LIST OF SYMBOLS

area of cross-section of H-pile section

coefficient (Table 6.5)
moment coefficients for free head pile
moment coefficient when subgrade modulus is constant
with depth
bending moment coefficients for dynamic loading
area of pile tip
soil reaction coefficient for free head pile
area of pile shaft
slope coefficients for free head pile
shear coefficients for free head pile
horizontal displacement in sliding
deflection coefficients for free head pile
deflection coefficient when subgrade modulus is constant
with depth
maximum amplitude in vertical vibrations
maximum amplitude in rocking
maximum amplitude of vibrations in yawing (torsional
vibrations)
length of foundation
ASM,,/(rneemrc)= dimensionless amplitude of torsional
vibration with quadratic excitation
ro(w/Vs)= ro(w/Vb)= rowJp/G = dimensionless frequency
factor
dimension along x axis
dimension along y axis
xvii

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xviii LIST O F SYMBOLS

dimension along z axis

creep parameter, pile width, width of loaded area
coefficient (Table 6.5)
pile base or bell diameter
moment coefficient
modified mass ratio in sliding
deflection coefficient of pile in clay
modified mass ratio in vertical vibrations
inertia ratio in rocking vibrations
bending moment coefficient of pile in clay
inertia ratio in torsional vibrations
pile cap width; width of foundation; mass ratio
experimental parameter (Table 8.3)
clay, constant to represent penetration due to energy loss;
volumetric heat capacity of permafrost, J/m3C
integration constants; frequency-dependent parameters of
vertical vibrations; soil adhesion forces
frequency-independent parameters for vertical vibrations
allowable bond strength between concrete and rock
compression index
ratio of K, K T ,Kb
moment coefficient for fixed head, spring compression of
element m in time interval, t
correction factor for N to account for overburden pressure
empirical coefficient (equation 5.36)
empirical coefficient (equation 5.37)
thaw degradation constant
coefficient of elastic uniform compression
deflection coefficient for fixed head
nondimensional factors in cohesive soils for fixed head pile
dimensionless parameters of half space
coefficient of consolidation
frequency-dependent parameters for horizontal translation
frequency-independent parameters for horizontal transla-
tion
coefftcient of elastic resistance of pile
pile stiffness at resonance
coefficient of elastic uniform shear
coefficient of elastic nonuniform compression
frequency-dependent functions of the elastic half space for
rocking vibrations
coefficient of elastic nonuniform shear
coefficient of internal damping; cohesion parameter of soil;
experimental parameter in equation 8.1

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 LIST OF SYMBOLS xix

adhesion, soil-pile adhesion; unit adhesion

critical damping
long-term cohesion of permafrost
long-term shear strength for ice-rich soil
recompression index
undrained shear strength of clay; cohesion parameter under
undrained conditions when 6 = 0
average undrained shear strength of clay along pile shaft
constant of equivalent viscous damping of one pile in
vertical vibrations
constant of equivalent viscous damping of pile cap in
vertical vibrations
damping coefficient of pile group
damping coefficient in horizontal sliding
damping constant of single pile in horizontal translation
constant of equivalent viscous damping of pile cap in
translation
damping constant of pile group in horizontal translations
cross-coupled damping factor for coupled rocking and
sliding
cross coupled damping constant of a single pile
damping coefficient in vertical vibrations
equivalent damping for a pile group in vertical vibrations
damping coefficient in rocking mode
damping coefficient of single pile in rocking
damping coefficient of pile cap in rocking
critical damping in rocking
damping constant of piles or footing in torsion
constant of equivalent viscous damping of a single pile in
torsional vibrations
D diameter, downward drag force
DJ depth of pile tip below ground
D:, soil plastic displacement around element rn in time
interval t
relative density
geometric damping ratio for a single pile
depth factor
displacement value of element m in time interval, t - 2
displacement of element tn in time interval, t - 1
modulus of elasticity of pile material; actual energy de-
livered by hammer per blow in foot-pounds; Young’s
modulus
bulk modulus
constrained modulus

