PRESENTED BY:

Namra Afzal (1528)

Shahreen Gul (1544)
Rabiah Sharafat (1453)
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OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION
 WHAT IS VOIP?
HISTORY
PSTN Vs. VOIP
MODES OF OPERATION OF VOIP
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF VOIP
HOW VOIP WORKS?
ADVANTAGES
LIMITATIONS
APPLICATIONS 2

CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
The traditional method used for transmitting
voice is PSTN.(public switched telephone
network)

Now more and more communication is done in

digital format and transported via data networks
such as internet.

 As data traffic is much faster than telephone

traffic, so we prefer to send voice over data 3
networks.
WHAT IS VOIP?
 Voice Over Internet protocol (VoIP) is the
technology of digitizing sound, compressing
it, breaking it up into data packets, and
sending it over an IP network.

It is also called IP telephony, Internet

telephony, voice over broadband,
broadband telephony.
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VoIP Diagram

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HISTORY OF VOIP
• The commercial Voip software was
introduced in 1995 by Vocaltec.
Designed for home PC
Uses H.323 Protocol

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PSTN Vs. VoIP
PSTN
Refers to the international telephone system
• Telephone service carried by the PSTN is often called
(POTS).
• POTS (Analog Telephony)
It stands for Plain Old Telephone Service.

Dedicated link between partners

Reserved bandwidth

VoIP
Uses packet-switched telephony
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 Voice info travels in countless individual
network packets
Analog Telephony Digital Telephony

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 PSTN vs. VoIP
PSTN VoIP
• Voice networks use circuit
switching. • VoIP uses packet switching
• Dedicated path between • No dedicated path between
calling and Called party. sender and receiver.
• Bandwidth is reserved in • It acquires and releases
advance.Each line is 64kbps bandwidth, as it is needed.
• Cost is based on distance • Cost is not dependent on
and time. time and distance.
• Features such as call
• Features such as call waiting, Caller ID and so on
waiting, Caller ID and so on
are usually included free
are usually available at an 9
extra cost with service
 PSTN VoIP

• Can be upgraded or • Upgrades usually

expanded with new requires only
equipment bandwidth and
• Long distance is usually software upgrades
per minute or bundled • Long distance is often
minute subscription included in regular
• Hardwired landline monthly price
phones (those without • Lose power, lose
an adapter) usually phone service without
remain active during power backup in place
power outage
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 PSTN VoIP
• When placing an • Emergency calls cannot
emergency call it can be always be traced to a
traced to your location specific geographic
location

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CIRCUIT SWITCHING PACKET SWITCHING

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MODES OF OPERATION
•PC to PC
•PC to Phone
•Phone to Phone
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Basic Principles of VoIP
Audio Codecs,Video Codecs
Data Transport (RTP, RTCP)
 Addressing
 Signaling (SIP, H.323)

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Audio Codecs
 Are used to convert analog signal into digital data.
 The most common codecs for VoIP are
Codec Bandwidth/kbps
G.711 64
G.722 48/56/64
G.723.1 5.3/6.3
 Stands for coder-decoder
 Since voice contains lot of data, it is compressed by
coders without compromising the reliability and quality of 19
voice signal.
Translation of analog signal to digital signal

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Video Codecs

• Video Codecs: common examples include

H.261 (for 64kbps and above), H.263 (for
64kbps and below), and MPEG 4.
• The encoded information is then
encapsulated within an IP packet and
these packets are then transported across
the network to their destination.

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 Data Transport (RTP,RTCP)
RTP
•It stands for Realtime Transport
Protocol.
•Application layer protocol for
transmitting real time data (audio,
video, ...)
•Includes sequence numbering, time 22
stamping, delivery monitoring.
 RTCP
• It stands for Realtime Transport Control
Protocol.
• While RTP carries the media streams
(e.g., audio and video), RTCP is used to
monitor transmission statistics and
quality of service (QoS) and aids
synchronization of multiple streams.
• Main functions:
• support for multi-point communication
• Periodic transmission of packets to all 23
participants in the session.
 ADDRESSING
• Here phone no. is converted to an IP
address.

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VoIP SIGNALING PROTOCOLS
• Signaling in VOIP is needed for :
to establish a point to point
connection and to keep it open for
the duration of the call.
agreeing on coding / decoding
procedures.

• Types of Signaling Protocols:

o H.323
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o SIP
 H.323
• Recommendation published by ITU in
1996.

• It is designed to act above transport

layer and is mainly used for
transmission of voice, data and video
conferencing over packet networks.
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 SIP
• SIP stands for Session Initiation Protocol.
• Developed by IETF since 1999.
• SIP is the core protocol for initiating,
managing and terminating
communication sessions (i.e audio &
video call) over the Internet
• These sessions may be text, voice, video
or a combination of these
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• SIP sessions involve one or more
participants and can use unicast or
multicast communication.
• Sessions include Internet Multimedia
conferences or Internet Telephone
calls.

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How VoIP Works?
• VoIP converts the voice signal from
your telephone into a digital signal
that can travel over the Internet.
• Depending on the type of VoIP
service, you can make a VoIP call from
a computer, a special VoIP phone, or a
traditional phone with or without an
adapter. 29
How VoIP Works?

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31
ADVANTAGES:
• Cheaper call rates
• Simplification
• High efficiency
• Calling person need not necessary to
receive call.
• Better Voice Quality Using Wideband Codecs
• Adding new features and applications over
time is easy.
• Integration of voice, data, fax, video is
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possible.
LIMITATIONS
 Packet Delay
Packet Loss (no guarantee of delivering packets)
Jitter (variable delay)

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APPLICATONS
Real time applications:
• Telephony ( two-way)
• Radio-TV Broadcast (one-way)
 Non-real time applications:
• Email

OTHERS:
• Integration of data, voice and fax
• Video telephony
• Enhanced teleconferencing 34
COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS
1: VONAGE
• founded in January 2001
• about 130,000 customers

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2: AT&T
AT&T is rapidly evolving from
a company that handles
mostly long-distance voice
calls to a company that
provides data and voice
communications over any
distance.

3: INODE
4:TELEKOM AUSTRIA

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 CONCLUSION
●Like everything else, as the technology changes so at
first only a few companies like Cisco and Lucent
offered VoIP services, but the large
telecommunications carriers – such as AT&T and
Sprint -- are catching on.
●VoIP is predominately used for personal instead of
enterprise-wide use.

●The availability of high-quality audio using wideband

codecs, video conferencing, and document sharing
enables more effective and pleasant communication.
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REFERENCES:
• ELECTRONICS FOR YOU(VOLUME-37)
• Voip Fundamentals By Jonathan Davidson
• www.bestneo.com
• www.google.com
• www.wikipedia.com
• www.howstuffworks.com
• www.cisco.com
• www.seminartopics.com
• www.quintum.com
• www.tech-faq.com
• http://www.sipnology.com/en/company/19-voip-born 38
• http://compnetworking.about.com/od/voipvoiceoverip/g/bld
ef_pstn.htm
• http://www.voip-facts.net/signalling-protocol-h-323/

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THANK YOU 

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