9/28/2012

Overview

• Power Factor Definition

• Leading and Lagging Power Factor
• Power Factor Correction
04-Power Factor

ECEGR 450
Electromechanical Energy Conversion

Dr. Louie 2

Questions Power Factor

• What is power factor? • Recall Power Factor:

PF cos

• What are the real-world consequences of low v i

power factor? • Power Factor gives an indication of how much

apparent power S is used for real work, P
P P
cos
P2 Q2 |S|

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Power Factor Power Factor

• Power factor is non-negative • For example let v = 0o

• cos( ) = cos(– ) • Case 1: i = 30o
• Need to distinguish between and –  Capacitive circuit
 PF = 0.866
S • Case 2: i = -30o Same power factor
Q  Inductive circuit
P  PF = 0.866

-Q

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Leading/Lagging Power Factor Identify as Leading, Lagging or Unity

Must describe the PF value along with whether (a) (b) (c)
the current leads or lags voltage
 Lagging: current lags voltage (inductive)
 Leading: current leads voltage (capacitive)
 Useful mnemonic: ELI the ICE man

1 1 1
V 0o V 0o V 0o
2 2 2

0.5 0.5 0.5

I 0o I 30o I 30o
2 2 2

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Identify as Leading, Lagging or Unity Power Factor Example

(a) (b) (c) • For this circuit

V 120 0 V
I 11.22 20.7 A
• Then
S (120 0 )(11.22 20.7 ) 1346 20.7
| S | 1346VA
P | S | cos 1346 cos(20.7 ) 1.26 kW
1 1 1 o
Q | S | sin 0.476 kVAR
V o
V 0 o
V 0
0
2 I L = 0.01
2 2

0.5 0.5 0.5

I 0o I 30o I 30o Vs =120 R=10
2 2 2
unity leading lagging

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Power Factor Example Leading/Lagging Power Factor

• Note: current lags the voltage (by 20.7 degrees) • Inductive circuits have a lagging power factor
V 120 0 V  Consumes reactive power
I 11.22 20.7 A  Q is positive
• Power factor is lagging • Capacitive circuits have a leading power factor
• PF = cos(20.7o) = 0.94 (lagging)  Supplies reactive power
 Q is negative

I L = 0.01

Vs =120 R=10

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Power Factor Correction Power Factor Correction

• Low power factor requires more current to do the • Consider a load that consumes 1kW of power at a
same amount of work power factor of 1.0 and operates at 115 V (rms).
• Higher current increases losses in transmission of The load is connected to a voltage source by a
the electricity (|I|2R) wire with a resistance of 0.1.
• We want to know the power supplied by the
source
Rw =0.1 I

Vs Load

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Power Factor Correction Power Factor Correction

• First compute I Rw =0.1 I

• Load consumed 1kW, source supplied 1.0075 kW
Sload 0j
1000
• 7.5W of loss, caused by the power consumed by
Sload VloadI the wire resistance
Vs Load
I
1000 0
8.695 0A I • By conservation of energy, we could have
115 0
• Now find Vs computed the power loss in the wire and added it
to the power consumed in the load to arrive at
Vs 115 0 0.1(8.695 0) 115.8695 0 V
1.0075 kW
• Now find Ps PLoss | I |2 R w 7.5 W
Ps | 115.8695 || 8.695 | cos(0) 1007.5 W Ps 1000 7.5 1007.5 W

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Power Factor Correction Power Factor Correction

• Consider a load that consumes 1kW of power at a • First compute I Rw =0.1 I

power factor of 0.8 lagging and operates at 115 V cos 1(0.8) 36.87
(rms). The load is connected to a voltage source | Sload | 0.8 Pload 1000
by a wire with a resistance of 0.1. Vs Load
| Sload | 1250VA
• What is the power supplied by the source?
Sload 1250 36.87 VA
Sload VloadI
Rw =0.1 I
1250 36.87
I 10.869 36.87 A
115 0
Vs Load I 10.869 36.87 A

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Power Factor Correction Power Factor

Completing the calculation • Losses increased to 11.7W

I 10.869 36.87 A 8.695 j6.521 A • To operate efficiently, unity PF (PF=1) is desired
Vs 115 0.1(8.695 j6.521) 115.8695 j0.652 115.87 0.32 V • Typically, PF ranges from 0.8 to 0.95
Ps (115.87)(10.869) cos(36.55 ) 1011.7 W • Most loads are inductive (reactive power
consumers)
• To increase PF, capacitors (reactive power
suppliers) can be placed near the loads
 Known as power factor correction

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Power Factor Correction Example Power Factor Correction Example

A load draws 10 A of current at a power factor of • First compute S at the load

0.5 lagging. What size capacitor should be added cos 1(0.5) 60
to the load in parallel to increase the power factor S VI* 120 0 (10 60 ) 1200 60 VA
to 0.8 lagging? Assume the voltage at the load is
120 V at 60 Hz.
Lagging ( is positive), so i is negative

• What are P and Q?

Find the size of Capacitor
I S
Q
P
Vs Load

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Power Factor Correction Example Power Factor Correction Example

• What are P and Q? • We need to reduce the amount of Q consumed in

S 1200 60 P jQ 600 j1039.2 VA order to make the PF equal to 0.8
• The real power will remain at 600 W (since the
capacitor is placed in parallel)
• At a PF of 0.8:
cos 1(0.8) 36.9 (target )
tan 1(Q )
P
tan Q
P
Q P tan 450.5 VAR (target Q)

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Power Factor Correction Example Summary

• We then need to find a capacitor that supplies

1039.2-450.5 = 588.7 VAR when placed in • Power factor does not distinguish between inductive and
capacitive circuits
parallel with the load
| V |2
Q • ELI the ICE man
jXc
| V |2
jXc j24.44 • Low power factor increases loss in the system, and can
Q mitigated by adding inductors/capacitors to the load
1
C 108.53 F
2 fXC

• See text Example 1.3 for another way of solving

this problem

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