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xx LIST OF SYMBOLS

dilatometer modulus
average horizontal soil modulus along pile = k,
flexural rigidity of the pile; pile material flexibility
modulus of elasticity of pile material; Young’s modulus
of pile
modulus of elasticity of soil
base of natural logarithms, coefficient of elastic restitution,
voids ratio; eccentricity
initial void ratio
coefficient of elastic restitution
side shear force; total upward adfreeze force or frost heave
force
nondimensional frequency factor for piles embedded in
soils in which soil modulus remains constant with depth
nondimensional frequency factor for piles embedded in
soils in which soil modulus increases linearly with depth
force exerted by spring in time interval, t
force in horizontal ( y ) direction
stress wave induced force at a point along the pile at time t
yield displacement factor
frequency of vibration
specified compressive strength of concrete
resistance factors
unit resistance of local friction sleeve of static penetrometer
load factors
natural frequency
natural frequency in horizontal sliding
natural frequency in vertical vibrations
natural frequency in pure rocking
natural frequency in yawing
performance factor
effective prestress on the section
load modification factor
resistance modification factor
side friction measured in cone penetration test; ultimate
unit shaft (skin) friction
torsional stiffness and damping parameters, respectively of
a single pile
vertical stiffness and damping parameters, respectively of
a single pile
horizontal (sliding) stiffness and damping parameters
respectively of a free head pile
horizontal (sliding) stiffness and damping parameters for
a pinned head pile
cross stiffness and cross damping parameters

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 LIST OF SYMBOLS xxi

fY specified yield strength of reinforcement

f+l,f42 rocking stiffness and damping parameters of a pile
G shear modulus of soil
shear modulus of soil beneath the pile tip
group efficiency
maximum value of shear modulus
shear modulus of pile
shear modulus of the soil on the sides of the pile
complex shear modulus of soil
real and imaginary parts of complex shear modulus of soil
shear modulus measured after loo0 minutes of constant
confining pressure (after completion of primary
consolidation)
acceleration due to gravity
height of fall of ram or hammer
depth of embedment; length of pile above ground
influence factor; moment of inertia of the pile
material index
coefficient of shear modulus increase with time
rigidity factor
empirical coefficient for fixed-head pile in cohesive soils
empirical coefficient for fixed-head pile in cohesionless soils
empirical coefficients for free-head piles in clays
moment of inertia of pile; polar moment of inertia of
the area
moment of inertia of the area about the x axis
moment of inertia of pile group about xx and yy axes,
respectively
moment of inertia of the area about the y axis
an empirical factor; damping constant applicable to re-
sistance at pile joint ( R l z in Fig. 5.7)
(I' damping constant applicable to resistance at side of pile
( R , to R,, of Fig. 5.7)
JO mass polar moment of inertia
JO, J , Bessel functions of first kind of order 0 and 1, respectively
J, polar moment of inertia of the base contact area
j, case method damping constant
K constant; coefficient of horizontal earth pressure; a dimen-
sionless constant factor in equation 7.27
Kb soil modulus for bottom layer; lateral earth pressure co-
efficient
factors which are functions of 4 and s/B
horizontal stress index
soil spring constant along element m
spring constant of element m

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xxii LIST OF SYMBOLS

coefficient of earth pressure at rest

Rankine's passive earth pressure coefficient
bearing capacity factor based on pressuremeter test data
flexibility factor
relative stiffness
an empirical factor
average coefficient of earth pressure on pile shaft, earth
pressure coefficient
soil modulus for top layer
spring constant
modulus of horizontal subgrade reaction
coefficient of horizontal subgrade reaction in force per unit
volume
ratio of lateral load and lateral deflection
ratio of axial load and axial settlement
stiffness of pile in vertical direction
stiffnessconstant of one pile in vertical direction
stiffness constant of pile cap in vertical direction
stiffness constant of pile group in vertical direction
stiffness constant for translation along x axis, equivalent
spring constant of the soil in horizontal x direction
spring constant of single pile in translation
spring constant of pile cap in translation
stiffness constant of pile group in translation
cross coupled stiffness for coupled rocking and sliding
cross spring stiffness of single pile
spring constant in vertical vibrations, equivalent spring
constant of the soil in vertical direction
spring constant in rocking vibrations
spring constant of single pile in rocking
spring constant of pile cap in rocking
spring constant of pile group in rocking
spring constant in torsion
torsional stiffness of a single pile
latent heat of water; low plasticity; pile embedment length;
pile length
L" length of pile in the active zone
Le effective pile embedment; effective pile length
LL liquid limit
Lr embedded length of pile
LS pile length that is socketed into the rock
Lslurry latent heat of slurry
1 length of pile, any distance
M bending moment; mode); moment; moment at pile head;
M ocos ot excitation moment; silt

