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Generation System
Joan D’Rozario Shahinur Rahman
Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering Telecom Engineer, Robi Axiata Limited
Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Gulshan-1, Dhaka-1212, Bangladesh
Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA Ahmed Sharif
Sabrina Shams Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Daffodil International University
Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh
Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh Enamul Basher
Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,
Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology
Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
Abstract—Energy challenges of today include increasing domestic product (GDP), which is one of the key measures to
energy dependency, growing energy consumption, ensuring understand the economy of a country.
security of energy supply, reaching for sustainable development Currently about 63% of power generation of
and tackling environmental concerns, most importantly climate Bangladesh is based on natural gas. About 26% of its energy
change. Bangladesh is one of the low energy consuming
supply is based on imported oil and coal, 8% on diesel and
countries of the world. Still the national grid can so far cover
49% of the total population. Renewable energy sources offer the remaining 3% is hydroelectricity [1].
considerable opportunities to respond to growing energy crisis At present, consumers cannot be provided with
and have multiple advantages over conventional energy sources. uninterrupted and quality supply of electricity due to the
In Bangladesh most of the electricity generation is by non- inadequate generation compared to the national demand.
renewable energy sources like furnace oil, natural gas etc. But High dependency on natural gas in power generation, over
the reserves for these non-renewable sources are limited and will population, limited use of renewable energy, improper
be exhausted soon. Therefore, searching alternative sources is transmission and distribution policy, lack of timely
the only option to solve the problem of electricity shortage. In implementation of allocated money are the main reasons of
order to meet sustained load demands during varying natural
electricity crises.
conditions, different renewable energy sources need to be
integrated with each other like solar, wind, ocean, geothermal,
II. SOLAR-BIOGAS HYBRID
biomass, wave energy, fuel cell technologies and hydro. Biogas
technology combined with solar technology can have a huge In power engineering, the term 'Hybrid' describes a
positive impact on the present power sector of Bangladesh. This combined power and energy storage system. A combination
paper will discuss on design of a cost effective biogas-solar of different complementary energy generation systems based
hybrid power generation system and also feasibility analysis of on renewable energy and/or conventional energy is known as
that system considering different types of sensitivity and Hybrid Power System or Hybrid System. A hybrid energy
environmental aspects.
system usually consists of two or more renewable energy
sources combined together to provide increased system
Index Terms—Renewable Energy, Solar, Biogas, Biomass, efficiency as well as greater balance in energy supply [2].
Hybrid, GDP, STPP, HOMER Software, PV, BDT, COE, GHG Components for electricity generation can utilize renewable
energy sources like wind turbines, photovoltaic, hydro power,
I. INTRODUCTION wave power or biomass etc. Furthermore, fossil power plants
Electricity is a typical form of energy. It is a vital like diesel generators, gas turbines or fuel cells etc. can be
ingredient to upgrade the socio-economic condition and to added. In addition, it may include power electronics and
alleviate poverty. Human civilization has advanced electricity storage batteries.
tremendously by versatile use of electricity. Electricity is At present electricity generation from solar sources has
necessary for all aspects of development. Proper and enough reached a remarkable efficiency. Electrical energy can be
electricity supply results in a positive impact on the gross generated in large scale using Solar Thermal Power Plant
(STPP) with storage system. It is a fact that STPP cannot
A verag e Value ( kW )
strategies. The storage system of STPP contributes to save
biomass fuel that will increase the overall efficiency of the
10
4].
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Ann
Month
Figure 2: Load Curve over a Year [X: Month, Y: Average Load (kW)]
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huge installation cost. More biogas generators can reduce this
cost furthermore.
Using four generators and one PV panel, the most
optimized result is obtained. In that case the system needs
¾ PV unit of 3 kW rating
¾ 53 batteries (130Ah)
¾ Converter of 12 kW
The per unit energy cost for this optimized system is about
$0.242.
F. Cost Analysis
The chart in Fig. 4 shows the net present cost of different
generating unit such as 4 biogas generators, PV array, battery
and converter [8], which is obtained after doing cost analysis
of the system in HOMER software.
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expensive hence cost increases with more kW of PV unit and the load is allowed to draw some power from the grid
needed. So by keeping PV array slope between 0 and 10 we then the PV array requirement as well as cost per unit energy
can get optimized result. will be minimized. Table III shows the summary obtained
from HOMER. If 5% load is run by grid, the size of PV array
0.2428
is reduced to 2 kW resulting reduction in per unit energy cost
to $0.191. If 10% load is run by the grid then per unit cost of
energy is again reduced to $0.189.
