WSSD Tourism

Accounting
Advertising
Industry as a partner for
Aluminium
sustainable development
Automotive
Aviation
Chemicals Tourism
Coal
World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC)
International Federation of Tour Operators (IFTO)
Construction
International Hotel & Restaurant Association (IH&RA)
International Council of Cruise Lines (ICCL)
Consulting Engineering
Electricity
Fertilizer
Finance and Insurance
Food and Drink
Information and
Communications Technology
Iron and Steel
Oil and Gas
Railways
Refrigeration
Road Transport
Tourism
Waste Management
Developed through a multi-stakeholder process
facilitated by:
Water Management
This report is released by the World Travel & Tourism Council, International Hotel & Restaurant
Association, International Federation of Tour Operators, International Council of Cruise Lines and
the United Nations Environment Programme. Unless otherwise stated, all the interpretation and
findings set forth in this publication are those of the World Travel & Tourism Council, International
Hotel & Restaurant Association, International Federation of Tour Operators, and International
Council of Cruise Lines.
The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the
expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Travel & Tourism Council,
International Hotel & Restaurant Association, International Federation of Tour Operators,
International Council of Cruise Lines or the United Nations Environment Programme concerning
the legal status of any country, territory, city, or area or of its authorities, or concerning delimitation
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commercial processes constitute endorsement.
This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-
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of the service is made.The World Travel & Tourism Council, International Hotel & Restaurant
Association, International Federation of Tour Operators, International Council of Cruise Lines and
the United Nations Environment Programme would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication
that uses this report as a source.
First published in the United Kingdom in 2002.
Copyright © 2002 World Travel & Tourism Council, International Hotel & Restaurant Association,
International Federation of Tour Operators, International Council of Cruise Lines
and United Nations Environment Programme
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1
Industry as a partner for sustainable development

Tourism
A report prepared by:

World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC) International Hotel & Restaurant Association
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Web site: http://www.wttc.org Web site: http://www.ih-ra.com
International Federation of Tour Operators International Council of Cruise Lines (ICCL)

(IFTO) 2111 Wilson Boulevard
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Disclaimer
In a multi-stakeholder consultation facilitated by the United Nations Environment Programme, a
number of groups (including representatives from non-governmental organisations, labour unions,
research institutes and national governments) provided comments on a preliminary draft of this
report prepared by the World Travel & Tourism Council, International Hotel & Restaurant Association,
International Federation of Tour Operators, and International Council of Cruise Lines.The report was
then revised, benefiting from stakeholder perspectives and input.The views expressed in the report
remain those of the authors, and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations
Environment Programme or the individuals and organisations that participated in the consultation.
2 Tourism
Contents 3
Contents
5 Acknowledgements
7 Executive summary
9 Foreword
11 Part 1: Implementation of the three dimensions of sustainable tourism development

11 General overview
11 Tourism today
13 Economic dimensions
15 Social dimensions
17 Environmental dimensions
18 How the industry has responded to sustainable tourism development
19 Future challenges and goals
20 The way forward
23 Part 2: The tour operator industry

23 General overview
27 Conclusions
28 Means of implementation
31 Part 3: Incoming tour operators, agents, groundhandlers, coach and rent-a-car companies
and major attractions
31 Social and economic dimensions
31 Social and environmental dimensions
32 Conclusion
33 Part 4: The hospitality industry

33 General overview
37 Conclusions
41 Conclusions
42 Summary
43 Part 5: The cruise line industry

43 General overview
55 Summary
4 Contents
57 Part 6: Open for dialogue
59 Annexe 1: World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC)

Tourism satellite accounting, estimates and forecasts

Sustainability initiatives

Private sector initiatives from WTTC members
64 Annexe 4: Hospitality
Agreement between UIF and the Accor Group on trade union rights
Exemplary EMS
Education, awareness-creation, training and information dissemination
Industry voluntary environmental initiatives
Multi-stakeholder communication and consultation
72 Annexe 9: Cruise lines

Waste management practices and procedures
75 Annexe 10: Open for dialogue

List of delegates who attended 3 October 2001 multi-stakeholder meeting in Paris
Acknowledgements 5
Acknowledgements
This report has been made possible through invaluable input and support provided by many
institutions and individuals. Many thanks to the authors of the report Angela Plott and Michael Crye,
ICCL; Martin Brackenbury, IFTO; Michelle Fawcett and Elizabeth Carroll-Simon, IH&RA; Rebecca
Bloom and Graham Wason, WTTC; editor Hazel Hamelin; Steering Committee members: Martin
Brackenbury, IFTO; Michael Crye, ICCL; Elizabeth Carroll-Simon, IH&RA; Oliver Hillel UNEP;Yuri
Toroptsov, BEST; Graham Wason, WTTC; Eugenio Yunis, WTO/OMT; participants of the consultative
meeting on 3 October 2001 in Paris.
We would also like to thank UNEP for facilitating the process and providing extensive background
references.
As well as,
Business Enterprises for Sustainable Travel/The Conference Board

(http://www.sustainabletravel.org), a leading source of knowledge on
innovative travel industry practices that advance community, business
and travellers interests.
The Tour Operators’ Initiative (http://www.toinitiative.org), a network

of tour operators that have joined forces to improve their practices, as
well as raise the awareness of the industry
World Tourism Organization (http://www.world-tourism.org), a global

forum for tourism policy issues and a practical source of tourism
know-how.
6 Tourism
Executive summary 7
Executive summary
The new millennium and the coming decades essential for travel and tourism to maintain
are a crucial time for the relationship between an optimal balance of its natural resources
travel and tourism and sustainable to ensure the ongoing arrival of tourists
development.The need to preserve the to destinations.
world’s inherent assets for future generations
is becoming an imperative goal not only for The challenge is to move from the existing ad
travel and tourism, but also for all other hoc approach, to one that can integrate the
industries that use the earth’s natural current social, economic and environmental
resources.The scale of travel and tourism’s programmes, funds and initiatives, and evolve
contribution to the global economy and its new patterns of managing travel and tourism
potential for enabling sustainable development businesses in a more systematic and dynamic
are becoming more evident for governments, way.The inevitable transition to sustainable
non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and development strategies gives the travel and
industry alike. tourism industry an opportunity to confirm
itself as a solution, rather than a contributor to
The report was mostly prepared before 11 the economical, social and environmental
September 2001.The impact of the terrorist challenges facing the future.
attacks on the World Trade Centre in New
York and Washington DC were felt in all areas One of the main barriers to achieving this goal
of the travel and tourism sector in developing in the past has been the inherent
and developed countries.The atrocity has fragmentation of the industry, and the relative
badly damaged parts of the travel and tourism fragility of viable operating margins, especially
industry. However, it has also highlighted the for the small and medium-sized enterprises
need, now more than ever, for travel and that make up most of the industry.This has
tourism to be recognised as a vital part of the indirectly led to a deficiency of accountability
global economy, a view that has yet to be fully both by the private and public sectors.This
acknowledged by governments.Travel and lack of responsibility towards travel and
tourism has the potential to reduce the tourism is leading, at an ever-increasing rate,
conflict between economic, social and to an eventual environmental, economic
environmental objectives and deliver and cultural crisis. In order to avert this crisis
development in a sustainable way. all stakeholders including, the public and
private sectors, NGOs, trade unions and
Travel and tourism is now one of the largest consumers need to begin to co-operate
industries in the world. Economically, it creates to make travel and tourism work for
jobs and contributes over 10% Gross everyone.
Domestic Product (GDP), as well as brings in
capital investment and exports. Socially and The way forward for travel and tourism is to
culturally, travel and tourism offers the create strong partnerships between the
opportunity of providing jobs for minority and private and public sectors, NGOs, institutional
disadvantaged groups, creating adequate bodies, and local communities, in order to
training in management skills, education and ensure effective active participation by all
technology to local people and increasing stakeholders. Governments are only just
incomes in rural and local economies, thereby beginning to take a more decisive role in
contributing to the alleviation of poverty in developing sustainable, economically successful
developing countries. Environmentally, it is tourism. But, strong partnerships by all players
8 Executive summary
will bring valuable networking processes,

workable policies and logical planning and
development, transforming travel and tourism’s
sometimes negative environmental image to
one of sustainability and stewardship.
Foreword 9
Foreword
This report has been prepared for the World This report starts with an overview of the
Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) industry today beginning with a summary of
in Johannesburg in 2002. WSSD, though a key figures and trends. It looks at general
principally government forum charting the industry-wide trends in each of the three
progress of sustainable development, has the dimensions of sustainability (economic, social
potential to bring together the industry, and environmental), details the implementation
government, non-governmental organisations measures taken since Rio 92 and sets out
and other stakeholders to participate in future goals.The following sections cite other
constructive dialogue for the future.(1), (2) In examples of sustainability issues facing three
response to this challenge UNEP has taken a major segments of the global travel and
lead in designing and co-ordinating a project tourism industry, tour operations, hotels and
that will provide sufficient data to measure the restaurants and cruise liners, and examples of
footprint of tourism, identify future trends in efforts to address these issues.
development planning and come up with
specific recommendations for actions for each In keeping with the guidelines for industry
group of stakeholders. reports issued by UNEP, the tourism industry
report is built on the general format being
Ten years ago at the Earth Summit in Rio de used by the Commission for Sustainable
Janeiro the environment was at the top of the Development (CSD) in preparing Agenda 21
political agenda. Governments were looking at thematic reports for the inter-governmental
how to stem the tide of consumption by both meetings prior to the WSSD. It endeavours to
developed and developing countries and to identify trends within the tourism industry,
reduce the use of natural resources. At that gives examples of environmentally sound best
time the concept of sustainable development practices, analyses tourism development
was yet to be adopted by the stakeholders. mechanisms and includes case studies on
Ten years on, the political climate has changed management and use of natural resources and (1) The airline industry, an
dramatically and the concept of sustainable advises on how to establish public-private integral part of the Travel and
development not only refers to the partnerships to ensure the future for travel tourism industry, at UNEP’s
request, has produced a
environment but also includes economic, social and tourism. separate industry report
and cultural issues. written by the Air Transport
The report itself is the first step towards a Action Group (ATAG). Over
the last ten years the aviation
The following tourism industry report presents public-private partnership. Though industry has dramatically
the perspectives of the travel and tourism fundamentally an industry sector report, it improved its environmental
industry in meeting the challenges of the 1992 went through a consultation process with a performance and is constantly
seeking ways to reduce its
Earth Summit over the past decade and into number of stakeholders, including various environmental impact. It has
the future. It shows that the delicate balance NGOs and labour union representatives, to been one of the sector’s
leaders in investing heavily in
between sustainable development and the ensure that the report remained an open,
new technology and in
inevitable economic growth from tourism critical self-assessment of the tourism industry. modern aircrafts that reduce
must not only contribute to improving quality pollution.
(2) In addition to the Summit
of life, but must also be synonymous with Partly as a result of this discussion the steering the United Nations has
environmental, social and cultural preservation committee decided to express its readiness to declared 2002 as the
and protection in order to ensure a embrace a multi-stakeholder dialogue by International Year of
Ecotourism (IYE), to promote
prosperous future for the travel and tourism adding a separate chapter named “Open for the importance of sustainable
industry. Dialogue” at the end of the report that tourism and support the
explains in detail the advice-giving process the sector in its movement to a
more positive image.
10 Foreword
report went through. Although some of these

comments were not included in the final body
of the report, the process helped the steering
committee to both strengthen and enrich it.
Implementation of the three dimensions of sustainable tourism development 11
Part 1: Implementation of the three dimensions of

sustainable tourism development
1 General overview Travel and tourism also plays a crucial role in
encouraging governments to reduce their
In 1992 at the Rio Earth Summit, 178 barriers to growth.Thomas Friedman in his
governments approved Agenda 21 and the Rio book The Lexus and the Olive Tree(4) suggests
Declaration. Agenda 21 offered a blueprint for that governments need to don a ‘golden
sustainable development, while the Rio straight jacket’ in order to allow pure free
Declaration articulated the main principles for market capitalism and enable both developed
sustainable development in the 21st century. and developing countries to achieve full
Both documents challenged organisations, economic growth within a sustainable
governments and industries to work towards development framework.
maximum levels of sustainability, defined by the
Brundtland Commission in 1987 as The first step to achieving this balance
‘development that meets the needs of the between sustainable development and
present without compromising the ability of economic growth for travel and tourism was
future generations to meet their own needs’.(3) in 1996.The World Travel & Tourism Council
(WTTC), the World Tourism Organisation
Since the summit, the social, political and (WTO/OMT) and the Earth Council, together
economic world has developed at a rapid launched Agenda 21 for the Travel & Tourism
pace.The encroaching globalisation of the Industry: Towards Environmentally Sustainable
world, the increasing necessity and use of Development – a sectoral action plan for
technology, and its inherent liberalisation, have sustainable development based on the
altered the way business is conducted and in outcome of the Rio Earth Summit in 1992. At
so doing have affected the relationships the time it was the only industry-specific
between people and the environment.The adaptation of Agenda 21.
inevitable global shift towards ‘globalisation’ is
transforming the workplace, the job market,
lifestyles, communities, industries and markets. 2 Tourism today
The following definition of tourism was
The challenge for stakeholders involved in all officially adopted by the United Nations
industries is to find a balance between Statistical Commission in 1993: ‘Tourism
sustenance, prosperity and people’s desire to comprises the activities of persons travelling to (3) The report also known as
improve their financial/material well-being, with “Our Common Future”
and staying in places outside their usual highlighted three fundamental
the underlying need for identity, community, environment for not more than one components to sustainable
religion, home and family.Travel and tourism consecutive year for leisure, business and other development: environmental
protection, economic growth
can play a vital role in balancing these forces. It purposes’.(5) and social equity. For more
not only provides the livelihoods for both rural information:
and urban communities, but has the capacity, Both the inter-governmental WTO/OMT and http://www.doc.mmu.ac.uk/aric
/eae/Sustainability/Older/Brun
when planned, developed and managed the private sector WTTC consider the travel dtland_Report.html
properly, to enhance community relations and and tourism sector to be one of the largest – (4) Friedman T.; 2000:The
build bridges of understanding and peace if not THE largest – in the world, particularly in Lexus and the Olive Tree, 1st
Anchor Books Edition, New
between nations. terms of its contribution to the world York.
economy. According to WTTC estimates, travel (5) WTO, 1993:
and tourism achieved the following economic Recommendations on Tourism
Statistics. World Tourism
impact directly and indirectly in 2001: Organisation. Spain.
12 Implementation of the three dimensions of sustainable tourism development
• USD3.3 trillion contribution to global GDP, an ‘experience-based economy’, a term used

almost 11% of total GDP; by B Joseph Pine and James H Gilmore in the
• 207 million jobs worldwide, over 8% of Harvard Business Review (July-August 1998), to
all jobs; describe what happens when ‘a company
• USD630 billion in capital investment, intentionally uses services as the stage, and
almost 9% of all capital investment(6). goods as props, to engage individual customers
in a way that creates memorable events’.
This economic activity of the travel and
tourism sector was generated by 698 million The travel and tourism industry simultaneously
international tourist arrivals in 2000, thrives upon this trend and is threatened by it.
representing an estimated 7.3% increase over Tourism products and services that
1999 according to preliminary estimates(7).This demonstrate ‘greater sensitivity to the
was the highest growth rate in nearly a decade environment, traditional culture and local
and almost double the increase of 1999 with people at the destinations(9)’ can create such an
nearly 50 million more arrivals recorded, which experience, whereas tourism in a context of
is approximately what destinations such as uncontrolled growth which puts increasing
Spain or the United States receive in the entire pressure on the natural, cultural and socio-
year. In less than a decade, international tourist economic environment, risks diminishing the
arrivals are projected to reach one billion(8). visitor’s experience. In short, increased market
demand for experiences can contribute to
In March 2001, WTO/OMT submitted a social, economic and environmental
concise report on Sustainable Development of sustainability only if the resulting pressures
Tourism to the United Nations (UN), in which from growth are properly planned
it noted that ‘the development of tourism has and managed.
been characterised by continuing geographical
spread and diversification of tourist The travel and tourism industry is both
destinations. While in 1950 the top 15 tourist receptive and conscious of the resulting
destinations, all in western Europe and North pressures from economic growth and the
America, attracted 97% of the world’s total need to protect our natural and social
arrivals, by 1999 this figure had fallen to 62%, environment.The preservation of the tourism
with market shares increasing for developing product – the environmental, social or cultural
countries and economies in transition, heritage specific to each country – is the only
(6) WTTC, May 2001:Tourism
particularly in south-east Asia, central and way to ensure a future for everyone.
Satellite Accounting Research. eastern Europe, and Latin America.’
World Travel & Tourism In response to this increase in recognition of
Council. London & New York.
(7) International arrival
The report also noted some of the main the need to safeguard natural resources, a
statistics omit all domestic qualitative trends seen in the industry in the growing number of travel and tourism
tourism, which often accounts form of increased market segmentation, the companies are seeking to create more
for more than half of all Travel
and tourism (WTTC 2001). development of new forms of tourism – responsible consumer behaviour by using their
(8) WTO, 2001:Tourism especially those related to nature and wildlife, products and services to educate and inform
Market Trends: World rural areas and culture – and how such their customers. Many multinational companies
Overview & Tourism Topics.
Provisional Edition. World programmes are influencing traditional package such as Lusotur, British Airways, Japan Travel
Tourism Organisation. Spain. tours. Bureau (JTB),Taj Hotels and Preussag have all
(9) UNESC, March 2001: adopted ‘corporate citizenship’ programmes
Commission on Sustainable
Development, Organisational Clearly, tourists are increasingly selective about that have created dialogue between the
Session. United Nations destinations and are demanding higher quality community and the private sector, as well as
Economic and Social Council
products and services. One of the driving promoting sustainable development (see
Report of the Secretary
General. P.2. forces behind this trend is the emergence of Annexe 3).
3 Economic dimensions proportion of SMEs has led to unconstructive

