CHAPTER 1: THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF MEASUREMENT

SESSION OBJECTIVES
At the end of this session students will be able to:
- Understand and demonstrate the functional structure of a
measuring system
- Understand the role of measurement systems.
- Distinguish and choose the correct method of measuring and
checking
- The analysis is the basic principle of the measuring system

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CHAPTER 1: THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF MEASUREMENT

1.1.GENERALIZED MEASUREMENT SYSTEM

A generalized measurement system is comprised of the following

3 basic building blocks
1. Sensors/Transducers
2. Signal Conditioning
3. Output

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1.1.GENERALIZED MEASUREMENT SYSTEM

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CHAPTER 1: THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF MEASUREMENT

1.1.GENERALIZED MEASUREMENT SYSTEM

• Sensor or transducer stage to detect measurand and

Convert input to a form suitable for processing e.g. :
- Temp. to voltage - Force to distance
• Signal conditioning stage to modify the transduced
signal e.g. :
Amplification, Attenuation, Filtering, Encoding
• Terminating readout stage to present desired output
(Analog or Digital form)

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 CHAPTER 1: THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF MEASUREMENT

1.1.GENERALIZED MEASUREMENT SYSTEM

Convert signal
into forms
Input Sensing Signal
suitable for
Element Conditionin presentation.
True (Transducer g Element
Value ) ADC

Signal Data
In contact with
Processin Acquisition
the process;
Output depends g Element Element
on the variable
to be measured;
Can have Modify signal Data
multiple stages. into form usable Presentatio
Thermocouple by the final n Element
stage, e.g.
Strain Gage amplification,
modulation etc. Visual Display
Bridge Circuit Reports &
Memos
Filters

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CHAPTER 1: THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF MEASUREMENT

1.1.GENERALIZED MEASUREMENT SYSTEM

Observer

Process, Input Output

Machine or Measurement System
System True Measured
Value Value

Accurate
and
Reliable

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1.1.GENERALIZED MEASUREMENT SYSTEM

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CHAPTER 1: THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF MEASUREMENT

1.2.TYPES OF APPLICATIONS OF MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTATION

 Monitoring of Processes and Operations

 Control of Processes and Operations

 Experimental Engineering Analysis

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 CHAPTER 1: THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF MEASUREMENT

1.2.TYPES OF APPLICATIONS OF MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTATION

Actuator System
On/Off Heat
signal q T
Desired Td Thermo- Actual
Furnace Room Temperature
Temperature stat

Thermometer
Controller in Thermostat
Sensor
Space Heating System

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CHAPTER 1: THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF MEASUREMENT

1.2.TYPES OF APPLICATIONS OF MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTATION

Experimental Engineering Analysis

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1.2.TYPES OF APPLICATIONS OF MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTATION

DEFINITIONS OF MEASUREMENT
• Measurement - a procedure in which an unknown quantity is compared
to a known standard, using an accepted and consistent system of units.
The process of comparing an unknown quantity with a standard of the
same quantity (measuring length) or standards of two or more related
quantities (measuring velocity)
• The means by which inspection by variables is accomplished
Metrology – the science of measurement
• Concerned with seven basic quantities: length, mass, electric current,
temperature, luminous intensity, time, and matter
• From these basic quantities, other physical quantities are derived

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CHAPTER 1: THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF MEASUREMENT

1.3. CLASSIFICATION METHODS OF MEASURING AND INSPECTING

CLASSIFICATION METHOD TO MEASURE

a. Based on the relationship between values

and objects looking measure:
 Direct measurement.
 Indirectly measured.

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 CHAPTER 1: THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF MEASUREMENT

1.3. CLASSIFICATION METHODS OF MEASURING AND INSPECTING

Methods of Comparison
• Can be Direct or Indirect Comparison.
• " Direct Comparison: like measuring the length of a
cloth with a tape.
• " Indirect Comparison: Measurement is not direct,
but inferential; based on known facts, observations.
suy luan

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CHAPTER 1: THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF MEASUREMENT

1.3. CLASSIFICATION METHODS OF MEASURING AND INSPECTING

Example of Direct Comparison

• Measuring the length of objects

of manageable scales.
• Orders ranging from 0.1 mm to
few hundred metre are
manageable for direct
measurement.
• Not only the length scale,but the
object being measured must be
manageable.

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 CHAPTER 1: THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF MEASUREMENT

1.3. CLASSIFICATION METHODS OF MEASURING AND INSPECTING

Example of Indirect Comparison

• " A philosopher called Eratosthenes, in 230 BC used

an elegant method for measuring thecircumference of
the earth.
• " Measurement of mass of electron.
" Measure charge e (J.J. Thompson)
" Measure e/m ratio (R.A. Millikan)
" Mass comes from the above two quantities.

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CHAPTER 1: THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF MEASUREMENT

1.3. CLASSIFICATION METHODS OF MEASURING AND INSPECTING

CLASSIFICATION METHOD TO MEASURE

b. Based on the relationship between the value

indicated on the instrument (gauge) and the
value of quantities:
 Absolute measure.
 Measure comparison.

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 CHAPTER 1: THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF MEASUREMENT

1.3. CLASSIFICATION METHODS OF MEASURING AND INSPECTING

CLASSIFICATION METHOD TO MEASURE

Absolute and comparative measurements

In comparative measurement, dimensions are

measured indirectly, by comparison between two
objects such as a workpart and a reference surface.
Comparative instruments do not provide an
absolute measurement; instead they measure the
magnitude and direction of the deviation between two
objects.