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 LIST OF SYMBOLS xxiii

applied moment on a pile group

moment applied at pile head at ground level
maximum bending moment
ultimate moment for a pile under pure moment without any
axial load; mce,r,02: amplitude of moment M for
quadratic excitation
ultimate pile moment, ultimate moment capacity of pile
shaft
moment caused by Qu,applied at eccentricity e
moment caused by Qhuapplied at height h above ground
moment at depth x
experimental constant; a factor = Mo/(PuL)
rotating mass
volume compressibility
observed Standard Penetration Test Value
corrected Standard Penetration Test Value
number of blows of W X H energy needed to ram a unit
volume of concrete into the base for Franki piles
nondimensional bearing capacity parameters
normalized shear modulus increase with time
rate of increase of E,
axial force in the pile
creep test constant (parameter); degrees of freedom of a
multidegree system; number of cycles; number of piles in
the group: scale ratio (Table 7.7)
constant of horizontal subgrade reaction
organic soil
over consolidation ratio
axial downward load; horizontal shear load; prototype
allowable pullout capacity of a single pile
pressure corresponding to V, in pressuremeter test
applied axial pullout load on a pile group
allowable pullout capacity of a pile group
plasticity index
maximum limit pressure in pressuremeter test; pressure
corresponding to V, in pressuremeter test
PL plastic limit
PO pressure corresponding to initial volume in pressuremeter
test; pressure corresponding to Vo in pressuremeter test;
pressure in dilatometer test corresponding to reading A
axial pullout (upward) load
ultimate axial vertical load of pile; ultimate pullout
capacity
maximum unbalanced force in vertical direction, vertical
component of resultant inertia force

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xxiv LIST OF SYMBOLS

time-dependent vertical force

pressure in dilatometer test corresponding to reading B
pile perimeter; soil reaction at a point on the pile per unit
length along the pile
atmospheric pressure
soil resistance below critical depth x,
soil resistance from ground surface to a critical depth x,
preconsolidation pressure
points on p-y curve corresponding to yk, y, and y,,
respectively
ultimate soil resistance
soil reaction at depth x
allowable lateral load; latent heat of slurry per meter of pile;
lateral load; quake or maximum elastic ground deform-
ation
ultimate central inclined load capacity
inclined load on a pile
allowable lateral load
cone penetration resistance
dynamic resistance of soil to pile driving
eccentric and inclined load on a pile
ultimate pile load at an inclination'a and eccentricity e with
the axis of the pile
ultimate eccentric vertical load capacity
eccentric vertical load on a pile
total eccentric vertical load on pile group
frictionalcapacity along the pile perimeter or ultimate shaft
friction
actual shaft friction load transmitted by the pile in the
working stress range
ultimate shaft friction in pullout
allowable frictional capacity of the pile
ultimate friction capacity of a pile group
negative skin friction
lateral load applied at pile head at ground level
ultimate pile capacity under horizontal load
end-bearing capacity or ultimate tip resistance
actual base load transmitted by the pile in the working
stress range
allowable load at the pile base
ultimate point load of a pile group
ultimate lateral resistance
ultimate lateral load capacity of a group
magnitude of uplift forces in swelling and shrinking clays
applied axial compression pile load