training and protection for employees.
Travel and tourism, if utilised effectively, can be
a force for positive growth and economic Given the number of low-skilled workers in
success for both developed and developing the sector, the industry has been criticised for
countries. Markets have the potential to offering nothing more than ‘hamburger
enhance lives in a sustainable framework flipping’ jobs that contribute little to the
through providing wealth creation, choice, sustainability of an economy or society.The
innovation and competition(10).The travel and travel and tourism industry is renowned for its
tourism industry contains these four elements high turnover, anti-social working hours, low
that enable it to be a dynamic market force pay, seasonal employment, instability and low
for sustainability in the future. It has the job status(11). However, this does not tell the
capacity to increase exports, bring in capital whole story. Jobs for the Millennium – Mexico, a
investment, boost an economies GDP and report produced in 2000 by the WTTC and
create employment. the Fundacitón Pro-Educación en Turismo, AC
(FUTUR), paints a different picture of the
3.1 Job growth hospitality workforce. While over 36% of the
Travel and tourism generates jobs throughout
employees in over 200 companies surveyed
the economy, both in companies directly
were considered ‘unskilled’, almost a quarter
involved in the business and in related supplier
of the jobs at these companies required
industries such as retail, construction,
professional or managerial competence, and
manufacturing and telecommunications. WTTC
over 45% required some level of skill.
estimated that travel and tourism generated
203 million jobs – over 8% of all jobs
Despite SMEs offering their employees
worldwide – in 2000, rising to over 207 million
transferable skills, there is still a considerable
in 2001. Within a decade, this is estimated to
absence of training for these groups.There is
increase to over 260 million jobs or 9% of all
a real need for human resource development
employment, (see Annexe 1).These jobs
within the sector that tackles the issues that
employ a significant proportion of women,
lead to costly effects for travel and tourism.
minorities and young people and are
Indeed, more than a third of employers
predominantly in small and medium-sized
surveyed reported serious shortages of skilled
enterprises (SMEs).
workers, which would suggest that real career
opportunities do exist.This has met with
SMEs make up the majority of the travel and
industry recognition of the need for human
tourism sector, although the exact percentage
resource development that raises the
is unknown. SMEs encourage entrepreneurs,
industry’s profile, increases productivity and
provide many diverse job opportunities and
provides sustainable employment(12).
enable low skills entry for emerging countries. (10) Holiday, C., & Pepper, J.;
Successful human resource management, in Sustainability Through the
One of the catalysts creating the urgency for Markets - 7 Keys to Success,
the shape of training and education, is crucial
trained, skilled workers within the industry is World Business Council for
to achieve the economic prosperity, for both Sustainable Development, p. 9.
the increasing use of information technology.
SMEs and the larger multinational companies http://www.wbcsd.org/projects
Travel and tourism is reliant on a human /pr_marketsust.htm.
that can be accrued through tourism. Highly
service, yet is increasingly using technology to (11) ILO, 2001: Human
competitive destinations are realising that Resource Development,
facilitate the sector in competitive pricing.The
quality of services and facilities are vital to Employment and Globalisation
growth in tourism forecast for the next ten in the Hotel, Catering and
ensure a consistency of tourists to the
years, will lead to a greater dependency on Tourism Sector. International
destination. On the other hand the Labour Organisation. Geneva
information technology, which will become
fragmentation of the industry and the high p.80.
more important in the future as the industry (12) ibid.
copes with rapid expansion and sophistication public-private sector partnerships that not
of the tourism and hospitality supply(13). only enable a country to grow economically,
but retain the essential social, cultural and
Tour operators environmental assets that make each country a
While tour operators have a limited number unique product.
of staff in some of their receiving countries, a
huge network of activities and jobs across the Public-private sector co-operation and
economy depends upon delivering the planning are also essential to creating
demand for tourism.The tour operator sustainable employment in the tourism
industries reach many areas of the economy industry, and to this end the private sector has
such as hotel and infrastructure development, fought for recognition of its true contribution
transport services, agriculture, information to job growth and economic development.
technology, restaurants and entertainment and Hitherto, the industry had been disadvantaged
media, education and training, consumption of by a lack of data reflecting its full economic
pharmaceutical products, clothing, equipment, impact. Only recently has the methodology
and medical services. known as Tourism Satellite Accounting (TSA),
pioneered by WTTC, WTO/OMT and others,
Hospitality been developed and accepted by governments
The hospitality industry contributes to the
as a means for fully measuring travel and
important process of job creation. As a labour-
tourism’s contribution as an economic activity.
intensive industry, it employs large numbers of
wage earners, whose taxes and disposable
TSA is based on a ‘demand-side’ concept of
income add to gross domestic output and
economic activity (i.e. the economic activities
help to create further employment
of visitors and travel companies), as tourism
opportunities. Given that each hotel room
does not supply a homogenous product or
typically requires one member of staff, every
service. Unlike traditional industries
hotel room built has the potential to create an
(agriculture, electronics, steel, etc.), travel and
additional job.
tourism is a diverse set of industries offering a
multitude of products (consumer and capital
Cruise lines
durables and non-durables), and services
The bulk of cruise line employees are from
ranging from airline and cruise ship fares and
countries where employment opportunities
accommodations, to restaurant meals,
are limited and training is scarce.The industry
entertainment, souvenirs and gifts, immigration
provides the opportunity to travel, free
(13) Buhalis, D.; 1994: and park services, recreational vehicles and
medical care and upward mobility, particularly
Information and automobiles, aircraft manufacturing and resort
telecommunications for women from developing nations.
technologies as a strategic
development.
tool for small and medium 3.2 Tourism contributions to
tourism enterprises in the By using input/output modelling,TSA is able to
contemporary business the economy
environment” In Tourism:The In order to achieve sustainable economic differentiate between travel and tourism
State of the Art. Ed Seaton, A. growth, the travel and tourism sector needs to industry supply and economy supply, including
V., et al.; John Wiley & Sons. that portion of supply which it imports from
Chichester p. 254. reduce social, economic, environmental and
(14) Hawkins, D.E., Finucane, cultural barriers. Some of the major obstacles abroad. Additionally, it breaks down the supply
E., Sharp M.; (forthcoming).
to this growth are the lack of infrastructure, side accounts into direct and indirect impacts
Reducing Barriers to Tourism and the individual elements of GDP (wages
Investment in Developing environmental degradation and fragile linkages
Countries. International that weaken a country’s tourism potential(14). and salaries, transaction taxes, operating
Institute of Tourism Studies.
One way to address these barriers is for the surplus, depreciation and subsidies).These data
The George Washington
sector to foster tourism investment through ensure governments have a broader
University. USA.
understanding of the impact of travel and
tourism, in particular the implications of policy produces a ‘multiplier effect’ whereby money
for the travel and tourism economy(15). spent by hotel guests travels through a
community generating further revenue.
TSA data also reiterates the fact that travel
and tourism has the potential to be a catalyst Cruise lines
industry for emerging countries to kick-start The cruise line industry is a significant
their economies, offering many opportunities economic contributor worldwide and
that are not available in other industries. For particularly to the United States economy,
example, the rise in cultural, heritage and leaking into industry, agriculture, airlines, travel
wildlife niche market tourism, in developing agents, food and beverage suppliers and other
countries, is becoming a viable alternative for service sectors. It is also a booming industry
communities that want to move away from that is forecast to grow to 20.7 million
mono-culture farming, which can not only passengers by 2010.
destroy sustainable patterns of agriculture and
traditional fertility cycles but has been 4 Social dimensions
associated with negative changes in social
structures and economic relationships(16). Tourism can be both a force for the
preservation of or, conversely, a threat to a
Annual research undertaken by WTTC community’s natural and cultural heritage. A
demonstrates that the impact of travel and 1999 report Sustainable Tourism and Cultural
tourism on the whole economy is much Heritage published by the World Bank
greater than the size of the industry itself. For underscores the symbiotic nature of the
every dollar spent on travel and tourism, a relationship.The mutual dependence that exists
further dollar and a half is typically contributed between tourism and cultural heritage is
to GDP in other sectors of the economy. becoming more evident. While culture heritage
creates a foundation for tourism’s growth,
Tour operators tourism has the power to generate funds that
Tour operators can have a significant impact make conservation possible. Cultural heritage
upon economies. Whereas the Balearic Islands loses much of its meaning without an audience,
were the poorest province in the whole of and a society participating in and benefiting
Spain in 1950, by the year 2000 it was the from it. Without sustainable management,
richest – almost entirely due to organised tourism loses its potential for growth.
tourism. Other countries where travel and
tourism has had a positive impact on the With the growing interest in culture and
economy are the Maldives, Mexico and community, tourism is finally being recognised
Turkey. as an industry that can boost rural economies,
create entrepreneurs and jobs and help
(15) WTTC, 2000 Research:
Hospitality preserve indigenous cultures. ‘Above all, Overview and Definitions.
The hotel industry has considerable growth tourism offers a better life not just for those World Travel & Tourism
Council. London & New York.
potential in those nations and regions that are who make money, but for those who pay
(16) Killeen, D., Rahman, A.;
just beginning to develop their economies and money to enjoy it’.(17) For example, trekking 2001: Poverty and
improve their performance, because the total tourism has led to the transformation of the Environment. International
Institute for Environment &
output of the hotel industry is closely tied to traditional subsistence farming of the Sherpas Development. London.
the variables associated with economic of the Khumbu region into a cash economy (17) Elliott, M.; 2001: “Lie in
development.These variables include basic that has generated income, jobs and a better the Sun - and Change the
World”,Time Magazine, May
infrastructure and levels of gross domestic standard of living.(18) 21, 2001, p. 63.
output, employment, and education of the (18) Tej Ver Singh.; “Keep the
workforce.The hospitality industry also Sharks Out of the Mountains”,
Our Planet,Vol. 10 No. 1 p. 22.
One of the main challenges, therefore, for all and CEO, Carlson Companies and highlights
stakeholders involved in travel and tourism, the importance of corporate citizenship for
including local authorities, NGOs and multinationals. Profit can serve many functions,
businesses, is to maintain an optimal balance to and within travel and tourism modern business
ensure sustainability. Otherwise, in destinations leaders are using it for good purposes.
where the natural and cultural heritage Multinationals can help contribute to the
deteriorates, the economy will be put at risk as wealth and welfare of us all, and increasingly
tourists migrate to better-preserved leading players in the travel and tourism
destinations.The Addo Elephant National Park industry are recognising the importance of the
in South Africa’s Eastern Cape Province aimed contributions they can make to the
to integrate community tourism initiatives with communities within which they work.
mainstream tourism. A multi-stakeholder
dialogue process was adopted including all Corporate citizenship balances the interests of
private and public sector voices.The outcome the economy with those of public policy-
was that local groups have the potential to add makers, individuals and groups in civil society. It
diversification to a primarily wildlife destination can not only improve the quality of life for
and the private sector has the key for effective distressed communities, but can also generate
marketing and business development skills(19). tangible returns for the bottom line. Within
travel and tourism, corporate citizenship is
Research suggests that following the trends becoming an increasingly important concept
already mainstream in other economic sectors, for the private sector.
social responsibility and corporate citizenship
are expected to become in the future issues Tour Operators Initiative
of strong concern requiring a response from The Tour Operators Initiative (TOI) –
the tourism industry as a whole, as well as at (http://www.toinitiative.org) launched in March
corporate level(20).The concept of ‘corporate 2000 is a network of tour operators that have
citizenship’ is now being adopted by many of joined forces to improve their practices, as
the key leaders in the private sector of travel well as raise the awareness of the industry.TOI
and tourism and is emerging as a central issue acts as a platform to develop ideas and
(19) For more information on projects to address the environmental, social,
for business companies(21).
this project please go to
http://www.parks-
economic and cultural aspects of sustainable
sa.co.za/addo/ganp.html Corporate citizenship recognises the need to development within the tourism sector.
(20) Tepelus C., 2001: Ethics Developed by tour operators, for tour
and Corporate Social
create a balance between all stakeholders’
Responsibility in Tourism. needs, society’s different interests and the operators, it has the support of UNEP,
International Institute for sustainability of the natural environment with a UNESCO and WTO/OMT. The members of
Industrial Environmental TOI commit to:
Economics.
greater focus on governance and
(21) BEST, 2000.; Doing Good accountability. It is about taking responsibility
and Doing Well: Making the for, and doing as well as possible in terms of • adopt practices with regard to
Business Case for Corporate environmental, social-cultural and economic
Citizenship. Research report social, environmental and economic
1282-00-RR. USA. performance given competitive opportunities impacts of their activities internally and
(22) ibid p. 7. and constraints.The business case and when forming business relationships with
(23) First Magazine focuses on partners, suppliers and subcontractors;
business strategy and corporate citizenship have become joined in
government policy making. Its current debate about the changing role of • encourage and seek co-operation with all
mission is to bring decision business in society(22). stakeholders at destinations to develop
makers together and it seeks
integrated planning and management of
to create business
opportunities and to enhance The Award for Responsible Capitalism 2001 – destinations;
global dialogue between • create awareness among their customers
sponsored by First Magazine(23) – was
business, finance and
government. presented to Marilyn Carlson Nelson, chair towards the natural, social and cultural
environments they visit by promoting, in ensure that as travel and tourism grew globally,
their communication and advertising, its influence would not have an undesirable
behaviours and activities compatible with impact on the environment(24). Indeed all areas
the principles of sustainable development. of travel and tourism have over the last decade
implemented many individual environmental
Hospitality schemes and programmes, not for-profit funds
As a major component of travel and tourism, and foundations all over the world(25).
the hospitality industry has a vested interest in
protecting the environment – its key resource Recently there has also been an increase in
– and most hotels are likely to take a conferences on the environment hosted by
multitude of environmental actions that extend governments and by private sector companies,
beyond the control of any single monitoring which are highlighting the responsibility of both
agency. Self-regulation appears to be the most the public and private sector to protect
viable course of action for this industry, natural and cultural heritage and emphasise
whether in the form of in-house the importance of environmental sustainability.
environmental audits, the adoption of an If tourism is not planned and managed
environmental management system, and/or carefully, it can overwhelm the very assets with (24) This publication is in the
application for eco-certification. which it attracts visitors to the destination. process of being updated to
provide information on
Cruise lines current issues and debates on
Examples of tourism expansion, that have sustainable development
ICCL members adhere to international within the Travel and tourism
ignored the local environment, are well-known:
conventions that have set a global benchmark sector.
tourism facilities built on pristine land without (25) For more information on
for environmental and safety standards. In
prior consultation with the local community; these initiatives: Business
1999, a forum on the situation of waste Enterprises for Sustainable
golf greens that use up scarce water supplies;
management and disposal practices led to a Travel (BEST),
water pipes and infrastructure that feed major www.sustainabletravel.org;
number of major initiatives being undertaken
developments but often ignore the local EcoNett, www.econett.org;
by the industry in potential problem areas.The Eco-Tip, www.eco-tip.org; have
village. With the rise of mass tourism comes
cruise line industry has some of the strictest extensive databases recording
the threat of destruction of fragile eco-systems most of these private sector
safety regulations and has one of the most
and coastal regions, local culture, and the initiatives.
enviable safety records. In July 2001, ICCL (26) DFID, 1999: Changing the
depletion of natural resources.
members adopted standards on environmental Nature of Tourism.
Department for International
management.
Conversely, tourism can generate the Development. London.
(27) This has been cited as an
necessary revenue to protect and preserve example of successful
5 Environmental dimensions biodiversity and act as a force for community based
environmental protection especially in conservation by national and
The travel and tourism industry has come far local governments. In 1997
developing countries. Game parks and nature
since the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, in legislation was passed to share
preserves are centres of institutional strength 30-50% of revenues earned
1992, when the impact of industries on the on tourism taxes with local
and can act as a focus for tourism
environment was high on the political agenda. communities, with the
development in rural areas(26).Tourism helps communities being part of the
The increasing numbers of travellers and the
generate resources to maintain these decision-making process.This
rise in package tours during the 1980s were financial contribution from
protected areas, as illustrated by the Royal
causing a valid concern among tourism direct to the local
Chitwan National Park in Nepal(27), the Masai area not only brings many
environmentalists.
Mara in Kenya(28) and the rainforests of Costa social and economic benefits
Rica(29). Not only can it help to preserve the to the community but also
WTTC, with WTO/OMT and the Earth helps to ensure participation
environment, but profits have a greater of conserving the park’s
Council, in response to the scrutiny with which
potential to reach local and rural communities, diverse biological resources.
tourism was judged, collaborated and produced For more information
compared to other sectors(30).
Agenda 21 for the Travel & Tourism Industry.This http://www.bcnet.org/learning/
public-private sector effort was designed to ar97/97_chitwan2.htm
The new concept of eco-tourism or nature sector companies such as the American
tourism is experiencing faster-than-average Express Company.
growth. Eco-tourism alone contributed $154
billion in receipts in 2000 and is growing 20% Codes of conduct
annually compared with just 7% for tourism In 1992 the Pacific Asia Tourism Association
overall(31) in an already booming industry, and (PATA) introduced its Code for Environmentally
reflects those consumers who are aware of Responsible Tourism to strengthen the principles
the issues facing travel and tourism(32).There of conservation in the region, soliciting
are indications that consumers are also membership in its Green Leaf programme.
beginning to influence businesses, as they
become more aware of the choices available Addressing one of the most sensitive social
to them, and of this rapid growth in the eco- implications of tourism development, a multi-
tourism niche market. However, eco-tourism stakeholder, international public-private
alone is not the answer to addressing the initiative has recently drafted the Code of
environmental problems facing the industry(33). Conduct for the Protection of Children from
It also remains to be seen how far consumers Sexual Exploitation in Travel and Tourism
have the willingness to encourage businesses (http://www.thecode.org).
to adopt more sustainably-developed tourism,
(28) On June 12th a private The Africa Travel Association’s Responsible
management firm called the
especially if it means paying higher prices.
Mara Conservancy took over Traveller Guidelines and the Japanese
a third of the reserve’s total Association of Travel Agents’ Declaration of
area, 520 square kilometres. 6 How the industry has Earth Friendly Travellers are just two examples
The new custodians have
introduced a more responded to sustainable of the many industry codes aimed at educating
transparent approach and
tourism development and influencing their customers.
working with the local people,
rangers and the local council
will ensure that tourism profit
Dialogue between stakeholders in both the Certification, education and awareness
filters down to the Masai private and public sectors, has led to the programmes
people and other local establishment of global voluntary initiatives • Green Globe 21
communities. For more
information
throughout the last decade.These initiatives (http://www.greenglobe21.com). As a
http://www.igreens.org.uk/mas have taken various forms and represent all follow-up to the Earth Summit, in 1994
ai_mara_conservancy.htm sectors of the travel and tourism industry. WTTC set up Green Globe. Now an
(29) The most notable
multinational effort to independent private sector company,
preserve the rainforests in Although there has been an encouraging Green Globe 21 is an Agenda 21-based
Costa Rica is the Paseo explosion of such schemes, adoption of them industry improvement programme, which
Pantera initiative. It is a five
year $4 million project by the industry is as yet limited. It has proved provides guidance material and a
dedicated to preserving the particularly difficult to encourage SMEs to certification process linked to both ISO
biodiversity and enhancing participate in sustainable good practice. A
wildlands management in
standards and Agenda 21 principles,
Central America.The project small sample of examples of these initiatives throughout the world.
works in partnership with all are given in the following paragraphs. • Dodo (http://www.cyberdodo.com).The
stakeholders to achieve
sustainable development of CyberDodo programme, developed by
the rainforests. For more
Awards CyberDodo Productions and supported by
information A number of private sector travel and tourism WTTC and by the United Nations High
http://www.american.edu/proje companies, as well as industry associations,
cts/mandala/TED/costtour.htm. Commissioner for Human Rights, is
(30) Roe, D., Urquhart, P.;
present annual awards in recognition of designed to raise awareness among adults
2001: Pro-Poor Tourism: outstanding actions on behalf of the and children of important issues
Harnessing the World’s environment.These include the American
Largest Industry for the concerning the environment, human rights
World’s Poor. International Society of Travel Agents and IH&RA. A number and children’s rights.The programmes
Institute of Environment & of these receive sponsorship from private have already been shown in more than
Development. p. 4. London.
60 countries.
• Green Key. Green Key, Denmark, a scheme • create incentives for the travel and tourism
operated by the Hotel, Restaurant and industry backed up where necessary by
Leisure Industry Association (HORESTA) in effective regulation;
that country, applies 78 criteria to be met • be committed to the controlled expansion,
by properties seeking certification. where appropriate, of infrastructure;
• apply environmental taxes fairly and non-
Eco-labels discriminatorily, where needed.They should
UNEP’s comprehensive publication on Eco- be carefully thought out to minimise their
labels in the Tourism Industry examines this form impact on economic development, and
of voluntary self-regulation in the tourism revenues should be allocated to travel- and
industry with the aim of helping applicants to tourism-associated environment
understand the nature of eco-labelling improvement programmes;
schemes. • set up mechanisms to support SMEs in the
adoption of sustainable good practice;
These private sector strategies are fast • design policies creating incentives for
becoming an essential part of the process of corporate social responsibility in tourism,
sustaining natural and cultural heritage because favouring a sensitive and engaging approach
the industry has a direct impact on local towards the local communities at the
communities in which they operate. Some of destinations, especially in the developing
these programmes not only provide valuable countries.
funds to support poorer host communities,
but also help encourage protection of the Public-private partnerships need to:
environment and natural resources that
often get depleted by the different sectors • plan and develop infrastructure with a
of the industry. long-term view and within a reference
framework based on Agenda 21;
7 Future challenges and goals • implement indicators and environmental
impact assessment tools to enable
To achieve the goals and challenges set for the successful and effective local management
travel and tourism industry as it continues to and appropriate development;
grow throughout the coming decades, will (31) Mastny, L.;December
• agree on common standards and tools to 2001:Travelling Light - New
require a strong and co-operative partnership enable the measurement of progress Paths for International Tourism.
between government departments, national towards achieving sustainable development; Paper 159, WorldWatch
tourism authorities, international and national Institute. p. 37.
• fund and develop contemporary research (32) Evidence suggests that
trade associations, trade unions and the travel into sustainable tourism. Issues requiring price rises will be more
and tourism private sector. All stakeholders attention include design, carrying capacity, acceptable when there are
now need to share the responsibility for travel clear signals that ticket sales
tour operator activities, environmental directly contribute to the area
and tourism’s future and need to deliver the reporting, and auditing and environmental being visited., DFID, 1999:
following to ensure its sustainability(34): impact assessments, socio-economic Changing the Nature of
Tourism. Department for
sustainability of the tourism businesses. International Development.
Governments need to: London.
(33) Mastny, L.;December
International bodies need to:
• integrate travel and tourism policy, 2001:Travelling Light - New
Paths for International Tourism.
especially the environment, into broader • co-ordinate environmental action to be Paper 159, WorldWatch
government policies; undertaken by all sectors of the travel and
Institute. P.47.
• set up realistic capacities within (34) Based on the outcomes
tourism industry, at an international level; from United Nations
sustainability frameworks, which have been • review existing voluntary initiatives to Commission on Sustainable
set in consultation with industry and other improve the quality of reporting, their
Development 7th Session
New York, 19-30 April 1999.
stakeholders;
transparency and credibility, and the The travel and tourism industry increasingly
assessment of their contribution to recognises the need for protecting culture,
sustainability; heritage and the environment and this
• ensure that all funding, from international, responsibility must be shared by all
national and local funding bodies, should be stakeholders. It also needs to be balanced by a
dependent on sound environmental proportionate recognition that travel and
practice; tourism has the potential to bring social and
• encourage and support multi-stakeholder environmental, as well as economic benefits.
projects aiming for sustainable tourism This would give developing countries the
development; possibility to attain the full economic potential
• set up mechanisms to support the tourism can give.This must be coupled with
adoption of sustainable good practices by sufficient training in management skills and
SMEs. education for local people.The human
resources issue will be of much concern in the
Private sector companies need to: next few years because, without substantial
and skilled human capital, the tourism industry
• commit to place sustainable development cannot be productive in the future.
issues at the core of the management
structure; Adequate planning and development is also
• develop and more widely apply vital so that fragile eco-systems and scarce
certification criteria to industry initiatives; natural resources can be utilised effectively and
• innovate processes and applications protected for future generations. Moreover,
through new technology; the prevailing issues facing infrastructure are
• make a commitment to the education and becoming more acute with the continuing
environmental training of staff; increase in passenger travel. Governmental
• encourage corporate citizenship as the infrastructure constraints pose a critical barrier
standard for private sector companies; and can jeopardise anticipated economic
• be willing to engage in multi-stakeholder growth and job creation with knock-on effects
dialogue. to all sectors of the community.The
fundamental infrastructure issues such as
8 The way forward airport congestion, air traffic management,
sources of capital investment, regulation and
In recent years the UN has begun to make political support, and institutional reform facing
travel and tourism a priority in the sustainable the sustainable development and growth of
development debate. In 1999, WTTC and travel and tourism, concern both the private
IH&RA were designated by the United and public sectors.
Nations Commission on Sustainable
Development to represent the industry in a Governments are beginning to take a more
multi-stakeholder dialogue at its seventh dynamic role in developing sustainable and
session (UNCSD7). It was concluded that economically-successful tourism, but there
‘voluntary measures developed with multi- urgently needs to be more proactive
stakeholder participation, mutual trust and participation from government. With effective
respect, transparency, monitoring, and networking processes, legitimate policies,
assessment and verification were seen as most planning and development from government,
(35) UNCSD, 1999: United
likely to generate confidence and support tourism can alter its adverse environmental
Nations Commission on from all parties(35)’. image to one of sustainability and stewardship.
Sustainable Development 7th
Session New York, 19-30 April
1999.
The many and varied voluntary industry The need to maintain a sustainable travel and
initiatives, ranging from education to tourism sector is now becoming an urgency.
certification, are an important and imperative WTTC wants to share a vision of the world
part of the ongoing process working towards where travel and tourism benefits everyone,
sustainable development. As well as these making a positive, growing and sustainable
initiatives, the industry is already doing much contribution to the prosperity, understanding
to improve its performance in terms of and well-being of people, shared by those who
sustainable development. travel and the communities they visit, and their
social, cultural and natural environments.
Tour operators
Tour operators are looking at implementing WTTC believes the way forward to achieving
strategies that combat both the indirect, as sustainable development for industry leaders is
well as direct, impacts that tour operations to lead by example and to practise corporate
have on the environment and the communities citizenship and responsible capitalism. For the
within which they operate. Direct issues that industry sector to implement sustainable
are being addressed include better information development initiatives successfully there
to consumers, ensuring that sustainable needs to be a multi-stakeholder process
development concepts, procedures and whereby all stakeholders take responsibility for
practices are included in training programmes, the future of travel and tourism.The industry is
and greater adherence to tour operator codes both willing and ready to undertake this
of conduct. Indirect impacts being addressed dialogue and this report is one of the first
are the monitoring of subcontracted suppliers steps to achieving this.
in environmental performance and having
more involvement with other stakeholders in
the sustainable development process.
Hospitality
Hotels from all geographic regions are
successfully implementing strategies in favour
of sustainable development. Key areas of
progress include rising levels of awareness
that using resources in an efficient and
environmentally-sensible manner can positively
impact the bottom line, and the recognition
that transparency and reporting make for
good business practice.
Cruise lines
As global leaders in the maritime industry, the
members of ICCL strive to preserve local
environments and cultural heritage, and work
to generate and infuse local economies with
sustainable income.Through public-private
sector alliances ICCL devises solutions to all of
the challenges facing the cruise lines sectors,
and works in partnership with a number of
public bodies and environmental agencies to
find productive solutions to the issues that
confront the industry on a daily basis.
22 Tourism
The tour operator industry 23
Part 2: The tour operator industry