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CHAPTER 1: THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF MEASUREMENT

1.3. CLASSIFICATION METHODS OF MEASURING AND INSPECTING

Direct measurement
Direct measurement is a procedure in which dimensions or other
product characteristics are measured by means of graduated
measuring instruments with linear or angular scale.
Calibration Measurement

Instrument
Workpart Instrument Reading

dimension = reading
Illustration of the direct measurement procedure
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 CHAPTER 1: THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF MEASUREMENT

1.3. CLASSIFICATION METHODS OF MEASURING AND INSPECTING

Comparative measurement
Calibration Measurement
Instrument Reading
Master gage
Instrument
Workpart
Reference
length

dimension = reference length+ reading

Illustration of the comparative measurement procedure

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CHAPTER 1: THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF MEASUREMENT

1.3. CLASSIFICATION METHODS OF MEASURING AND INSPECTING

CLASSIFICATION METHOD TO MEASURE

c. Based on the relationship between the

probe and the surface details.
Contact inspection
Makes contact with object being inspected
Noncontact inspection
Does not make contact with object being
inspected
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 CHAPTER 1: THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF MEASUREMENT

1.3. CLASSIFICATION METHODS OF MEASURING AND INSPECTING

CONTACT INSPECTION TECHNIQUES

• Contact inspection involves the use of a mechanical probe or other device

that makes contact with the object being inspected
• Most widely used inspection technology today and accurate and reliable
• Principal contact inspection technologies are :
1. Conventional measuring and gaging instruments

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CHAPTER 1: THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF MEASUREMENT

CONTACT INSPECTION TECHNIQUES

2. Coordinate measuring machines(CMMs) and related techniques
(resolution : 0.0005mm)

Immediately after contacting,

the coordinate position of
probe are measured by
displacement transducers with
Touch-trigger probe : each of three linear axes
indicate when contact
has been made
Ruby ball
3. Stylus type surface texture measuring machines

The vertical movements are

converted into an electronic
signal that represent the
topology of the surface along
the path taken by the stylus

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 CHAPTER 1: THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF MEASUREMENT

NONCONTACT INSPECTION TECHNIQUES

• Utilizing a sensor located at a certain distance from the object to measure the
desired features

• The advantages of noncontact inspection

a. Avoidance of damage to the surface that might result from contact
inspection
b. Faster inspection cycle time
c. Increased opportunity for 100% automated inspection

 Optical inspection techniques

→ using light for measuring
ex) machine vision ( r : 0.25mm)
 Nonoptical inspection techniques
→ using energy forms other than light
ex) electrical fields, radiation, and ultrasonics

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CHAPTER 1: THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF MEASUREMENT

CONTACT INSPECTION TECHNIQUES

Uses a mechanical probe that makes contact with the
object being measured or gaged
• Principal techniques:
• Conventional measuring and gaging instruments,
manual and automated
• Coordinate measuring machines
• Stylus type surface texture measuring machines

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 CHAPTER 1: THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF MEASUREMENT

NONCONTACT INSPECTION TECHNIQUES

Uses a sensor or probe located a certain distance away from the

object being measured or gaged
• Two categories:
• Optical – uses light to accomplish the inspection
• Nonoptical - uses energy form other than light
• Advantages of noncontact inspection:
• Avoids possible damage to surface of object
• Inherently faster than contact inspection
• Can often be accomplished in production without additional
part handling
• Increased opportunity for 100% inspection
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CHAPTER 1: THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF MEASUREMENT

1.3. CLASSIFICATION METHODS OF MEASURING AND INSPECTING

CLASSIFICATION METHODS OF INSPECTION

Inspection a quantity is assessing the value of a measure is

within the permissible limit or not.
So when we will apply

MEASURING OR TESTING ?
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 CHAPTER 1: THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF MEASUREMENT

1.3. CLASSIFICATION METHODS OF MEASURING AND INSPECTING

CLASSIFICATION METHOD TO MEASURE

a. Based on the nature of use of the test results.

 Inspection passive.
 Inspection initiative.
b. Based on test content
 Inspection each element.
 Inspection sum.

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CHAPTER 1: THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF MEASUREMENT

1.4. THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENT

ABBE principle:
When size measurement and sample size, the
successive measurements achieved the highest
accuracy.

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 CHAPTER 1: THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF MEASUREMENT

1.4. THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENT

Principle shortest size chain.

D1 D2
L = L1 +
D1  D 2
D D
2
L = L2 - 1 2

L1 2

L1  L 2
L L=
2
L2

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CHAPTER 1: THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF MEASUREMENT

1.4. THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENT

Principles of uniform standards

B
b B

Ví dụ đo độ đảo của vành răng

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 CHAPTER 1: THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF MEASUREMENT

1.4. THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENT

Economic Principles
Principle economic products to ensure the accurate level for measures what
the economic conditions are affirmatively, Income IS about eligible request a
lowest measured with high-efficiency mode affirmatively, meetings Save
least, means are:
- Accuracy of the equation level for newly eligible coNvENIENcE Dosage
measurement.
- DEA adjustment, bears Installer, Sports Interaction, DEA gas bill,
automatically bill, function measured with high-efficiency loait EVERYDAY.
- Ask about severance at Level Adjustment and Sports Interaction low.
- Cycle adjusted measure, short corrections.
- Simplified measurement EQUIPMENT, moss money, ordinary, easier to Tips,
easier to Create mode, YES eligible homepage Self mode

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