0.2426
3.4
TABLE III
L e v e l i z e d C o s t o f E n e r g y ($ / k W h )
P V A r r a y C a p a c i ty (k W )
3.3
Grid PV array (kW) Cost of Energy ($/kWh)
0.2422 No connection 3 0.242
3.2 5% load 2 0.191
0.242 10% load 2 0.189
3.1
0.2418 IV. OTHER CONCERNS
3 A. Environmental Impacts
0.2416
Environmental impact is an inherent part of electricity
production and energy use. Electricity generated from
renewable energy sources ensures more clean and safe
Figure 5: Relation of Cost and PV Size with PV Array Slope Variation environment than powered from fossil-fuel or nuclear sources
(the major impetus for moving away from fossil fuels to
2) Interest Rate Variation
renewable sources). Developing renewable energy
Fluctuation in the interest rate brings variation in the technologies that exploit the sun, wind and geothermal
cost of per unit energy. Fig. 6 shows that the cost of energy is energy is necessary for addressing concerns about climate
linearly proportional to the interest rate. The present interest change and some environmental issues. However, using
rate according to Bangladesh Bank is 7.17% [9] and using renewable energy sources will not eliminate all
this rate we get per unit cost of energy $0.242. environmental concerns. Although renewable energy sources
produce relatively very low levels of Green House Gas (GHG)
emissions and conventional air pollution, manufacture and
4
x 10
0.245 1.545
1.535
)
t($ /
0.243 TABLE IV
GAS EMISSION OF EXISTING SYSTEM
d
0.2425 1.53
li
0.242
1.525
Carbon dioxide 49.80
0.2415
Carbon monoxide 1.87
0.241 Unburned hydrocarbons 0.207
1.52
0.2405
Particulate matter 0.141
Sulphur dioxide 0.00
Nitrogen oxides 16.70
Figure 6: Relation of Cost with Interest Rate Variation Table IV shows the amount of different emitted gases from
this system obtained after simulation in HOMER. Emission
H. Comparison with Grid of carbon dioxide is nearly 50 kg per year, but for a whole
The power generation system we are proposing is a year this amount is negligible. The table shows no Sulphur-
standalone system. If it is connected with grid then the cost dioxide content, because kitchen wastes having sulphur
will be minimized. Conventional grid energy is cheaper than contents are separated from other wastes at the beginning.
renewable energy. Thus the proposed plan has some environmental
For the standalone system 3 kW PV array is needed and benefits like:
cost of energy is $0.242. If the system is connected to grid
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¾ Clean and green energy REFERENCES
¾ Proper disposal of huge amount of household waste [1] Bangladesh Power Development Board, "An overview of power
¾ Reduction in Global Warming effect sector of Bangladesh", August, 2014
¾ Reduction in air & water pollution than fossil fuel [2] Alliance for Rural Electrification (ARE), "Hybrid power systems
based on renewable energies"
¾ Non-hazardous to public health and wildlife [3] Kanwardeep Singh, "Study of solar/biogas hybrid power generation",
¾ Provides sustainable electricity without toxic Thapar University, Patiala, 2010
pollution [4] Faiz Arith, S. Anis, M. Idzdihar. Idris, M. M. Yunus, "PV-mini hydro-
diesel hybrid system in a village", IJECS-IJENS vol 13, no 02, April
B. Limitations of The Model and Ways of Solution 2013
[5] homerenergy.com/software.html
The power generation system proposed here has some [6] Bernhardt G. A. Skrotzki, William A. Vopat, "Power station
limitations also. Battery bank was used for storage of PV engineering and economy", Tata McGraw Hill, 1972
energy. The installation cost of battery is high. They also [7] Electrigaz, Biogas principles, CRAAQ, Journée sur la méthanisation,
2007
have some negative impact on environment. When they are [8] alibaba.com/countrysearch/BD/solar-panel-price.html
out of use, it is very difficult to dispose them. [9] Bangladesh Bank, Central Bank of Bangladesh, Economic Statistics,
Biogas generation is an anaerobic reaction process. A 2014
fixed temperature should be maintained for proper biogas [10] Prakash C. Ghimire, "Final report on technical study of biogas plants
installed in Bangladesh", December 2005
generation and that is 35-38◦C. In Bangladesh it is very
difficult to maintain this temperature during winter [10]. But
excess generated energy can be used to heat the digester of
biogas plant during winter.
The most challenging task of biogas generation is the
desulphurization process. Sulphur contents from wastes must
be separated before being used in the biogas plant. Different
containers for keeping different types of waste such as
perishable, recyclable and toxic should be introduced to make
this process smooth and easy.
V. CONCLUSION
This is a study of proposing solar photovoltaic and
biogas hybrid system for generation of electricity. In hybrid
systems, energy has greater diversity, higher reliability and
can be cost effective improving the quality of energy. Hybrid
power system aims to increase the system efficiency and
increase the use of renewable sources. Hybrid renewable
power system is environment friendly too. It is seen that
biogas is a promising tool for generation of electrical energy.
Biogas combined with solar generation brings self sufficiency
and reduction of green house gases and recovers global
warming effect. Energy, economy and environment are the
three interrelated areas having direct correlation for
development of any nation. Per capita energy consumption is
an index for development of any nation. Aim of our proposed
hybrid renewable energy system is to increase the per capita
energy consumption in Bangladesh while keeping
environment clean and safe.
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