9 General overview handling), but these are not exclusively used by
the one integrated organisation. For example,
9.1 Role and influence of tour owned airlines are used for some of the flight
operators requirements, but large tour operators can
The outbound tour operator has emerged in have contracts with more than 150 airlines
the past 50 years as a useful means of and owned airlines, and contract seats out to
distributing leisure air travel and non-owned tour operators.
accommodation services to consumers.
Consumers in one country wishing to visit
another require information and want to book
travel arrangements in advance.Tour operators Tour operating employs relatively few people
obtain information, make contracts with across the world (a few tens of thousands),
suppliers of services, and publish their holiday but their activities can stimulate hotel and
offers in brochures, which are distributed infrastructure development.These include
directly to consumers or by travel agents. water, sewerage, airports, roads etc, transport
services, agriculture, information technology,
Tour operators judge overall demand and the restaurants, entertainment and media,
expected demand for each destination and education and training, consumption of
seek to satisfy that demand if it can be pharmaceutical products, clothing, equipment,
accomplished profitably.Tour operators medical services, excursion venues and public
assemble the component parts of holidays. administration concerned with policy-making,
Another report covers air travel and other marketing and management of tourism.
sections in this report cover the hospitality
and cruise lines industry.There is limited value While tour operators have a limited number
added as reflected in profit margins that of staff in some of their receiving countries, a
represent 1% to 2% of turnover. huge network of activities and jobs across the
economy depend upon delivering the demand
Present in substantial numbers in Europe for tourism.The marketing efforts of tour
(approximately 5,000) and in the United operators are what the suppliers of services
States, Canada, Japan, South Korea, Russia, and governments look for.
Australia, New Zealand, South and Latin
America, tour operators remain small in The countries visited are 80% intra-regional
number where tourism is less developed. (e.g. Germany to Spain, Australia to Thailand)
Globally, they represent around 12% of and 20% long-haul (e.g. Europe to the
international arrivals,(36) while in Europe they Caribbean, Japan to Europe, the United States
account for 35% of leisure air holidays. to Far East).(37)
There are five substantial European outbound
tour operators, the remaining 4,995 being Tour operators can have a significant impact
SMEs employing five to 100 people, which upon economies. Whereas the Balearic Islands
often cater for specialist interests or low were the poorest province in the whole of
volume destinations. Spain in 1950, by the year 2000 it was the
richest – almost entirely due to organised
The five large companies have integrated tourism.The Maldives is no longer to be
activities (travel agencies, tour operations, classified as a ‘lesser developed country’ thanks (36) Source: IFTO estimates.
airlines, hotels, cruise ships and ground to the economic impact of tourism, (37) Source: WTO tourism
statistics
24 The tour operator industry
particularly organised tourism. Cancun in 11.1 Influences of increased tourism