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 LIST OF SYMBOLS xxv

axial downward load on pile

allowable bearing capacity of pile
allowable capacity of a pile group
ultimate bearing capacity of pile
ultimate capacity of a pile group
ultimate pile capacity under vertical load
lateral forces inclined at angles +6, and -d2 with the
horizontal
4a allowable contact pressure on jointed rock
4e cone penetration resistance; end resistance measured in
cone penetration test
40 horizontal at rest stress in soil at the elevation of pile tip
ultimate unit point or end-bearing capacity
unconfined compressive strength
(4u)corc unconfined compressive strength of rock core
R pile radius; radius of plate; relative stiffness factor when
modulus is constant with depth
R", R,, Rc Axial forces on pile groups A, By and Cy respectively;
reduction factor to account for scale effects in stiff
fissured clays
soil resistance along element rn in time interval t
load or reaction on any pile
soil resistance at pile point = R,
Rock Quality Designation
static axial ultimate capacity
static soil resistance at time tm
portion of R , applicable to weight W,,,
ultimate soil resistance to driving
adhesion factor: frequency ratio w/wnyf/f,,; radial distance
from pile, center to center spacing of piles
r0 effective radius of one pile, equivalent radius; radius of the
pile
rl radius of circular pile section
r2 radius of drilled hole
S center to center distance between piles, pile spacing;
distance between geophones; pile point penetration per
blow or permanent set of pile per blow
shape factor
overall shape factor
elastic compression of various parts
spectral displacement
pile group settlement
clear distance between adjacent piles
settlement of pile base or point caused by load transmitted
at the base

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xxvi LIST O F SYMBOLS

settlement of pile point caused by load transmitted along

the pile shaft
settlement due to axial deformation of a pile shaft
pile top settlement for a single pile
equivalent length of embedded portion of the pile
undrained shear strength
frequency dependent dimensionless parameters of vertical
resistance of soil along a vertical pile
slope at depth x
frequency-dependent parameters of side layer for hori-
zontal sliding
frequency independent values of S,, and SX2
frequency-dependent parameters of the side layer for verti-
cal vibration
frequency-independent parameters of side layer for vertical
vibration
frequency-independent values of S,, and S+2
frequency-dependent side layer parameters for torsional
vibrations
frequency-independent values of S, 1, Se2 for torsional
vibrations
pile spacing
spacing of discontinuities in the rocks
elastic settlement
time-dependent soil reaction per unit length on vertical side
of the footing
relative stiffness factor when modulus increases with depth;
time period-torque; torque applied in the vane shear
test
minimum soil temperature in freezing zone
natural period
natural period in first mode of vibrations
freezeback time; ratio of moment and lateral load for fixed
head; time after application of load
thickness of discontinuities in the rocks
thickness of frozen soil
time of first relative maximum in force and velocity
measurement
time used for starting computation of total driving
resistance
time after primary consolidation
creep rate; displacement amplitude of pile displacement
function
assumed insitu hydrostatic pressure; displacement at any
radius r; displacement in x direction

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 LIST OF SYMBOLS xxvii

vza
velocity in x direction

= shear wave velocity of soil beneath pile tip

longitudinal or compression wave velocity in infinite
medium; = longitudinal wave velocity in pile
final volume in pressuremeter test
upper limit of volume in pressuremeter test
mean volume in pressuremeter test; velocity of element m in
time interval t
VO initial volume in pressuremeter test
shear wave velocity of pile
velocity of Rayleigh waves
longitudinal wave propagation velocity in rod
shear wave velocity
shear at depth x
displacement in y direction
longitudinal wave velocity in pile
velocity of element m in time interval, t - 1
velocity of propagation of stress wave
stress wave particle velocity
velocity of pile cap at the instant of ram impact
weight of ram or hammer
weight of element m
weight of the pile
vertical displacement, weight per unit length; water content
in percent of dry weight
natural moisture content
amplitude of vertical vibration of footing
displacement in Z direction
complex pile displacement function at depth z
complex amplitude of pile vibration at depth z
real and imaginary parts of displacement
axis of X ; depth of permafrost degradation
depth of point of rotation
axis of x; depth along pile; depth below ground
distances from center of gravity of pile group for each pile in
x and y directions, respectively
XO depth below ground where maximum bending moment
occurs
coordinate of pile; critical depth below ground level
eccentricities in x x and yy directions
axis of Y
Bessel functions of the second kind of order 0 and 1,
respectively
Y deflection; displacement; horizontal distance away from
the pile, lateral pile deflection

