High temperature burning can convert sulphur in fuel to SO2 and SO3. While
SO2 is harmful and frames sulphurous corrosive when disintegrated in water, SO3 is
both poisonous, retains dampness and structures sulphuric corrosive by combining with
dampness in the climate. SO2 and SO3 structure sulphites and sulphates when their acids
are neutralized. Both of these acids can shape strong particles by responding with alkali
in air. SO2 and SO3 likewise add to pH (acidity) changes in water, which can
unfavourably influence both area and amphibian life. Hence, both NOx and SOx from
ignition can murder plants and creatures.
vii. Design or adopt a system to control or treat or to reduce the amount of pollutants
released to the environment in this boiler.

Figure 1: Schematic diagram of the system

viii. Discuss, describe and explain how the system you have designed or adopted works.
The system that I adopted is a Baghouse which also known as Bag Filter or
Fabric Filter. A baghouse is an air pollution control device that removes particulates
out of air or gas released from commercial processes or combustion for electricity
generation.

There are 3 sorts of cleaning strategies by utilizing baghouse which are

Mechanical Shakers, Reverse Air (otherwise known as Reverse Gas) and Pulse Jet
(otherwise known as Reverse Jet). For this power plant boiler, Pulse Jet baghouse is
picked. On account of the effortlessness of configuration, Mechanical shakers baghouse
are prominent in the mineral handling industry, thus it is not decided for this boiler.
Reverse air baghouse require a greater maintenance needs, compared with the other two
and is not picked.

In pulse jet baghouses, individual bags are bolstered by a metal cage (filter
confine), which is affixed onto a cell plate at the highest point of the baghouse. Dirty
gas enters from the base of the baghouse and streams from outside to inside the packs.
The metal enclosure averts breakdown of the pack.

Bag are cleaned by a short blasted of compacted air infused through a typical
manifold over a line of bags. The compacted air is quickened by a venturi nozzle
mounted at the opposite plane baghouse top of the pack. Since the span of the packed
air burst is short (0.1s), it goes about as a quickly moving air bubble, going through the
whole length of the bag and causing the bag surfaces to flex. This flexing of the bags
breaks the dust cake, and the removed dust falls into a capacity container underneath.
 Pulse jet dust collectors can be worked consistently and cleaned without
intrusion of flow because of the fact that the burst of compacted air is little contrasted
and the aggregate volume of dusty air through the collector. In light of this consistent
cleaning feature, reverse-jet dust collectors are normally not compartmentalized.

The short cleaning cycle of pulse jet collectors diminishes distribution and
redeposit of dust. These collectors give more finish cleaning and reconditioning of bags
than shaker or reverse-air cleaning techniques. Additionally, the persistent cleaning
feature permits them to work at higher air-to-cloth proportions, so the space
prerequisites are lower.

This cleaning framework works with the assistance of advanced successive

clock joined to the fabric channel. this clock indicates the solenoid valve to infuse the
air to the blow funnel.

Below are advantages and disadvantages of Pulse Jet baghouses:

Advantages Disadvantages
Have high collection efficiency for
Require use of dry compressed air
respirable dust
Can have high air-to-cloth ratio (6 to 10 May not be used readily in high
ft/min) temperatures unless special fabrics are used
Have increased efficiency and minimal Cannot be used if high moisture content or
residual dust build-up due to aggressive humidity levels are present in the exhaust
cleaning action gas
Can clean continuously
Can use strong woven bags
Have lower bag wear
Have small size and fewer bags because of
high air-to-cloth ratio
Some designs allow bag changing without
entering baghouse
Have low pressure drop for equivalent
collection efficiencies
 HOW POLLUTION BY COMBUSTION IN TRANSPORT, UTILITY AND
INDUSTRY CAN BE REDUCED TO CONSERVE THE ENVIRONMENT FOR OUR
FUTURE GENERATIONS

More often than not, proper maintenance of vehicles emissions controls systems limits
unsafe emanations as well as can enhance fuel proficiency and vehicle performance
augmenting the life of the vehicle. In addition, care in putting away and taking care of fuel and
different solvents additionally diminishes evaporative losses to the air.

We can likewise consider different other options to travel, for example, video-
conferencing and working from home. In the event that the country has great transportation
administrations, consider utilizing it. Most types of open transportation have lower poison
outflows per traveller than private vehicles. Perhaps strolling, or biking is more best as opposed
to private vehicles if the work spot is close-by. In the event that you should drive, consider
carpooling.

At the point when utilizing a car, drive monetarily. For instance, accelerate delicately
and obeying speed limits. Less petrol will be utilized. Not just it spares cash, it likewise delivers
less contamination and lessen the probability of having a mishap. Likewise, consider leaving
the car at home one day a week or fortnight. By utilizing public transport, carpooling or a
supportable strategy for travel (strolling or biking) to get the chance to work and about, you
can enhance your level of wellness and the condition of the earth.

Keep the vehicle well-maintained as that will minimize emissions. Drive at steady pace
and prevent sudden acceleration, which builds fuel utilization and contamination discharges.
Abstain from sitting for long periods. In the event that somebody simply chose to buy another
car, pick a fuel-proficient model as it will help in lessening the contamination.

Another proposal is that to change our working routine. Adaptable working idea is
applied. By beginning and leaving work amid non-crest activity periods, say, 8am to 4pm or
10am to 6pm, we will contribute less to blockage and deliver less emissions as an aftereffect
of not sitting without moving in traffic jams. Then again, if conceivable, consider home
working. Doing as such one day a week would diminish the contamination created by roughly
20% every week.