Mexico had a local population of 600 before on citizens of receiving countries
tourism arrived. It now provides income for By far the most positive influence of tourism
600,000 and support for ten times that has been on the citizens of the receiver
number through organised tourism from countries, where the foreign influx has
North and South America, and Europe.(38) In provided income for much greater social
Turkey, tourism revenues reach 30% of total choices than have hitherto existed and
commodity exports, most attributed to accelerated the process of modernisation and
organised tourism.(39) openness. As local people have become richer
through tourism, countries dependent on
Foreign exchange received by countries through international tourism have found themselves
tour operators takes the form of payments to generating a greater number of domestic
hotels and ground handlers as well as taxes, tourists.The effect of this phenomenon in
duties and charges. In addition, consumers Spain, for example, has been the restoration of
spend money outside the hotel on the a strong Spanish identity – both cultural and
‘complementary offer’.This amount can vary culinary – which had been weakened.Tour
from 150% of the hotel cost in countries such operator distribution has created jobs in
as Spain to virtually zero in those developing originating countries, particularly for women in
countries that offer little to see, do or buy.(40) travel agencies, airlines, airports and hotels as
well as for tour operators themselves.
Outbound tourism demand is affected by
confidence in economic conditions and Negative social consequences have been felt in
security as well as perceptions of discretionary a number of different and significant ways.The
income. Leisure outbound travel has been ‘homogenisation’ of global products and
growing at around one and a half times the services devoid of local identity has been
growth in GDP and is not highly volatile, exacerbated by tourism movements.There is
unless there are safety concerns. Fluctuations no doubt that people brought for a short time
in tourism revenues in receiving countries to another country seek to retain their own
are more marked due to consumer habits and practices – while host communities
perceptions of the relative safety and adapt to satisfy visitor tastes in order to make
attractiveness of destinations, as well as money from them.Those with vulnerable
changes in relative price. cultures are likely to suffer most and local
disaffection is most keenly felt where there are
11 Social dimensions high densities of tourists. Reaction tends to
come from regional, religious or cultural
The ability to travel and to witness other
entities attempting to preserve key features
cultures not only brings prosperity to the
that provide a manifestation of a local identity.
receiving country, but also fosters
understanding and tolerance in the visitor.The
Overall, the opportunity for jobs in tourism
tour operator offer – based on high volumes,
and tourism-related activities in receiving
bulk buying and low prices – has provided
countries have been very positive, as has the
access to travel to millions of people.The tour
opportunity for training and development.
operator’s main contribution has been to
However, a major market failure has been the
increase tourism volume in many destinations
inability to develop and diversify the
that would otherwise have had little tourism
complementary offer (things to see, buy or do
(38) Source: Mexican Ministry development. However, the way in which
outside the hotel) that would provide extra
of Tourism different countries and destinations have dealt
(39) Source:TURSAB jobs and income in the community and allow
with the effects of this increase varies widely.
(40) Source: IFTO estimates monies to be distributed more widely and
deeply This remains a significant opportunity to at WTO/OMT) to the narrowest (e.g. provision
alleviate poverty in some developing countries. of clean water to particular hotels or districts).
Its dealings with the public administration
In countries where the money economy is involve ministries of foreign affairs, home affairs,
limited and unemployment high, tourism can public works, environment, transport, tourism,
be seen to benefit the few who are directly education, health and finance.
involved in tourism, leaving workers in the
informal economy marginalised and disaffected. In the private sector, all the actors in tourism
In addition, children vulnerable to sexual and related to tourism are involved in
exploitation have found themselves targeted discussions. As tourism is a horizontal
by a small number of paedophiles. activity, co-ordination, consultation and
partnerships (public-public, private-private and
11.2 The role of tour operators in the public-private partnerships) are essential for it
community. to be successful.
Tour operators have many sub-contracted
suppliers that are expected to deliver quality
services under some form of supervision.They
rely upon close relationships with people The direct environmental impact of tour
working in the destinations – at airports, operators is relatively limited, but there are
hotels, restaurants, excursion venues, public ways in which they can have a positive
administrations, medical authorities, etc. – for influence.Tour operators communicate with
without them, holidays could not be delivered. customers mainly through paper-based media,
Tour operators have resident staff, or those of therefore brochures need to be used
their local agents that maintain these efficiently and to be sourced from renewable
relationships and are expected to become forests and recycled whenever possible.
familiar with concerns expressed by local Offices need to consume as little energy as
communities. Where good quality possible and customers need to be
accommodation for customers is in short encouraged to make choices and to behave in
supply, many tour operators co-finance ways that are socially and environmentally
developments on a short-term basis. acceptable.
Tour operators act as a bridge between In considering the indirect effects of tour
suppliers, customers and the country visited, operators encouraging people to travel, a
providing information about the destination, distinction needs to be made between
safety and cultural sensitivity (dress codes, etc). developed and developing nations when
With smaller guided tours, customers often considering environmental action.
seek greater detailed interaction and are very
aware of their social and cultural responsibilities. Developed nations have the technical and
financial resources to monitor and enforce
11.3 The role of the IFTO environmental standards in tourism
The International Federation of Tour Operators development and, in many cases, the political
(IFTO) acts as the spokesperson for tour will to act as well as a body of planning
operators (and their clients) with municipalities, regulations. In these circumstances, should a
regional and national governments and problem arise (e.g. an individual hotel failing to
international organisations such as the perform at the level required) a basis for
WTO/OMT, UNCTAD, WHO, UNESCO, negotiation exists between the governing
UNEP, and the EU. Issues range from the authorities and the local tourism actors
broadest level (e.g. Code of Ethics of Tourism together with IFTO.
Developing countries may have priorities that Cyprus, all tourist establishments are required
are more pressing than sustainable to install solar panels, in which case energy
development in tourism.There may be neither consumption by tourists will be less than that
the political will nor the technical or financial by residents. In beach destinations where
resources to monitor environmental movement outside hotels is limited to
performance. In these situations it is important excursions, consumption/emissions during a
for the tour operator and other tourism two-week stay are likely to be much less than
actors to adopt self-regulation. For example, in staying at home.
the Antarctic where no legal framework exists
and the environment is highly vulnerable, tour 12.2 Water consumption
operators and cruise ships have signed up to a The huge majority of tourists fly from colder
defined code of conduct.This is weaker than a to warmer climates in countries with beaches
legal solution as no effective sanctions can be nearer the equator, which get less rain and
applied to those not adhering to the code. have less available water. Although tourism
uses very little water compared with
12.1 Energy consumption/emissions agriculture, there is a significant increase in the
Tour operators encourage people to travel consumption of water as a result of tourism.
from their local airport, which usually means a De-salination plants have been installed in
taxi or a car journey. (A taxi journey is twice some areas of high-density tourism where
as long as that by the owner-driver, and there are water shortages. Hotels pay for
doubles energy consumption/emissions). water consumption by volume and this is
reflected in prices to consumers. Many hotels
Airports have been extended as a result of employ systems (including incentives for
consumer demand – larger aircraft are now customers) to reduce consumption of water
used.Tour operators seek out the lowest seat and energy consumption and waste, but this
mile costs – this requires in turn, high-density remains a major issue in much of the
seating and fuel-efficient modern aircraft developed and developing world.
operating at high load factors.The resulting
emissions of noise, CO2 and NOx per 12.3 Waste management
passenger are lower than for other forms of Sewerage systems are expensive and ‘high
aviation, but nonetheless would not have tech’ systems are required to avoid
occurred had customers stayed at home. contamination of seawater.These may be
funded through central/local government and
Customers are usually transported from the through multi-lateral sources. Huge
destination airport to the hotel by modern investments have taken place in coastal areas
diesel-engined or gas-powered coaches which of high tourism density, but much remains to
can carry up to 58 people and have low be done. Likewise, solid waste is a major
seat/mile CO2 emissions.These vehicles issue for many municipalities operating in
reduce the incidence of car traffic by more tourism areas.
than 25 times. However, in many developing
countries these are not available; LPG (liquid
12.4 Planning regulations
Where construction of airports, roads, hotels
petroleum gas) or CNG (compressed nitrogen
and other infrastructure is concerned, planning
gas) distribution is extremely limited.
regulations that determine maximum spread
and density are required to maintain an
While at the hotel, visitor energy consumption/
appropriate balance. Where local governance
emissions due to air-conditioning is broadly
is weak there are frequent examples of over
equivalent to energy consumption/emissions
development.The degradation of heritage sites
through central heating at home unless, as in
that suffer from visitor congestion is another development plans.They support measures
issue, which has yet to be dealt with that help in visitor management and make
satisfactorily. their own staff aware of sustainable
development needs.
13 Conclusions Strong governance and institutional
13.1 Key areas of progress frameworks have helped to manage flows of
In the past ten years, a lot of progress has tourism through tour operators in most
been made. Firstly, information to consumers developed nations, although more could be
by tour operators has vastly improved accomplished. In the developing world this has
although there are still no objective been less effective with the exception of low
international measures to indicate to volume specialist destinations, which have
consumers the environmental performance of benefited from responsible management
sub-contracted suppliers or destinations. A policies of tour operators. It is in the few
plethora of eco-labels exist, but none with developing countries with volumes of tourists
global credibility. Secondly, tour operators have that are not appropriate for the habitat or
developed and attempt to comply with codes current infrastructure that problems can arise.
of conduct, with some success.
It should be emphasised that multi-stakeholder
The response of tour operators to global involvement in receiving countries/destinations
warming issues relating to emissions has been can only be effective if tour operators are
to encourage zero emission engine included as active partners. In the end it is for
manufacture and ensure that emissions per the country/destination to determine what
passenger are the lowest currently available role tourism should play in their community
economically by using modern fuel-efficient and what policies they want to follow.
aircraft and coaches with high-density seating. Attempts by outsiders (e.g. tour operators or
NGOs) to create solutions based on ‘western
In terms of indirect impact, where tour criteria’ are almost certain to fail.
operators have been accepted as legitimate
partners in tourism development in many 13.2 Key areas for improvement
countries and destinations, there is the Key areas for improvement include:
opportunity for the tour operator to be
influenced by, as well as to influence, the • tour operators need to develop a
behaviour of various public and private sector responsible tourism policy;
actors in the destinations. However, results are • better information to consumers from tour
very varied both between and within operators, particularly on credible
countries. environmental standards applied to and
monitored among sub-contracted
It is in the area of tourism management that suppliers;
the large tour operators have sought to • stronger relationships with tour operators
influence the public and private sectors. Many and local public-private sector actors in all
tour operators seek to monitor the significant tourism destinations to support
environmental performance of sub-contracted destination management policies aimed at
suppliers and destinations.They support sustainable development.This should lead
countries and regions in implementing the to constructive consultation as well as the
development processes of local ‘Agenda 21s’ emergence of true local partnerships;
and actively promote the harmonisation of • significant development of the
local, communal and regional needs in tourism ‘complementary offer’ to create jobs
among women and the local community in their tourism activity. Customers, too, are
developing countries, and greater quick to bring to the attention of tour
development of local agriculture to provide operators’ adverse consequences. NGOs
specific foods for tourists; can also contribute their views;
• encouragement of zero-emission terrestrial • the issues raised are commonly dealt with
vehicles and aircraft; through the local contacts of tour
• management of water, waste and energy operators in the destination. Otherwise, in
consumption and the protection of tourism a destination with high volumes of tourists,
sites (heritage and natural) from IFTO is often used to communicate the
unmanaged tourism flows that degrade adverse consequences and recommend
both the natural environment and the remedial action;
visitor experience; • more recently, the Tour Operator Initiative
• encourage tour operators to adopt self- (under the aegis of UNEP, UNESCO and
regulation through appropriate codes of WTO/OMT) has provided the beginnings
conduct specific to habitat and destination of a network of tour operators large and
where there are insufficient governance small, to develop better policies and
and institutional frameworks; systems of implementation;
• raising tour operators’ awareness of the • IFTO has played an active and prominent
social dimension of sustainable role with WTO/OMT by chairing its
development and ensuring that policies and Business Council. Sustainable development
communications to consumers reflect local is a key part of WTO/OMT’s programme
community concerns; of work.
• tour operators need to ensure those
sustainable tourism development concepts, 15 Future challenges
procedures and practices are included in
their management and representative and goals
training programmes; Tour operators should set the goal of
• tour operators need to set goals for introducing a comprehensive responsible
sustainable development against which tourism policy covering direct action and
their performance can be measured and indirect impacts, within the next five years.
reported both internally and publicly.
15.1 Tour operators direct action:
• better information to consumers;
Tour operators use a variety of tools to create • more use of electronic communication;
feedback systems to alert the tour operators • reduction in use of paper;
as well as public and private actors in the • better use of recycled paper and paper
destinations. from renewable forests;
• eliminate use of toxic paper coating;
• TUI, a part of Preussag, one of the largest • aggregate performance data to support
tour operators in the world, with 23 corporate annual reporting and year on
million customers, and Scandinavian Leisure year improvements,
Group, part of MyTravel, track the
environmental performance of destinations
and sub-contracted suppliers;
• many of the small tour operators have
clear guidelines for their staff to follow and
report back on adverse consequences of
• ensure that sustainable development

concepts, procedures and practices are
included in management and representative
training programmes;
• ensure greater adherence to tour operator
codes of conduct.
Success in the above areas will depend on:
• the development of agreed international

criteria against which to measure the
environmental performance of
subcontracted suppliers in order to keep
consumers better informed;
• the extent of the use of electronic
means of communication;
• technological innovation and progress that
will allow the development of low cost,
thin (low weight) shiny paper for brochures
that have high levels of environmental
performance.
15.2 Tour operators indirect impacts:
• tour operators need to improve their

monitoring of the social and environmental
performance of sub-contracted suppliers
and destinations (building on health and
safety initiatives and guidelines);
• tour operators should develop stronger
relationships with local public and private
sector actors in all significant tourism
destinations, to support destination
management policies and strategies aimed
at sustainable development (multi-
stakeholder involvement).
In addition, tour operators need to:
• protect the natural environment and

cultural heritage,
• conserve plants and animals, protected
areas and landscapes,
• respect the integrity of local cultures and
their social institutions.
30 Tourism
Incoming tour operators, agents, groundhandlers, coach and rent-a-car companies and major attractions 31
Part 3: Incoming tour operators, agents, groundhandlers,

coach and rent-a-car companies and major attractions
16 Social and economic operator forms part of their destination
network for which they are prepared to pay.
dimensions The outbound tour operator can also play a
Most international visitors are unfamiliar with role in that distribution to customers.
the countries they visit.To assist them plan and
operate their itineraries, hotels, visits and The coach companies play a crucial role in the
attractions, the role of the incoming tour batch distribution of customers from airport
operator, agent or groundhandler has to hotels and on tours to excursion venues.
emerged. Many are simply organised as a Their fleets are, in the main, very modern and
service to customers, others have broadened well maintained.The rent-a-car companies
the scope of their activities through backward usually provide new or nearly new vehicles for
integration by buying coach companies hire.The economic value of rent-a-cars for
and hotels. tourism is that customers can reach
destinations not accessible without
With the emergence of outbound tour motorised transport.
operators, the role of the incoming tour
operator has been much enhanced. Contracts The major attractions act as magnets to
are made between the two to deliver transfers tourists providing the motivation for visits and
and excursions and (on occasions) hotels.The leading to increased use of hotel rooms, roads,
incoming tour operator provides all logistical airports, rail transport as well as the land use
support as well as providing local knowledge for the attraction itself.They can provide a
(commercial, legal, political and environmental) major drive for increased local employment.
on what can and cannot be done. Major attractions depend on very high
visitor throughput.
Very few incoming tour operators have been
acquired by outbound tour operators, and 17 Social and environmental
99% remain as local independent businesses.
Worldwide there are many thousands of dimensions
incoming tour operators. In developing The incoming tour operators can, and do, lay
countries, in particular, these local businesses down clear policies and procedures for
compete to represent tour operators and subcontracted suppliers to follow to protect
those that fail resent that all the business of the environment (for example, relating to
the outbound tour operator goes through one driving on safari in Africa) and to support
local business. enlightened social policies, (portering in
mountainous areas in south-east Asia).
The incoming tour operator attempts to However, these local businesses are run on
create a range of offers to attract consumers local labour law, regulations, custom and
that are practical in terms of logistics and the practice.
environment and provide the right price/value
to consumers and profits to themselves. From In some developing countries, the custom and
the perspective of the suppliers in the practice may not meet the standards
receiving destination, the incoming tour demanded, for example, by International
32 Incoming tour operators, agents, groundhandlers, coach and rent-a-car companies and major attractions
Labour Organization (ILO). Outbound tour with government at the appropriate level.
operators can have influence over how their The challenges for incoming tour operators,
passengers are handled by the incoming tour agents and groundhandlers are:
operators/suppliers, however, they have no
influence on how the incoming tour operator • to obtain from government recognition of
arranges for the majority of their work with their influential role,
their suppliers that takes place with individuals • to take a balanced and responsible
on independently organised groups. approach to the provision of services that
they provide within the context and
The incoming tour operators recognise that possibilities of their local conditions,
they have a significant role to play in tourism • to influence their subcontracted
development.Their decisions on excursion suppliers to adopt a similar balanced
venues and planning of trips can have strong responsible approach.
impacts on particular communities.These
communities are in competition with each The coach and rent-a-car companies will
other for offering attractions to tourists who adopt more fuel-efficient, and eventually,
have limited time (e.g. craft markets).Tourists emission-free vehicles. What will then remain is
will often go to one craft market, but not two, the question of congestion and the challenge
so decisions by incoming tour operators of the measures taken by them, together with
count heavily. the authorities responsible for traffic
management.Their objective should be to
The obligation of the coach companies is to manage congestion, so that delays and
ensure that the vehicles are safe and secure disruption to the visitor experience are
and emit the lowest emissions possible with minimised.
the use of local fuels.Their social obligations
relate to conditions of work, particularly The challenge for attractions is to contribute
drivers’ hours, as well as driving and parking to and obtain measures for access and
procedures. subsequent distribution of very large numbers
of customers, while complying with their social
The major attractions can be of cultural and environmental responsibilities.
heritage e.g. Karnak,Taj Mahal, or can be
recently man-made e.g. Disney or Universal
Studios.The attractions of cultural heritage can
lead to excessive use and congestion and to
environmental degradation.The man-made
attractions have imposed upon them a
panoply of planning and social regulation with
which to comply.This includes stringent
environmental impact assessments before any
project is finally approved.
18 Conclusion
The opportunities for incoming tour operators
are to be recognised for the important and
influential role they can play in tourism
development. As small local enterprises, they
are often not brought into policy discussions
The hospitality industry 33
Part 4: The hospitality industry

19 General overview important yardstick against which the
industry’s development will be measured in
The hospitality sector (i.e. hotels and the near future.
restaurants) is an essential and dynamic
component of the world’s largest industry –
travel and tourism.The global hotel industry 20 Economic dimensions
covers a wide range of accommodation Although industry consolidation is a continuing
services from full-service luxury hotels to bed trend, the hospitality sector is still
and breakfast operations, inns, all-suite hotels, predominantly made up of small and medium-
and limited service and economy properties. sized enterprises (SMEs). Research indicates
These establishments may be owned and/or that approximately 20% of hotels worldwide
managed by independent operators, are branded (i.e. have an affiliation to a
multinational chains, insurance companies, national or international chain of hotels), and
pension funds, governments and other 80% are independent, although the ratio of
investors. branded to non-branded hotels in the United
States is higher (70/30)(43), a trend which
The International Hotel & Restaurant Europe is likely to follow – albeit at a slower
Association (IH&RA) as the sole trade pace – given the existing low level of brand
association exclusively dedicated to penetration and continued high volumes
representing the hospitality industry at the expected in international travel.
international level, is also the only body to
have attempted to quantify the size and scale Given its size and scope, the international
of the sector on a global basis.This research hospitality industry makes a major contribution
was published in 1995 and 2000 in the form to gross domestic output. In both developing
of two White Papers on the Global Hospitality nations (where tourism may be the primary
Industry.Their findings indicate that as of 1997 industry) and developed countries, industry
the industry comprised over 301,400 hotel revenues constitute an important part of the
properties worldwide, totalling 13 million local and national economy.They do so via
rooms and generating over USD202 billion in four major activities, profits earned and
(41) Olsen, M. D., Zhao, J.,
revenues. It identifies the largest concentration distributed to owners, taxes paid on sales, Sharma, A., Choi, J., 2000:
of hotels in the European Economic Area wages and real estate, jobs created; and Leading Hospitality into the
(EEA) with 159,226 properties, followed by Age of Excellence: Expansion,
purchases of supplies and materials.
Competition and Vision in the
the North American region, with just over Multinational Hotel Industry
65,000 hotels.(41) This contrasts sharply, for Industry taxation generates significant funding 1995-2005. International
instance, with South Asia, which, with 15,066 Hotels &Restaurants
for governments.This in turn, is used to Associations. France.
hotel properties, represents less than 1% of provide services for citizens and travellers. As (42) UNITED NATIONS,
total world supply.(42) well as income tax, hotels pay business taxes, 1998: United Nations
Conference on Trade and
licence fees and real estate taxes, in addition Development, International
An industry of such magnitude inevitably has to the social charges often imposed on Trade in Tourism-Related
far-reaching impacts of a social, economic and employee wages. Being such an important Services: Issues and Options
for Developing Countries.
environmental nature, as was confirmed by the source of tax revenue, hotels can be viewed as United Nations. 1998
second IH&RA White Paper (2000).This found highly productive members of the economic (43) Arthur Andersen, 1998:
that sustainable development and social issues community, compared with other property 10th Annual European Hotel
Industry Investment
had become key forces driving change in the investments that do not provide this multiple Conference: New Capital for a
multinational hospitality industry and an taxing opportunity. Changing Europe. London.
November 1998.
34 The hospitality industry
Hotels and restaurants also contribute to the Although no data is currently available as to
important process of job creation. As a labour- the actual extent of the labour shortfall
intensive industry, hospitality employs large globally, it can be anticipated that trade
numbers of wage earners, whose taxes and associations will lobby for a more flexible job
disposable income add to gross domestic market on a global scale, and that in order to
output and help to create further employment help combat the labour shortage hotels will
opportunities. Given that each hotel room have to embrace a training culture in their
typically requires one member of staff, every businesses and employ people from an
hotel room built has the potential to create an increasingly wide cross-section of cultures
additional job.(44) and backgrounds.
Furthermore, for every dollar spent by a guest 21 Social dimensions