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xxviii LIST OF SYMBOLS

'Y" points on p-1 curve

maximum value of y
horizontal coordinates of pile
axis of 2;x/T
height of center of gravity of pile cap above its base
accelerating force in element m in time interval t
LIT
displacement in vertical direction
velocity in vertical direction
acceleration in vertical direction
inclination of load on vertical pile; thermal diffusivity of
permafrost
axil displacement interaction factor for a typical reference
pile in a group
a factor relating to ultimate moment (M,) = (AJ/M,) and
the distance (d) of extreme compression end to the center
of tension bar of area A,
ah horizontal seismic coefkient
0; 1 effective horizontal pressure (stress) at a point along pile
length
lateral displacement interaction factor for a typical re-
ference pile in a group
a number that depends on skin friction distribution
inclination of batter pile; depth coefilcient = x/L
Y weight density or unit weight; unit weight of soil; shear
strain
Y' effective unit weight of the soil
3 shear strain rate induced in soil around pile due to shear
stress ?
Yc unit weight of concrete
Yd dry density
YS unit weight of soil
YXY
shear strain in the xy plane
Y xz shear strain in the x z plane
YYZ
shear strain in y z plane
Ye shear distortion; shear strain
6 angle of friction between soil and pile; angle of skin friction;
loss angle see equation 7.61
AT initial temperature of permafrost "C below freezing
AE energy loss
AL a small pile element length
At a small time interval in seconds
AG change in low-amplitude shear modulus from time t l to t ,
AuL change or increase in effective vertical strain
E longitudinal strain

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 LIST OF SYMBOLS xxix

E, + +
Ey E,
uniaxial creep rate
strain at maximum stress
strain at one-half the maximum principal stress
longitudinal strain in x direction; lateral strain in x
direction
longitudinal strain in y direction; lateral strain in y
direction
longitudinal strain in z direction
damping factor
damping factor in horizontal sliding
damping factor in vertical vibrations
damping factor in rocking
damping factor in torsional vibrations
angular rotation; tilting; temperature below freezing point
of water, "C
complex frequency parameter of a pile
real and imaginary parts of A, respectively
real frequency parameter of pile
dimensionless parameter
Lammes' constant; wavelength; ratio of k, and ku
Rayleigh's wave length
coefficient of friction
lateral ground surface displacement rate
Poisson's ratio
Poisson's ratio for soil
mass density of pile material; mass density of soil
mass density of soil beneath pile tip
mass density of pile material
PS mass density of the soil on the sides of the embedded footing
c sum
principal stress
applied constant stress
horizontal effective stress
mean normal pressure
effective overburden vertical pressure
vertical effective stress
vertical overburden pressure at depth x
effectivevertical pressure (stress) at a point along pile length
normal stress in x direction
normal stress in y direction
normal stress in z direction
effective all-around stress
mean effective confining pressure
major principal stress

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xxx LIST OF SYMBOLS

02 intermediate principal stress

(73 minor principal stress
7 shear stress; induced shear stress in soil due to applied load
(QA
shear stress
adfreeze bond strength
adfreeze stress along the pile perimeter
downward pressures due to thaw (permafrost degradation)
shear stresses
friction parameter, angle of internal friction
friction parameter (effective)
long-term internal friction of permafrost
torsional rotation
maximum torsional amplitude
resonant amplitude of pile rotation
real torsional amplitude of pile at elevation z
real and imaginary parts of $(z)
angular velocity, circular frequency, operating frequency
circular natural frequency
first and second natural circular frequencies
limiting natural circular frequencies
natural circular frequency in horizontal sliding
natural circular frequency in vertical vibrations
natural circular frequency in pure rocking
natural circular frequency in torsional vibration

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