in a hotel, one additional revenue dollar is
generated for the community. Referred to as By providing many young or unskilled people
the ‘multiplier effect’, this concept is used by with their first job experience, the industry
economists to explain how money spent by a also effectively offers them an entry into the
hotel guest travels through a community to labour market.The industry’s labour-intensive
purchase the goods and services required to nature puts it in a prime position to draw
meet the guest’s needs. In the United States, for upon all sectors of society to meet its
example, the multiplier effect is approximately workforce needs. It is worth noting that in
two; that is, for every dollar spent by a guest in some countries women account for up to
a hotel, one additional revenue dollar is 70% of all employees in the catering and
generated across a wide range of businesses.(45) accommodation sector, according to estimates
by the International Labour Organization
The total output of the hotel industry is (ILO).(47) Given its key contribution to gross
closely tied to the variables associated with global output and employment generation, and
economic development such as basic the social consequences this may have,
infrastructure and levels of Gross Domestic hospitality industry leaders are being
Product (GDP), employment and education of challenged to demonstrate greater levels of
(44) Olsen, M. D., 1995: Into social responsibility and will be increasingly
the workforce.This relationship is worth
the New Millennium: A White
Paper on the Global noting since it can be expected that the hotel called upon to address the gap between the
Hospitality Industry. industry has considerable growth potential in so-called ‘haves’ and ‘have-nots’.
International Hotels
&Restaurants Associations.
those nations and regions that are just
France. beginning to fully develop their economies and In this spirit, some hotel companies have
(45) ibid improve their performance in each macro- signed agreements with trade unions, which
(46) Olsen, M.D., 2000: focus on issues of trade union rights, skills
Leading Hospitality into the
economic variable.
Age of Excellence. training and equality in the workplace. Noting
International Hotels 20.1 Labour supply that ‘in the global economy, all social and
&Restaurants Associations. Of particular concern to the hospitality economic progress is contingent upon the
France. p.18.
(47) ILO, 2001: Hotel industry in high-income countries are current maintaining of a society based on democratic
Resources Development, demographic trends – notably declining birth values and respect for human rights’(48), the
Employment and Globalization rates and ageing populations – which put Accor Group and the International Union of
in the Hotel, Catering and
Tourism Sector. International further pressure on an industry characterised Food, Agricultural, Hotel, Restaurant, Catering,
Labour Organisation. Geneva. by high turnover and a shortage of qualified Tobacco and Allied Workers’ Associations
(48) Agreement Between the
labour in both developed and developing (IUF) have undertaken to respect ILO
IUF and the Accor Group on
Trade Union Rights. For more countries(46).These problems are exacerbated conventions relating to:
information on the Internet by constraints on the international mobility of
http://www.iuf.org/iuf/accor/tur
ight.htm (see Appendix 4)
workers as a result of visa restrictions and • the right of employees to affiliate to the
national immigration quotas. union of their choice,
• the protection of employees against all acts in collaboration with UNAIDS.(50) This gives
of discrimination that tend to violate guidance to hotels on introducing an AIDS
freedom of association, policy and AIDS education in the workplace
• the protection of employees against any and details essential safety measures (treating
measures that could harm them as a result injuries, disposing of syringes and razors etc.).
of them being union representatives.
The commercial sexual exploitation of children
The Accor Group undertakes not to oppose in tourism – commonly referred to as child
efforts to unionise its employees and sex tourism – is a further area of social
considers respect for union rights to be part concern with implications not just for hotels
of the good reputation of its brand names worldwide, but for the tourism industry as a
(see Annexe 4 for the full text). whole. No matter how inadvertently, hotels
along with other tourism operators may be
There is also growing pressure on the implicated.
multinational industry to plough more of its
wealth back into those parts of the developing Experience in the field shows that this is one
world where it operates. In an era when area where collaboration between the various
wealth sharing can be achieved through joint private sector partners, national governments
venture schemes or other forms of ownership, and their law-enforcing agencies is vital.
the expectation is that all stakeholders in a IH&RA, for example, is an active member of
hotel project (be they investors, employees, or the international steering committee on the
government) should have an equitable share in Code of Conduct for the Protection of Children
the profits. Increasingly, criticism is directed at from Sexual Exploitation in Travel and Tourism,
governments that remove all forms of financial together with other stakeholders, including
obstacles as an incentive to hotel companies Interpol, WTO, the Tourism Authority of
to locate within their borders. Thailand (TAT), and other representatives from
the tourism industry.
The challenge of the shrinking labour pool is
compounded by pandemic HIV/AIDS
particularly for hotels located in high-risk areas
where the disease is widespread. An actuarial As a major component of travel and tourism,
study of South Africa, for example, revealed the hospitality industry (characteristically a
that the transport, catering and private sector activity involving SMEs widely
accommodation sectors are the most at risk dispersed across the local environment) has a
from the epidemic with an estimated 26% of vested interest in protecting the environment -
the region’s hospitality workforce ultimately its key resource.
becoming infected.(49)
Individual operators and major hospitality
Yet the problem is by no means exclusive to chains alike are increasingly hearing this
sub-Saharan Africa and its implications extend message as they implement environmentally-
well beyond the labour supply. Hotels friendly energy conservation and waste
increasingly recognise the need for measures disposal measures tailored to their specific
(49) Leading Host, 1999:
to protect ‘frontline’ employees given the needs. Indeed, by the very nature of their FEDHASA Begins to Address
higher-than-average extent of direct contact operations, hotels are likely to take a multitude AIDS in the Hospitality
Industry. 1999 .
between customers and staff. One response to of environmental actions that extend beyond (50) IH&RA, UNAIDS, 1999:
this need has been the publication of the the control of any single monitoring agency. As The Challenge of HIV/AIDS in
a result, self-regulation appears to be the most the Workplace: A Guide for
Guide for the Hospitality Industry on dealing with
the Hospitality Industry.
HIV/AIDS in the Workplace produced by IH&RA viable course of action, whether in the form of France. (see Appendix 5).
in-house environmental audits, the adoption of IH&RA and partner organisations.(51)

an environmental management system, and/or
application for eco-certification such as Green Hotel developments can hasten the installation
Leaf, Green Key or Green Globe issued by of much-needed water, power and transport
one of a number of recognised bodies (see infrastructure. Hospitality developers are well
Annexe 7). aware that poor siting, design, engineering and
construction of tourism facilities run counter
Indeed, the moral, social and political to their long-term interests by causing erosion,
arguments for conducting business in an landslides and flooding. Much has been learnt
environmentally-sound manner are becoming from past experience, including the
more and more widely accepted.This is importance of preserving natural protective
particularly noteworthy given the potential features such as dunes and vegetation cover
impacts the industry can have on air quality, when constructing hotel facilities on the
energy and water consumption, land use and waterfront in low-lying and coastal areas, and
waste generation. of harmoniously integrating hospitality facilities
with the natural or architectural features of
Although less ‘polluting’ than some other the surrounding area.(52)
industries such as certain manufacturing
processes, hospitality businesses, like most Constructing or refurbishing hotels can be an
others, contribute to emissions into the opportunity to apply traditional techniques
atmosphere (through the use of fossil fuels and technologies, to rediscover local materials,
and ozone-depleting substances and the and to consult with local communities to learn
transportation of supplies).The hospitality how best to construct buildings that respect a
industry can also be considered a significant given landscape and suit a particular climate.
user of energy in the form of heat and power. The 2001 IH&RA Environmental Award
As this directly involves the burning of fossil Winner – Chumbe Island Coral Park,Tanzania
fuels and the emission of greenhouse gases, – for example, employed local craftsmen for
the hospitality industry is also an indirect their knowledge and skills in the use of
contributor to global warming. As a result, traditional building techniques. As a result, 14
industry bodies regularly draw attention to the ‘eco-bungalows’ were constructed with
importance of eliminating ozone-depleting materials that have close to zero impact on
substances in refrigeration, air-conditioning and the environment.
fire-extinguishing appliances to avoid further
contributing to this phenomenon. It should be remembered, however, that
hospitality developers do not operate in a
Water is perhaps the hospitality industry’s vacuum.The control of environmental impacts
most important resource.Tourists typically also depends on a strong local government
consume considerably more water than local capable of enforcing building and planning
residents. A hotel can consume between 60m3 regulations.This is particularly important at a
and 220m3 per guest room per year time when tourism and hospitality businesses
depending on the facilities provided and continue to expand into remote areas.
(51) IHA, IHEI, UNEP, 1995:
Environmental Action Pack for whether sound water conservation practices
Hotels: Practical Steps to are in place, such as water flow restrictors and Most hotels generate large quantities of solid
Benefit your Business and the on-site waste water treatment facilities. Major waste including bottles and food packaging,
Environment, 1995.
(52) IH&RA, EUHOFA, UNEP, efforts have been made by the industry to kitchen and garden waste, old furniture and
2001: Sowing the Seeds of disseminate information and advice on these equipment and potentially hazardous wastes
Change: An Environmental
and other resource and energy-saving such as asbestos and solvents. Waste disposal
Teaching Resource Pack for
Hospitality Professionals, 2001. measures, including several produced jointly by costs money and for this reason, hotels are
increasingly careful to reduce waste volumes operations.(55) This is particularly relevant given
because it makes sound business sense.They that shareholders, customers, employees,
do so by minimising the materials used in the community groups and governments are
first place, recycling and reusing waste increasingly showing an interest in the ‘green’
materials wherever possible, and by safely performance of their corporate citizens,
disposing of residual wastes.The Orchid Hotel including hospitality businesses.
in Mumbai, India, provides a particularly good
example of innovative recycling and waste Most of the leading hospitality chains have
disposal.Virtually all in-room products are introduced environmental policies and many
reusable or recyclable, paper usage is kept to a have senior executives dedicated solely to
minimum and kitchen waste is composted in environmental issues. In smaller hotels,
on-site vermiculture pits. (See Annexe 5 for environmentally-sound business practice is
further examples). often driven by the individual general manager,
resulting in both creative solutions and cost
As a major consumer of goods and services, reductions. Clearly, the industry is progressing
the industry has a strong impact on the supply both in environmental awareness and concrete
chain and can induce better environmental action, although opportunities for further
practices here.Through their collective efforts improvement still abound.
hospitality businesses can contribute to
increasing recycling volumes, driving down As indicated, voluntary initiatives have been
recycling costs, increasing the profitability of undertaken to help hotels deal effectively with
local recycling markets and raising customer HIV/AIDS in the workplace and the
awareness. commercial sexual exploitation of children in
tourism, but much remains to be done.To
Hospitality services people at leisure – who date, industry associations, such as IH&RA,
offer a captive audience for environmental have focused their efforts on raising awareness
communication. Many tourists feel good of the issues involved and formulating
knowing that they have spent a low-impact guidelines that can be incorporated into
holiday and used the services of environment- operating procedures.They have emphasised
conscious operators.The feel-good factor is that the challenge for all hotels – large or
not limited to tourists – it can also extend to small, chain or independent – is to address
employees. In fact, good environmental these problems proactively rather than be
stewardship has been found to reduce forced to comply with legislative requirements
employee turnover, and motivate employees (by the government) on which they may not
to become environment-conscious citizens.(53) have been consulted. A detailed discussion of
voluntary actions undertaken in the last
decade by the hospitality industry in pursuit of
23 Conclusions sustainable development will be the topic of
The ‘triple bottom line’ – the consideration of (53) IH&RA, EUHOFA, UNEP,
the following section. 2001: Sowing the Seeds of
ecological and social, as well as economic Change: An Environmental
concerns – is increasingly guiding business Teaching Resource Pack for
strategy. Since the introduction of Agenda 21
24 Means of implementation Hospitality Professionals.
(54) WTTC, WTO and the
and its adaptation for travel and tourism in Since the introduction of Agenda 21, the Earth Council, 1996: Agenda
1996,(54) the hospitality industry has introduced hospitality sector has adopted numerous 21 for the Travel & Tourism
Industry:Towards
numerous voluntary initiatives to reduce the strategies, approaches and measures in Environmentally Sustainable
negative and enhance the positive response to the challenge of sustainable Development.
environmental impacts associated with its development.These include: (55) PriceWaterhouseCoopers,
2000: New Europe and the
Hotel Industry. London.
• environmental management systems and As indicated above, in the social domain,

tools; IH&RA has collaborated with UNAIDS to
• education, awareness creation, training and produce a manual addressing the issue of
information dissemination; HIV/AIDS in the workplace(56) and has actively
• voluntary initiatives; participated in WTO’s campaign against Child
• multi-stakeholder communication and Sex Tourism by publishing practical advice for
consultation; hoteliers on how to deter this form of criminal
• environmental reporting; activity and where to get help.The IH&RA
• implementation of the Rio principles. leaflet Stop Child Sex Tourism is available on the
association’s Web site for member hospitality
24.1 Environmental management associations to download and adapt. A number
systems and tools of these have promoted the campaign by
Many multinational and independent hotel distributing the material to their members
companies have introduced environmental while others – notably in Brazil, the Philippines
management practices at the property level. and Taiwan – have launched their own
Ideally, the framework for this involves defining campaigns at the national level.
an environmental policy and building a
management system to measure At the corporate level, many global hospitality
environmental impacts and compliance both companies are also involved in a range of
with corporate policy and with local voluntary initiatives. Marriott International, for
regulations, as well as documenting the instance, has committed to assisting the
system’s performance for inspection and communities in which it operates, believing
auditing purposes. that business enterprises should be active in
supporting community concerns
One such system is Six Continents’ (formerly (see Annexe 6).
Bass Hotels & Resorts) Conserving for Tomorrow
programme, a worldwide initiative involving In the specifically environmental domain,
over 1,100 participating hotels. Such curriculum materials for hotel schools recently
environmental management systems (EMS) help developed by IH&RA(57) demonstrate that
businesses to evaluate, manage and reduce their sound environmental policy is not limited to
negative environmental impacts by providing a one geographical region, nor is it the exclusive
methodology to integrate environmental preserve of multinational companies -
management into business operations in a independent hotels have also shown
systematic manner. Examples of hotel outstanding leadership here. Since 1990,
companies that have successfully implemented IH&RA, with sponsorship from American
EMS are documented in Annexe 5. Express, has presented an annual Environment
Award recognising outstanding achievement by
24.2 Education, awareness creation, independent establishments as well as chains.
(56) IH&RA, UNAIDS, 1999: training and information dissemination
The Challenge of HIV/AIDS in Entries are used for educating and raising
the Workplace: A Guide for IH&RA, in conjunction with partners such as awareness in the industry as a whole, and have
the Hospitality Industry. 1999. UNEP-DTIE, the International Hotels been incorporated into a number of
(57) IH&RA, EUHOFA, UNEP,
Environment Initiative (IHEI), the UNAIDS publications(58) and press articles
2001: Sowing the Seeds of
Change: An Environmental programme and its member national (see Annexe 6).
Teaching Resource Pack for hospitality associations, has sought to raise
Hospitality Professionals. 2001.
(58) IH&RA, UNEP, 1997:
industry awareness of the social, economic and 24.3 Voluntary initiatives
Environmental Good Practice environmental dimensions of sustainable Given the predominance of SMEs in the
in Hotels: Case Studies from development through numerous educational hospitality sector, legislative enforcement and
the IH&RA Environmental
Award. 1997.
programmes and publications (see Annexe 6). verification of compliance with environmental
measures is highly complex.Therefore, Rica’s Certification for Sustainable Tourism),

voluntary initiatives such as eco-labels, and reduced environmental liability. Examples
environment awards and codes of conduct are of certification schemes in the hotel industry
proving to be an effective method of are detailed in Annexe 7.
encouraging environmental improvement
across a large number of businesses. In In terms of the hospitality industry’s social
addition to those discussed, other examples contribution, one initiative particularly worth
are cited in Annexe 7. noting is the Singapore-based Pan Pacific Hotel
& Resort’s Youth Career Initiative. Launched with
In response to growing consumer awareness support from the United Nations Children’s
of the environmental context when purchasing Fund (UNICEF) at the Pan Pacific Hotel in
products, eco-labelling has been one of the Bangkok in 1995, this IH&RA-endorsed
most successful means for a hotel to gain programme offers severely under-privileged
environmental credibility and custom. young people a 20-week training course in
Certification may originate within a national basic life skills along with an introduction to
hotel association, such as the Hotel Association the hospitality industry. It seeks to open up
of Canada’s Green Leaf programme, as a joint genuine career opportunities that will lift them
initiative between the national hotel out of poverty and protect them from
association and other local tourism partners, prostitution.
such as HORESTA’s Green Key programme in
Denmark, and Green Globe 21 supported by The programme has now been set up in
WTTC and other key international players. Or, Manila (Philippines), Jakarta (Indonesia) and
finally, it may be devised by a consulting firm Dhaka (Bangladesh) and will be extended to
such as the HVS Ecotel certification other world regions such as Africa, Latin
programme. In order to obtain an eco-label, a America and the Caribbean in the near future.
hotel must be independently audited on a To date, over 400 young people have
regular basis to ensure it meets standards and benefited from the programme, some even
policies relating to a general code of conduct using it as the stepping-stone to higher
or specific benchmark. education (see Annexe 7).
According to the Caribbean Alliance for On the cultural side, IH&RA has partnered
Sustainable Tourism (CAST), an environmental with the United Nations Educational, Scientific
initiative run by the Caribbean Hotel and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) in a
Association for the benefit of its member joint initiative encouraging hotel companies to
hotels, the eco-label certification process has invest in the archaeological and cultural
not only created a competitive advantage for heritage on which cultural tourism thrives.
many hoteliers, but has also directly benefited Major hotel chains participating in this
the bottom line. Routine measures can reduce ‘Memories of the Future’ programme have
water consumption and related costs by up to financially supported restoration and
30%, provide significant savings in energy, solid enhancement projects for UNESCO World
waste haulage, chemical and maintenance Heritage Sites such as Prince Gong’s Palace,
costs, and have a typical payback period of less Beijing and the Medina of Tunis (Accor) or the
than two years. historic City of Krakow in Poland, the City of
Tyre in Lebanon and the Bahla Fort in Oman
Other advantages frequently include a positive (Radisson SAS). (See Annexe 7 for a more
impact on corporate/hotel image, internal detailed description of this programme.)
management, local community relations, client
satisfaction (reported to be 90% under Costa
24.4 Multi-stakeholder communication widespread trend towards environmental

and consultation reporting among hotels. Company
Hospitality companies, like all businesses, environmental reports are considered an
answer to a variety of stakeholders, including excellent means for self-assessment – by
investors, customers, employees, suppliers and monitoring progress and measuring the results
the local community. Increasingly, they are achieved. Indeed, environmental reporting is
experiencing demand for greater participation starting to evolve into ‘sustainability reporting’
in decision-making by representatives of the which communicates the economic
latter category, which may translate into a performance of the company, and its
heightened need to obtain voter approval for environmental and social impacts. Moreover,
planning and development, for example, by financial institutions have come to regard
carrying-out an environmental impact sustainable principles and practices as
assessment. In this new regulatory context, fundamental to sound business management,
corporations are being pressured into making giving companies that wish to be considered
a higher community commitment through ‘responsible’ an additional incentive to monitor,
charitable involvement, a trend mirrored in the measure and report performance in the
corporate marketing techniques increasingly future.(59)
used for the generation of brand awareness.
Accordingly, more and more multinational
Exemplary instances of local community hotel companies are reporting their
consultation can be found in both the environmental activities and performance on a
independent and chain hotel sector. Facing the regular basis. Examples include Six Continents
threat of becoming an island of conserved (formerly Bass), Starwood, Radisson SAS and
habitat in a sea of rural poverty, the Phinda Golden Tulip in addition to independent hotels,
Mountain & Forest Lodge, in South Africa, has such as the winner of the IH&RA’s
made a commitment to ensure the local Environment Award 2000 – Hotel Victoria,
community draws sustained benefits from its Freiburg, Germany – which regularly
natural resources. Radisson SAS has communicates quantified data on the hotel’s
established its Responsible Business Agenda for environment performance to guests. It can be
key stakeholder groups (including suppliers, expected that companies in the years ahead
local communities, media and environmental will undertake to report on more and more
representatives) to determine what they can aspects of their operations.
rightfully expect from the company. Both
companies recognise the role of key
24.6 Implementation of the
stakeholders in the decision-making process Rio principles
(see Annexe 8 for further details). IH&RA has been instrumental in advocating
the implementation of the Rio principles in the
Beyond these individual examples and others hospitality industry through its ongoing efforts
like them, however, further research must be to raise environmental awareness. With
conducted to track what the industry is doing WTTC, it participated in the 7th Session of
as a whole in regard to communicating and the United Nations Commission on
consulting with its stakeholders. Sustainable Development (UNCSD, April
1999), which focused for the first time on
24.5 Reporting tourism. In particular IH&RA and WTTC
The ever-increasing pressure from hotel co-ordinated industry representation at the
stakeholders for transparency and openness multi-stakeholder dialogue on tourism.
(59) PricewaterhouseCoopers,
about the broader environmental aspects of
2000: New Europe and the
Hotel Industry. 2000. hospitality operations is reflected in a
The meeting’s conclusions placed a strong performance in terms of sustainable

emphasis on: development. Efforts by IH&RA, UNEP,
UNAIDS, IHEI, CAST, national associations,
• educating the consumer on environmental individual hotels and others to record and
responsibility, disseminate information on best practices, has
• promoting environmental and social enabled a wide sample of hospitality
responsibility among travel and tourism businesses to benefit from the experience
companies, of others.
• encouraging multi-stakeholder participation Over the next ten years, however, the industry
in the development of policy and will face new challenges as it gears up for
programmes. further growth in a period where social and
environmental sensitivity are becoming
Through its congresses, think-tanks, progressively more acute.This, in conjunction
publications and partnerships, IH&RA with the fact that global capital flows will exert
continues to communicate the above pressure on managers to provide greater
messages to the global hospitality industry and returns on investment, makes for an even
the voluntary industry initiatives outlined in more challenging context in which the
this report illustrate that these are being hospitality sector must focus its efforts on
received and understood. making progress in the following specific areas:
• increasing participation of all sectors of

25 Conclusions society and involving all stakeholders
It is clear from the examples in this paper that (governments, NGOs, local communities,
hotels from all geographic regions are local authorities) in the decision-making
successfully implementing strategies in favour process;
of sustainable development. Key areas of • increasing provision of benefits, especially
progress include: rising levels of awareness by economic opportunities, to local residents.
using resources in an efficient and These could include purchasing from local
environmentally sensible manner can positively suppliers, outsourcing laundry functions to
impact the bottom line, the multiplication of local businesses, and supporting local
voluntary initiatives undertaken across the enterprise through the provision of
globe, and the recognition that transparency business advice, and by sharing marketing
and reporting make for good business resources and infrastructure;
practice. In the SME sector particularly, the • lobbying governments to loosen visa
primary contributing factor of success appears requirements in order to facilitate the
to be the enthusiasm, creativity and mobility of workers to address the
commitment of individuals. However, there shortage of qualified labour;
are still areas where progress needs to be • focusing on attracting and retaining
made.These will be addressed in the employees through lifelong learning,
following section. empowerment, better balance between
work, family and leisure, greater workforce
26 Future challenges diversity, equal pay and better career
prospects for women, profit sharing and
and goals shared the ownership scheme;
Since the introduction of Agenda 21, the • ensuring that all establishments have the
hospitality sector, as demonstrated in this necessary policies and tools in place to
paper, has done much to improve its manage the threat of HIV/AIDS;
• garnering further support among industry 27 Summary

players and working with governments to
combat the commercial sexual exploitation In brief, while the hospitality industry is making
of children in tourism, for example by a concerted effort to initiate programmes for
adopting an explicit ethical policy against sustainable development, its success will
child sex tourism on the property, training depend on the extent to which national
staff to spot and report suspicious incidents governments encourage sustainable tourism
and agreeing to participate in programmes initiatives and their ability to understand how
such as the Youth Career Initiative; other policy areas can affect the hospitality
• guaranteeing that all new properties built industry. If the latter can work in co-operation
are sited and designed to minimise with continued hospitality industry involvement
negative environmental impacts.This can be and commitment, then the principles of
partially accomplished through conducting sustainable development within the sector
Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs); stand a better chance of being applied.
• ensuring that the conservation of natural
resources, including water and energy, is at
the core of all operations and espousing
new technologies which facilitate this;
• ensuring that waste generated in individual
properties is kept to a minimum and
disposed of in an environmentally sound
way;
• clearly communicating and ensuring that
the economic justifications for being
environmentally-friendly and for supporting
sustainable development are understood
throughout the sector;
• stimulating consumer awareness about
making socially and environmentally
responsible choices when travelling;
• continuing to gather and disseminate
information on best practice;
• further developing a common body of
knowledge so that all stakeholders in the
hospitality experience can be informed of
the choices available to them;
• incorporating sustainable development
teaching into hospitality school curricula.
The cruise line industry 43
Part 5: The cruise line industry

28 General overview The mission of ICCL is to participate in the
international and United States regulatory and
The passenger cruise industry is an exciting, policy development process and ensure that
modern and rapidly expanding global industry. all measures adopted provide for a safe, secure
During the current decade, it has continued to and healthy cruise ship environment. Under
expand its capacity and to develop new the direction of the chief executives of its
cruising opportunities for vacationers.The member lines, ICCL advocates industry
growth and global reach has been exceptional positions to key domestic and International
for an industry with such high capital costs, and regulatory organisations, policy-makers and
with such a complex regulatory and legal other industry partners. ICCL actively
environment in which to operate. monitors domestic and international shipping
policy and regulations and develops
With capacity projected to continue to recommendations for its membership on a
increase each year, the future offers wide variety of issues, including safety, public
extraordinary opportunities for the industry, its health, environmental protection, security,
customers and suppliers.This increase in medical facilities, and passenger protection.
capacity is driven by a record number of new
ships coming into service. Among these will be Conferred the status of a non-governmental
mega-liners that can accommodate more than consultative organisation to the International
3,000 passengers as well as smaller, more Maritime Organisation (IMO), ICCL actively
intimate luxury vessels.The industry has a participates in reviewing current maritime
history of growth approaching 8% per year for issues and developing conventions and treaties
the past decade, and the outlook for the which, when adopted and ratified by member
future seems extremely bright. nations, become international law.Through
IMO, maritime nations have developed
According to a recent study conducted by
consistent and uniform international standards
analyst G.P. Wild,(60) total cruise passengers are
that apply to all vessels engaged in
forecasted to grow from 9.8 million last year
international commerce.These standards are
to 20.7 million by 2010. Within these figures,
set forth in a number of conventions and
the North American market will go up from
codes such as:
6.8 million to 11.9 million and mainland
Europe will grow from 1.3 million to
• SOLAS (Safety of Life at Sea); (60) G. P. Wild (International)
5.3 million. In sum, the passenger cruise
• STCW (Standards of Training, Certification Limited, 2001: Implications of
industry is a dynamic sector of the global Fleet Changes for Cruise
and Watchkeeping);
economy. Market Prospects to 2010.
• MARPOL (Marine Prevention of Pollution August 2001.
from Ships); (61) ICCL members are
ICCL is the leading trade association that Carnival Cruise Lines ;
• ISM (International Safety Management
represents the interests of the 16 largest Celebrity Cruises ; Costa
Code). Cruise Lines, N.V. ; Crystal
passenger cruise lines that handle 95% of the Cruises ; Cunard Line Limited;
North American vacation cruise market and Disney Cruise Line ; Holland
International conventions set the benchmark America Line ; Norwegian
approximately 85% worldwide(61). It also
for environmental and safety standards Cruise Line ; Orient Lines ;
represents a growing number of over 73 Princess Cruises; Radisson
throughout the world. As an NGO, ICCL
strategic cruise industry business partners. In Seven Seas Cruises; Regal
actively contributes to the deliberations of the Cruises ; Royal Caribbean
2002, the member lines of ICCL will sail over
Maritime Safety Committee (MSC), the Marine International ; Royal Olympic
90 vessels and will carry more than seven Cruises ; Seabourn Cruise
Environment Protection Committee (MEPC)
million passengers. Line ; Windstar Cruises.
44 The cruise line industry
and the numerous sub-committees, working Protection (FL DEP). ICCL also works closely
groups and correspondence groups through with the United States EPA, other state and
submission of reports and papers, participation federal agencies and public advocacy groups to
in discussion, and correspondence groups. address safety, security, health and
ICCL is an active participant in the environmental protection concerns.
development and fine-tuning of these
important international regulatory regimes that 29 Economic dimensions
apply throughout the world.
During the last decade, the cruise ship
The countries where vessels are registered or business is a tourist industry that has grown
‘flagged’ have the responsibility to oversee rapidly. According to WTO(62), world demand
compliance with the internationally agreed- reached 8.7 million passengers in 1999.The
upon requirements established by these and North American markets cover two-thirds of
other treaties. Additionally, a port state, such as the global volume, this is primarily due to the
the United States, provides additional oversight renaissance of the cruising destinations in the
regarding compliance and exercises jurisdiction Caribbean. Although the number is relatively
over vessels while they operate within the small in the global holiday market, the industry
waters of that coastal nation. While operating has an enormous momentum and it is
within United States waters, laws such as the believed that North American and European
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, the demand will, by the end of 2010, surpass
Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, the Refuse 12 million passengers.
Act and the Federal Water Pollution Control
Act apply.The United States Coast Guard In the North American market, the United
enforces both international requirements and States is the dominant source of cruise
the United States domestic laws with regard to passengers. However, in recent years a growing
cruise ships operating within their jurisdiction. percentage of passengers have come from
Europe, Canada, and other areas.This
ICCL works with leading flag and port state expansion has led to cruise line employment
administrations, international shipping of men and women in these markets both
associations and classification societies on ashore and aboard ships. Comparing 1998 to
safety, security and environmental issues. ICCL 1990, cruise ship embarkation from North
constantly strives to improve safety American ports increased by almost 70 %.The
procedures, and the excellent safety record of major United States ports of call are located in
ICCL member operators attests to the Florida, Alaska, California, Louisiana, New York,
proactive steps taken by these operators to Texas and Massachusetts. In Florida alone, over
safeguard their passengers and crews, and their 3.2 million passengers embarked from the
commitment to provide a safe, clean and fair ports of Miami, Everglades, Canaveral, Palm
work environment for their on-board Beach and Tampa in 2001. An additional
personnel. 1.1 million passengers also boarded in San
Juan, Puerto Rico and non-US ports, primarily
ICCL’s commitment to excellence is also Vancouver and Montreal (Canada)(63).
(62) WTO, 2001: World demonstrated by its readiness to work with,
Overview & Toursim Topics - and to initiate partnerships with various Globally, while the Caribbean region is the
2001. World Tourism United States government agencies. ICCL principal destination with 44.5% share of
Organisation. Provisional
Education.Tourism Market currently has a formal partnership agreement placement, a significant percentage of the
Trends. with the United States Coast Guard and a global capacity is allocated to other markets.
(63) 2001 CLIA Destination These include Alaska, 7.9%, the Mediterranean,
Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with
Analysis, (Cruise Industry
Overview). the Florida Department of Environmental 12.7%, Europe, 8.1%, the Trans-Canal (Panama),
Global demand for cruises

Passengers by area 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999
North America (millions) 3.29 4.00 4.48 4.40 5.05 5.89
Europe (millions) 0.53 0.70 0.88 1.00 1.30 2.00
Rest of the world (millions) 0.20 0.22 0.25 0.30 0.46 0.85
Total (millions) 4.02 4.92 5.61 5.70 6.81 8.74
Diem (millions) 27.74 32.96 36.47 38.72 47.23 59.47
Beds (thousands) 81.00 100.65 114.11 132.53 160.10 194.39
Beds. Day (millions) 28.34 31.98 36.25 42.10 50.86 50.89
Occupancy (%) 97.88 103.09 100.59 92.01 92.85 97.66
Source: J.P. Wild, 2001
4.0%, United States West Coast, 3.3%, Hawaii, As a result of these economic partnerships,
2.6%, and South America, 2.4%. Among the the cruise industry is able to create
remaining destinations, the capacity for world, employment for thousands of United States
Transatlantic, Asia, Australia, Middle East and citizens and support for state and local
Antarctica cruises has more than doubled economies in all 50 states.The BREA study
since 1990.The social, environmental and estimates that in 2000, the cruise industry
economic sectors of these emerging generated jobs for 257,067 Americans.
destinations will prove to be a challenge and
an opportunity.(64) In the United States, capital expenditures by
the cruise lines more than doubled between
The cruise industry has developed into a 1997 and 2000. According to BREA(66), this
significant economic contributor to the United growth required significant investment in new
States economy, including industry, agriculture, cruise ships and upgrading of the existing fleet.
and the service sector. A study conducted in Other purchases by the cruise lines rose 30%.
2001 by the Business Research and Economic In total, spending in the United States
Advisors (BREA)(65) concluded that in 2000, associated with the industry increased by
total economic benefit by the cruise industry nearly a third between 1997 and 2000, to
and cruise-related activities was approximately USD9.4 billion.
USD17.9 billion. Of this, the cruise industry
contributed USD9.4 billion in direct spending While these economic benefits in the United
for the products and services of United States States are substantial, there are also significant
companies. benefits worldwide in the industry’s new
emerging markets. By way of example, the
The industry’s extensive economic cruise industry has significant impact in (64) 2001 CLIA.
relationships include high-tech equipment, Germany, Finland and Italy due to the (65) Business Research and
Economic Advisors (BREA),
travel services, banking and insurance, textiles, shipbuilding activities in those nations. In October 2001: Contribution
technical services, dry-docking and shipyard nations where tourism is encouraged, the of the North American Cruise
repair. Other major United States industries Industry to the Uniterd States
cruise lines purchased services ashore Economy in 2000. USA.
that benefit from the cruise business are the (transportation, tour operations, supplies, etc) (66) Business Research and
airlines, travel agents, food and beverage and many of the service sectors and local Economic Advisors (BREA),
suppliers and the business and service sectors. October 2001: Contribution
business benefit from cruise ship tourists of the North American Cruise
Total wages generated for United States spending ashore. Industry to the United States
employees was USD8.7 billion. Economy in 2000. USA.
Moreover, tourism activity can lead to generated an average of $260,000 in

development of new markets for the products passenger and crew expenditures during an
of local artisans, which not only has both the average port-of-call visit.
social and economic benefit of additional local
income, but also helps preserve cultural Other highlights of the PwC/BREA study
tradition and identity. Although there has been include:
some concern that these economic gains in
tourist destinations are seasonal, it is clear that • FCCA member lines’ passengers and crew
the markets involved are better off with the accounted for a total economic impact of
cruise industries financial input, and sufficient USD2.6 billion throughout the Caribbean;
growth can more than compensate for the • cruise-related expenditures generated
seasonal variation. 60,136 jobs, paying USD285m in wage
income to Caribbean residents;
29.1 Economic contributions • average cruise passenger spending per
The cruise industry brings a burgeoning port-of-call visit was USD103.83 and
tourism economy to many ports around the average spending by crew was USD72.06;
world.The importance of the social and • Caribbean cruise passenger capacity grew
economic opportunities cannot be by 21.8% in the year 2000;
understated. It has an effect on all sectors in • almost 80% of cruise passengers reported
the port city and country.The cruise lines’ a high degree of satisfaction with the
presence, even on a seasonal basis, in port destinations they visited, and many (51.6%)
cities strengthens the economy for many local expressed an interest in returning to the
elements. In addition to local port user fees ports of call on a land-based vacation
and head taxes and surcharges, cruise ships because of their cruise visit(68).
purchase supplies and services such as pilots,
tugboats, waste disposal services, fuel and fresh Cruise lines are continuously reviewing existing
water at ports of call worldwide. ports of call for tour operation capabilities,
investment opportunities for development and
Visits by cruise ships generate hundreds of upgrades to passenger terminal facilities, and
millions of dollars worth of business to total customer satisfaction of the cruise
attractions, restaurants, retail shops, shore tour experience. With the expectation that the high
operators and other businesses at ports of passenger growth in the last decade will
call. From local artisans and craftsmen to continue, the industry actively seeks new
infrastructure development such as destinations and often will contribute to the
transportation, all benefit from the development of a new port facility seeking
expenditures of the tourists that cruise ships calls from cruise vessels.
provide. In some instances, foreign ports that
the cruise industry decides to visit become an One example of this is a new port of call in
(67) PriceWaterhouseCoopers economic stimulus for host countries to
(PWC) and Business Research Mexico. Construction of that facility will be a
and Economic Advisors develop tourism and destination development joint venture between the owner of a Mexican
(BREA), August 2001:The programmes, involving local participation in nature park and a cruise line, and when
Cruise Industry’s Economic providing goods and services.
Impact on the Caribbean. constructed will be able to handle four
USA. 100,000 tonne ships simultaneously.The
(68) PriceWaterhouseCoopers A 2001 study conducted for the Florida- terminal design will feature Mayan motif
(PWC) and Business Research
Caribbean Cruise Association (FCCA) by relating to the local culture. An additional
and Economic Advisors
(BREA), August 2001:The PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) and BREA(67) example is a recent investment by the industry
Cruise Industry’s Economic found that during the 1999/2000 cruise year in in a Bahamian shipyard that will contribute
Impact on the Caribbean.
USA.
the Caribbean, a typical cruise ship carrying skilled jobs into the local economy.
2,000 passengers and 900 crew members
30 Social dimensions - removing sand that had been blown on to

the walkway from past hurricanes,
ICCL cruise line members demonstrate a - re-distributing the sand over the rocks
commitment to environmental excellence that that had been exposed,
is embodied through their social responsibility. - development of a native tree garden
The industry promotes good stewardship of with rock formations,
the marine environment through varying - white-washing the exterior of the
internal and external initiatives.They involve beach facilities,
their crew members in reducing the number, - painting of concession stands for local
volume and composition of chemicals used on vendors,
ships and work with them to identify - construction of an obstacle course and
opportunities to reduce, reuse and recycle play area for children.
whenever possible. • Grants have been awarded to the Centre
for Marine Conservation and the World
Cruise guests are educated on the importance Wildlife Fund, the Alaska SeaLife Centre,
of using waste containers to ensure discarded Bahamas Reef Environment Educational
items do not go over the side. Not only is Foundation, National Audubon Society and
recycling a part of the ships’ day-to-day Earthwatch Institute.
operating procedures, but passengers are also - the Centre for Marine Conservation is
encouraged to assist in the effort by using using the Ocean Fund grant to expand
special recycling bins located around the ships. its Caribbean Model Communities
The industry favours contracting with vendors, programme, which aims to reduce
suppliers and service providers who have marine pollution and improve waste-
made their own commitment to similar management practices in Puerto Rico,
standards for safety and health, as well as the Bahamas, Bermuda and the United
continuous improvement. States Virgin Islands. Model
communities, using education and
30.1 Social contributions citizen involvement to design local
Cruise lines generally donate to charitable
solutions, focuses on recreational
causes throughout the world, including their
boating and marina operations and
local home ports and major ports of call.The
curbing coastal littering.
following examples are just a brief overview of
- the World Wildlife Fund’s Marine
cruise line efforts to promote local
Steward Council launched in March
environmental stewardship.
2000 a public awareness campaign in
the United States, Europe and Australia
• In 2001, FCCA cruise line members
to promote long-term sustainable
partnered with St. Lucia, and Nassau,
fishing, using the power of consumers
(Bahamas), to conduct the annual FCCA
and the certification of fisheries.
Caribbean Environmental Awareness
Through global use of the Marine
Project. As part of their ongoing effort to
Steward Council logo, seafood
spread environmental awareness, this
companies and consumers will be
project is staged every year throughout the
encouraged to purchase fish only from
Caribbean. In Nassau, more than 100 crew
those certified with environmentally
members teamed up, and were divided up
responsible practices.
into teams and given various tasks to
• Raised funds for flood relief efforts in
beautify a section of Lighthouse Beach as
Caracas, (Venezuela) after the country was
follows:
hit by devastating floods.
• Grants awarded to the University of women in nations struggling with a weak

Miami’s Rosensteil School scholarship economy and oppressive social and cultural
programme, and establishment of student factors beyond their control. Women are
and marine scientist laboratories on cruise relegated to either very low-paying wages or
vessels. non-employment.Those women who are
• Grants awarded for the protection of the employed by the cruise industry enjoy
coral reefs off the Galapagos Islands. personal autonomy from a sustained income
• Nature Conservancy (Florida Key Initiative) that is not matched in their own country. In
was awarded a grant for its extensive essence, the cruise industry has provided
volunteer programmes to protect the opportunity for women to achieve increased
biodiversity of the coral reefs. economic, social and cultural equality.
• Funds donated to the Turkish Red
Crescent, the country’s national relief Another aspect of the benefits gained through
agency, to benefit the country’s earthquake cruise ship employment lies in the value of the
relief efforts. skills acquired in the course of work aboard a
• Donations to the University of Alaska. ship.Training in new technologies, cross-cultural
These are used to help the university in awareness, certification in management
its key educational initiatives such as practices and hands-on experience brings
the University of Alaska Scholars added benefits to the employee.There are
Program, academic programmes in comprehensive education and training
information technology, natural resources, programmes in place for crew members,
and arctic sciences. primarily to ensure that there are not
inadvertent violations of environmental
30.2 Employment and training policies, and to heighten sensitivities to
Cruise industry employment provides environmental issues.
substantial opportunities for employees from
developing nations. Approximately 85% to 90% When they return to their country of origin,
of ICCL cruise industry employees are hired the employees utilise their experiences,
from the international workforce. Many of training and resources for the benefit of the
these employees are from developing nations local economy and fellow nationals.They also
where employment is often limited and develop a sense of empowerment and
difficult in terms of either opportunity or leadership that comes from pride in position,
stability.Through cruise line employment, these economic autonomy and the development of
men and women not only become contacts with nationals of other countries.
economically independent, but in many cases
direct a portion of their income back to their The working and living environment that the
country of origin through contributions to employee enjoys is clean, safe and controlled
family members.This way, the cruise industry by international and United States laws. Room,
not only provides a high level of economic board and medical care are provided by the
opportunity for those who are employed, industry, as well as the ability to experience
but also helps sustain these families in their international travel.The standard of medical
home countries and feeds funds into care is excellent and usually far exceeds that
local economies. of their country of origin.
Moreover, a growing number of women across

the globe are finding economic opportunities
within the cruise industry.The devastating ICCL member cruise lines are dedicated to
effects of poverty are particularly severe on preserving the marine environment, and the
pristine condition of the waters upon which time an association of international vessel
their vessels sail, and demonstrate this by a operators has adopted mandatory waste
reduction of waste by over 50% over the past management practices and procedures.
decade. As an industry that is based on Compliance with this comprehensive
carrying passengers to locations where they environmental standard is now a condition of
can experience and enjoy the beauties ICCL membership.
provided by nature or human achievements,
ICCL members recognise that even a The goal of this initiative is to embrace the
perception that the industry is not most advanced technology and procedures in
meeting relevant international and local order to establish a leadership position in
environmental standards around the world is environmental compliance and reduce the
damaging to their image and therefore their industry’s environmental impact.This decision
business prospects. has far-reaching implications in sectors of the
world where marine and shore environments
ICCL members have made a substantial are intricately linked to the social, commercial
investment in new building with over 32 ships and economic status of its inhabitants.
scheduled for delivery between 2001 to 2005.
With a capital cost of USD12 billion, the The goals and objectives are set by the
industry’s investment in the future is Environmental Committee of ICCL, which is
substantial. With these realities in mind, ICCL comprised of representatives from all 16
member cruise lines have established member cruise lines. As a sign of their
standards regarding environmental practices commitment, ICCL members continuously
and ship safety. In the past, initiatives such as seek out and test new environmental and
ICCL’s Waste Management Practices and safety technologies. In keeping with this
Procedures were strictly voluntary guidelines. commitment, numerous ICCL members have
The member lines of ICCL have agreed to invested millions of dollars to purchase and
adhere to these as standards, thus field test new advanced technology in
demonstrating the commitment of its graywater and blackwater (sewage) treatment.
members to protecting the safety and health These advanced treatment systems, when fully
of people on-board cruise ships, as well as the developed and proven, are expected to
marine environment. ICCL members believe remove sediments and impurities from
that these self-imposed voluntary industry shipboard waste water streams to the point
standards meet or exceed all requirements of that the output is essentially clean water.This
the law wherever ICCL ships operate clean water may then be reused or discharged
throughout the world. without fear of any environmental impact.
31.1 ICCL Environmental Standards Additionally, ICCL member lines are

The Cruise Industry Waste Management investigating new technologies for dry-cleaning
Practices and Procedures document was operations, photo processing, and digital
unanimously adopted by ICCL membership in imaging in order to reduce the production of
June 2001, as an attachment to ICCL hazardous waste. New on-board incineration
Mandatory Environmental Standard(69) (see systems are being investigated to improve the
Annexe 9).The procedures enumerated in this efficiency and cleanliness of on-board disposal
document have been incorporated into all of waste that cannot be recycled or reused.
ICCL member lines’ operating policies using as
a vehicle, the requirements of the International The industry has also developed relationships
Safety Management Code (ISM), which is a with state and local officials in various
(69) ICCL Industry Standard
mandatory chapter of SOLAS.This is the first communities on which it calls to establish co- E-01-01. (See Annexe 9)
operative relationships and to demonstrate its (MOU) between the State of Florida and the
commitment to solving environmental Florida Caribbean Cruise Association (FCCA)
challenges. For example, in Alaska, ICCL that was signed 6 December 2001. It has been
members have paid for waste water and air utilised in discussions with federal agencies
monitoring and have committed to discharging such as the United States Coast Guard and
wastewater only when a vessel is underway at the United States EPA, as well as the Alaska
a speed of at least six knots, and away from Department of Environmental Conservation
port. ICCL members are committed to (DEC) and legislators in Washington, Alaska
continuous improvement.Through this and California. As technology develops, ICCL
commitment, ICCL members have endorsed will recognise additional acceptable practices
policy goals based upon the following that will be incorporated into this living
fundamental principles: document.
• full compliance with applicable international It is important to the industry to establish

laws and regulations; partnerships with governments.The ICCL’s
• maintaining co-operative relationships with success has been based on continuing
the regulatory community in the United partnerships with government agencies and
States and internationally; local communities. ICCL members have
• designing, constructing and operating invested a large amount of time and resources
vessels so as to minimise their impact on to initiating and continuing the partnership
the environment; with United States Coast Guard, joint
• embracing new technology; environmental studies with Florida
• conserving resources through purchasing Environmental protection Agency (EPA) and
strategies and product management; MOU with the Florida Department of
• minimising waste generated and maximising Environmental protection (DEP) in order to
reuse and recycling; contribute to the objective of sustainable
• optimising energy efficiency through tourism development. Additionally, ICCL has
conservation and management; worked toward sustainable inter-relationships
• managing water discharges; within the port cities visited by its members.
• educating staff, guests and the community. The importance of a continued, open dialogue
between the industry and the host countries
The mechanism for accountability is established cannot be overstated.
by placing the Mandatory Standards into each
company and ship’s Safety Management System In response to a petition from a number of
(SMS).The requirement for a SMS is detailed in environmental groups, United States EPA
the ISM Code, which was mentioned developed an action plan to evaluate cruise
previously. Additionally, the ISM Code requires ship wastewater discharges as well as the
annual internal audits of the SMS, as well as bi- industry’s environmental operating practices.
annual third party audits conducted by a Public meetings were held in Juneau, (Alaska),
recognised auditor named by the vessel’s flag Los Angeles, (California) and Miami, (Florida)
state as acceptable for performing this task.The as a part of EPA’s evaluation process. As a co-
results of compliance audits for each vessel are operative partnership issue, the United States
archived and may be made available to Coast Guard together with ICCL, co-hosted a
appropriate enforcement entities upon request. two-day workshop for United States EPA,
other federal officials, cruise industry segments
The Cruise Industry Waste Management and public environmental advocacy groups.
Practices and Procedures document also forms
the basis for a memorandum of understanding
This forum focused on the practical application and many other aspects of ship construction.
of the international regulatory regime and Experts from the CDC and the cruise industry
other aspects of environmental management completed the latest revision of the guidelines
practices adopted by ICCL vessel operators. In in August 2001.
August 2001, United States EPA sampled
waste water discharges from cruise ships and Every vessel that has a foreign itinerary, carries
will utilise this research to determine 13 or more passengers, and calls on a United
dispersion patterns and, in turn, environmental States port, is subject to unannounced bi-
impacts of cruise ship waste water discharges. annual inspections and, when necessary, to re-
This effort is being conducted with the full inspection by VSP staff.The vessel owner pays
support and co-operation of ICCL members. a fee, based on tonnage, for all inspections.
Currently, over 140 cruise ships participate in
ICCL welcomes the opportunity to the programme.The inspections are
demonstrate global adherence to these best conducted by Environmental Health Officers
practices, and responsibility to environmental (EHO) of the United States VSP, and take
preservation. ICCL knows of no other place only in United States ports.The
segment of maritime industry that will be inspection focuses on the following: the ship’s
willing or able to meet these types of water supply, spas and pools, potential for food
standards. Indeed, ICCL is raising the bar for or water contamination, practices and personal
global environmental performance in maritime hygiene of employees, general cleanliness and
industry. physical condition of the ship, and the
environmental and public health practices
31.2 Health and safety training programmes.
In the 1970s, because of several gastro-
intestinal illness outbreaks on cruise vessels, Since the programme began, the number of
the United States Centre for Disease Control disease illness outbreaks on ships has declined
(CDC) established the Vessel Sanitation significantly despite substantial growth in the
Programme (VSP) as a co-operative activity number of ships sailing and the number of
with the cruise ship industry.The programme passengers carried.
assists the cruise ship industry in fulfilling its
responsibility for developing and implementing Cruise ship companies frequently ask the VSP
comprehensive sanitation programmes, in staff to help them improve their on-board
order to minimise the risk for gastro-intestinal sanitation efforts. Since December 1989,VSP
diseases. ICCL has embraced this programme staff has offered sanitation seminars four times
to ensure health and safety on-board cruise each year for shipboard personnel.These
ships. seminars bridge the communication gap
between government regulators and shipboard
Health and safety is built into every aspect of a personnel by explaining recommended
cruise ship beginning at the vessel’s design standards, emphasising the reasons for them,
stage. CDC, in partnership with the cruise and discussing how to comply with them.Topics
industry and the shipyards, developed covered are: the storage, distribution, protection
construction guidelines for the various and disinfecting of a ship’s water supply,
components of the vessel’s facilities that are protection of food during storage, preparation,
related to public health.These include food cooking, and service, employee practices and
storage areas, refrigerators and freezers, food personal hygiene, general cleanliness, facility
preparation service and serving areas, water repair, vector control, and potential for
bunkering, storage, disinfecting, and distribution contamination of food and water.
systems, the construction of pools and spas,
This programme is also a global training compliance with construction requirements

environment for the shipboard employees and then visits the vessel while under
from developing nations. Education, hands-on construction to assure it is properly built.The
training and practical application in sanitation United States Coast Guard also verifies the
and the reduction of the risk of disease are adequacy of crew training through observation
skill sets that are applicable in their home of drills, examination of documentation, and
countries.This training is often not available in interviews with officers and crew.
the developing world or there are constraints
due to the lack of trained professionals To assure compliance with safety regulations,
available. Often cruise ship staff attain the United States Coast Guard exercises port-
leadership status in their communities as a state control authority over foreign flag cruise
direct result of being exposed to advanced ships operating from United States ports.
training and practical experience opportunities. Other maritime agencies exercise port-state
control under similar programmes in the ports
31.3 Safety where they have jurisdiction.The United States
Over the past two decades, an estimated Coast Guard, in accordance with its Control
60 million passengers enjoyed a cruise Verification Examination (CVE) programme,
vacation. During this period, not one passenger conducts quarterly inspections on all vessels
death due to a marine incident (such as a fire, embarking passengers at United States ports.
collision, or grounding) occurred on any ICCL The examinations focus on fire safety systems
vessel operating from a United States port. and life saving equipment and their safety and
This enviable safety record is the direct result environmental protection items. Additionally,
of the important focus that is placed in this the United States Coast Guard witnesses fire
area. Of course, the cruise industry cannot be and abandon ship drills to ensure crew
complacent; ICCL constantly investigates ways proficiency.The average response time for an
to improve its performance. on-board emergency is within a matter of
minutes – fire teams and trained emergency
This excellent safety record demonstrates and medical crews are always only a few
ICCL members’ commitment to safety. In l996, hundred feet away.
the United States Coast Guard published a
comprehensive cruise ship safety study, which The formalised partnership with the United
concluded that the industry was one of the States Coast Guard has resulted in meetings
safest modes of transportation available and on a regular basis both at the executive and
that international safety initiatives coming into technical levels to discuss emerging safety
force would further improve its safety record. issues and recent passenger vessel initiatives
As reported by this task force, many SOLAS adopted or under consideration at IMO.The
requirements ‘are now significantly more partnership has planned and co-ordinated
stringent than United States regulations.(70)’This joint emergency preparedness exercises to
is especially true with regard to fire protection. ensure the effectiveness of response
capabilities, has worked on methods to identify
No other form of transportation (bus, train, or lessons learned from past marine casualties,
aeroplane) can claim to be as safe as a and has instituted crew training policies in
vacation cruise or provide as extensive fire response to STCW.
emergency and life support systems. If a cruise
ship sails from a United States port, the United ICCL believes this partnership is a productive
(70) October 31, 1995: States Coast Guard has conducted an in-depth way to exchange information on the
Report of the Cruise Ship examination of that ship for safety.The United operational impacts of proposed policies as
Safety Review Task Force. U.S.
Coast Guard. States Coast Guard reviews the ship plans for well as identification of resources required to
respond to various types of vessel Coast Guard regulations implemented in l996

emergencies.The partnership between ICCL require ship operators to submit
and the United States Coast Guard has been a Comprehensive Security Plans to the USCG
factor in the establishment of industry for review and acceptance.These regulations
standards for lifejackets in excess of address both passenger ship and passenger
international requirements, infant personal terminal security and outline methods to deter
flotation devices, and helicopter pick-up areas. unlawful activities on-board. All ICCL member
lines have submitted security plans that have
31.4 Passenger security been accepted by USCG and these plans are
The highest priority of the cruise industry is to audited annually.
provide a safe and secure vacation experience Since l998, ICCL and its member operators
for our passengers.The cruise industry takes have been members of the United States
any and all cases of reported crimes on-board Interagency Task Force on Passenger Vessel
our ships seriously. Every person on-board a Security.This group meets every 60 days to
cruise ship, from the captain to the cleaning discuss emerging security issues, receive
staff and all guests, is placed on an official updated threat information, and address
manifest. Passengers and crew may embark or specific security concerns. Since 11 September
disembark only after passing through security. 2001, ICCL Security and Operations
Access is strictly limited to documented Committee members have efficiently
employees and fare-paying passengers. communicated and resolved problems in daily
conference calls with all of the appropriate
Most importantly, since 11 September 2001, federal agencies.This information exchange has
the cruise industry has heightened its security proven to be valuable both to our member
measures both on and off the vessel in order lines and the federal agencies involved as we
to provide the most secure environment for mutually address matters impacting both ship
its passengers and crew. Even though a cruise operations and security. We are committed to
ship is inherently secure because it is a providing the highest levels of security for our
controlled environment with limited access, passengers and to working with appropriate
immediately following the terrorist attacks all federal agencies to address additional security
ICCL members implemented Security Level III, measures that may become necessary.
even before the United States Coast Guard
(USCG) ordered it. Cruise lines operate within a very strict legal
framework that gives international, federal and
Security Level III is the highest level of security state authorities the right to investigate crimes
set by Coast Guard Passenger Vessel Security on-board cruise ships. Unlike most instances of
regulations. At United States cruise terminals, crime ashore, the United States Federal
passenger vessel security measures include Bureau of Investigation (FBI) has the authority
passenger screening procedures similar to to investigate alleged crimes in international
those found at airports.This includes l00% waters when an American is involved. In July
screening of all passenger baggage, carry-on 1999, ICCL executives announced an industry-
luggage, ship stores and cargo, and also wide position regarding the reporting of
includes higher levels of screening of passenger crimes committed on-board cruise ships.This
identification. Official passenger lists are statement of zero tolerance for any crime
carefully reviewed and proper identification is committed on-board ICCL vessels requires the
ensured before anyone is allowed to board reporting of all serious crimes involving United
the vessel. States citizens to the FBI for further
investigation.
Incidents of criminal conduct are extremely experts meet with the ACEP Cruise Ship
low in comparison to similar incidents Medicine Section to discuss new developments
reported ashore. FBI and United States Census as well as to update guidelines in this area.
Bureau statistics indicate that the numbers of
reported crimes in United States communities 31.6 Accessibility for persons with
are at least 20 times greater than the number disabilities
of reported shipboard assaults per capita.This Subsequent to the passage of the Americans
level of security is carried on ICCL’s ships as with Disabilities Act (ADA), the Passenger
they travel around the world and visit the Vessel Access Advisory Committee (PVAAC)
ports of many countries. was empanelled by the United States
Architectural and Transportation Barrier
31.5 Medical facilities Compliance Board to make recommendations
The cruise industry has taken a proactive role for the development of regulations that would
in addressing the provision of shipboard improve accessibility for persons with
medical care. Over five years ago, members of disabilities on-board passenger-carrying vessels
ICCL began work on development of ICCL participated in all discussions.The
industry-wide guidelines for the medical PVAAC report was presented to the board in
facilities, staffing, equipment and procedures Miami on 17 November 2000.
utilised on-board passenger vessels.Then, in
1996 it issued guidelines that represented the In the meantime, ICCL cruise members have
work of a group of experienced medical included new and innovative ideas and
physicians and other medical experts technologies in their newly constructed ships
knowledgeable about the unique needs and and have, in most instances, modified older
limitations of shipboard medical care. ships to provide improved access to all public
spaces for guests with many different types of
During this effort, ICCL worked in conjunction disabilities – not just the mobility impaired. All
with the American College of Emergency this has been done at the initiative of the
Physicians (ACEP), the national association cruise vessel operators without detailed
representing over 20,000 practising emergency regulation.
and other physicians in the United States and
abroad. ACEP’s Section of Cruise Ship and 32 Future challenges
Maritime Medicine are specifically dedicated to
training, education and research in the and goals
advancement of shipboard medical care. The international cruise industry has a
remarkable story of success and achievement
Medical Facilities Guidelines are intended to in a number of sectors, not the least of which
foster the following goals to provide has been our safety record, particularly for the
reasonable emergency medical care for 16 cruise line members of ICCL.This success
passengers and crew on-board cruise vessels, could only have been achieved through the
to stabilise patients and/or initiate reasonable teamwork with industry partners and the
diagnostic and therapeutic intervention, and to innovation, energy and devotion of many very
facilitate the evacuation of seriously ill or talented individuals.
injured patients when deemed necessary by a
shipboard physician. Moreover, because there is a mutual
interdependence between the cruise line
Both ICCL and the cruise industry have industry and the countries visited by its ships,
continued to promote enhancements in their there is a bright future. As the industry grows,
guidelines. Each year, ICCL medical facilities so will the issues and challenges that it faces.
Issues that the industry will be focusing on in such as the United Nations, the Ocean
the future include safety, environmental Conservancy, and Ocean Advocates to find
management, and continued product productive solutions to the very real issues
enhancements. As the ships become more that confront us on a daily basis. ICCL strives
complex, and the locations visited become to inform the public that the cruise industry is
more distant, the sophistication of cruising dedicated to preserving the marine
operations will grow exponentially.Through environment and the oceans upon which
private-public sector relationships, solutions cruise vessels sail.
can be devised for all issues and challenges. As
global leaders in the maritime industry, the Cruising is one of the most popular vacation
members of ICCL will always be at the cutting options in large part because of its excellent
edge in the utilisation of new technologies. safety record and the high level of quality
service provided on-board cruise ships. ICCL
As passenger demand increases and the cruise will continue to work to ensure the safety and
industry continues to grow, ICCL and its well-being of all passengers and crew
member lines will continue to participate in on-board cruise vessels, as well as the pristine
the development of new IMO safety initiatives environments visited by ICCL’s members’ ships.
that govern the operation of cruise vessels
worldwide. Over the past several years, IMO
has adopted several new international
regulations that significantly enhance passenger
vessel safety.These comprehensive IMO
regulations established stringent new standards
that require significant fire safety upgrades for
new and existing vessels, adopted advanced
crew safety training requirements, and required
all vessels to implement a specified safety
management system that delineates crew
responsibilities and establishes mandatory
codes of practice.These are internationally
mandated by the United States government;
both flag-state and port-state authorities
closely monitor standards, and treaties are
adopted throughout the world.
33 Summary
ICCL is dedicated to responsible
environmental management and protection of
global natural resources. Regulation by
governments and international organisations is
increasingly influenced by communities and
local bodies directly participating in policy
making. ICCL is committed to working in
partnership with United States EPA, United
States Coast Guard, other international, federal
and state environmental protection agencies
and public environmental advocacy groups
56 Tourism
Open for dialogue 57
Part 6: Open for dialogue

The World Summit on Sustainable One of the criticisms from the stakeholders
Development (WSSD) will bring together was the lack of case studies, statistics and hard
representatives from governments, concerned data in the report. For every negative case
citizens, UN agencies, multilateral financial study there is a positive one and the lack of
institutions and other major groups.The hard data available makes examples very
purpose of the summit is to provide a forum subjective.The authors therefore decided to
to engage all stakeholders in sustainable reduce the amount of case studies and
development in a constructive and informative concentrate instead on the major issues facing
dialogue.The summit also provides an the industry.The report has not mentioned
occasion to bridge the gap between these the airline industry because they have
various stakeholders – who are all ultimately co-ordinated their own report under ATAG
responsible for the future of the planet. that looks in detail at the impacts the airline
industry makes and its specific contribution to
Tourism is one of the industry sectors UNEP sustainable development.
was requested to report on at WSSD.The
tourism industry agreed to be a part of the Many valid points were made during this
process and has written this tourism industry process and many of these have now been
report charting the progress and priorities for incorporated into the main text.There are
the sustainable development of the industry. other avenues and processes that are looking
at sustainable development topics in greater
To ensure the report offers an open, self- detail and other international bodies are
critical assessment of the industry the authors conducting similar research. However, there
agreed to be part of a multi-stakeholder are some areas that have been mentioned but
dialogue.The authors of the tourism industry have not been examined in more detail in this
report participated in a consultative meeting report.These issues include the following:
on 3 October 2001, in Paris, with
representatives from invited NGOs, trade • NGOs are concerned that further work
unions, the International Labour Organisation needs to be done to fully evaluate the
(ILO), the WTO/OMT and other chosen impacts of tourism in developing countries.
groups (see Annexe 10 for full list of There are significant variations in the issues
delegates).This provided an open forum for a of sustainability between ‘the north’ and
frank and honest assessment of the report ‘the south’ and between developed and
during which many suggestions were made to developing countries, which often require
the industry partners. different approaches;
• further attention has been requested
Taking the multi-stakeholder approach one towards issues such as human rights, labour
step further, the steering committee also rights, water rights, religious rights, child
agreed to post the draft report on the UNEP labour and indigenous people;
Web site for one month. All concerned parties • solutions to the shortage of skilled labour,
were invited to participate in this consultative training and human resources development
process by reviewing the report and are among the highest priorities for the
forwarding their written comments to the industry, and are being explored further;
authors. • there is disagreement as to whether
tourism is a victim of the consequences of
global warming or a contributor to it;
58 Open for dialogue
• non-industry stakeholders urge the However, this tourism industry report and the
industry to set minimum and optimum consultative process it went through
levels of sustainable development that demonstrates the industry’s willingness to
operators need to achieve using specific engage in an open, self-critical assessment with
performance indicators and to involve all groups involved in travel and tourism. It is
different stakeholders in this process; now time for everyone to share in the
• there is a need for clarity as to the extent responsibility of maintaining and sustaining the
to which the industry is committed to local natural resources essential to tourism’s very
partnerships for development and the existence instead of each stakeholder blaming
empowerment of local communities; the other. Just as all should share the benefits
• NGOs would welcome more detail on that can be accrued from travel and tourism,
issues such as energy, water, sensitive so all, from consumers to governments, should
ecosystems, and contributions to start taking responsibility for their actions in
conservation of biological diversity and this industry.
protected areas and international
environmental regulations through the The authors of the report believe that the
General Agreement on Trade in Services co-operative and constructive discussion at the
(GATS) and WTO; meeting in October bodes well for the
• the question of transparency and beginning of a new approach to sustainable
monitoring of the tourism industry’s development.The industry is aware and
activities is still open and needs to be responsive to both the negative and positive
further addressed. impacts it makes on countries and destinations
where it operates and sees this frank and
This final report, however, cannot and will not open approach as a watershed for the way
satisfy all stakeholders’ concerns. It was never forward for travel and tourism.
designed to do so. It is an industry report,
written and researched by industry The industry stands ready and willing to take
representatives. Its purpose is not to reflect the initiative to work in partnership with all
the many views of all the different involved. It is now vital to engage all
stakeholders, who have other designated stakeholders, industry, governments, non-
channels for expressing their views at WSSD. governmental organisations, unions, consumers
Nor does it provide perfect solutions for travel and UN organisations in constructive dialogue.
and tourism, or have all the answers to some
of the pressing problems of real concern to The ultimate goal for the industry is for travel
the industry.The steering committee and the and tourism development to become fully
industry as a whole are well aware that there sustainable and beneficial for everyone. Major
are still major challenges ahead to ensure progress towards this goal can be achieved
preservation and protection of our natural during the next decade if all stakeholders
resources and local and indigenous work together in partnership. Moreover,
communities. practical and feasible sustainable development
policies must be adopted by industry and
governments alike – policies that can and will
ensure the future of travel and tourism and
thus sustain the natural resources and local
communities of the planet.
Annexe 1 59
Annexe 1: World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC)

Tourism satellite accounting, estimates and forecasts
WORLD Estimates for Percent of Forecast for Percent of
year 2001 USD total year 2011 USD total
Travel and
tourism industry
GDP 1,381.5 billion 4.2 2,654.4 billion 4.2
Employment 78,183,400 million 3.1 99,321,700 million 3.4
Travel and
tourism economy
Employment 207.062 million 8.2 260.417 million 9.0
EU Estimates for Percent of Forecast for Percent of

year 2001 USD total year 2011 USD total
Travel and
tourism industry
GDP 397.3 billion 4.8 784.7 billion 4.9
Travel and
tourism economy
60 Annexe 2
Annexe 2: World Travel & project to develop an information network for

tourism and the environment – ECoNETT –
Tourism Council the European Community Network for
Environmental Travel & Tourism.The ECoNETT
(WTTC): goal is to increase overall awareness of
Sustainability initiatives sustainable travel and tourism and in turn
stimulate changes in management practices, in
WTTC has focused much of its resources over destinations and corporations to achieve
the past decade on ensuring that the travel sustainable travel and tourism development.
and tourism industry is accountable for its This is being achieved by making information
impact on the natural environment and available on good practice, codes of conduct,
that it accepts its social and cultural activities of experts and organisations.
responsibilities. Examples of WTTC initiatives
Dodo
include the following:
Education is vital to securing a sustainable
Agenda 21 future. People’s perceptions and behaviours
In 1996, WTTC, WTO/OMT, and the Earth are formed from a very early age and
Council together launched Agenda 21 for the environmental awareness about best practices
Travel and tourism Industry: Towards for travellers, tourists and the host community
Environmentally Sustainable Development – a should start early too.The Dodo programme,
sectoral action plan for sustainable developed by Cohesion and supported by the
development based on the outcome of the WTTC and the United Nations High
Rio Earth Summit in 1992. At the time it Commissioner for Human Rights, targets a
was the only industry-specific adaptation of young audience and acts as an educational
Agenda 21. tool, introducing a range of nature-related and
environmental topics.
Seminars and conferences
WTTC, often partnering with WTO/OMT, has It is designed to raise awareness and educate
participated in seminars and conferences on important issues concerning the
around the world disseminating Agenda 21 for environment and on human and children’s
the travel and tourism industry and rights. In addition to a television series,
encouraging sustainable practises. teaching children of the consequences of
human activity on the environment, Cohesion
Green Globe 21 has partnered with many hotels, airlines and
In 1994, WTTC established ‘Green Globe’, a tour operators to remind guests of the
voluntary environmental management contribution they can make to environmental
certification programme designed specifically sustainability.
for the travel and tourism industry. In 1999
Green Globe became an independent Business Enterprises for Sustainable
organisation that now offers a wide range of Travel (BEST)
environmental support services to its BEST is an initiative of the Conference Board,
members. Green Globe 21 and the one of the world’s premier business
Council work on joint initiatives under a membership and research network, in
strategic alliance. association with WTTC. Since its inception in
1999, BEST has gathered information on over
ECoNETT 500 businesses in its expanding database. It
In December 1995, WTTC and DGXXIII of provides information and services to the travel
the European Commission commenced a joint community on business practices that
Annexe 2 61
simultaneously enhance destination

communities, travellers’ experiences and
economic development.
Caribbean Alliance for

Sustainable Tourism
Caribbean Alliance for Sustainable Tourism
(CAST) is an alliance for sustainable growth
developed by the Caribbean Hotels
Association with the support of WTTC, the
International Hotels Environment Initiative and
the Caribbean Tourism Organisation. It
develops training workshops and materials for
its members on themes such as environmental
management systems, energy efficiency and
wastewater management.
Sustainability Policy Centre

The co-operative research centre for
sustainable development which links 14
universities and research centres in Australia,
advises WTTC on an ad hoc basis on issues
relating to sustainability in travel and tourism.
62 Annexe 3
Annexe 3: World Travel & Apart from the UNEP initiative, in December
1999 its 100% subsidiary tour operator, JTB
Tourism Council (WTTC) World Vacations, was the first travel firm in the
world to acquire the ISO14001, which
Private sector initiatives from
regulates environmental objectives in day-to-
WTTC members
day operations.These guidelines have
Lusotur established the environmental policy of JTB
In August 1996, the CEO of Lusotur, André World Vacations and has been mentioned in
Jordan, presented the ‘Vilamoura XXI’ vision. the UNEP’s ‘Good Practice Report’
This was an innovative revaluation project November 2001.
proposal based on international standards of
British Airways (BA)
creativity, quality and value. Environmental
British Airways has been a consistent leader in
Management Systems were implemented and
engagement with environmental issues.The
are certified according to the Green Globe
airline has received a number of relevant
and ISO 14001 standards in order to monitor
awards: for reporting; for environmental
and control the environmental impact of its
stewardship; and for its outreach programmes.
corporate activities.
One of the two initial sponsors of Green Globe
in its WTTC days, the airline’s commitment to
Although the whole of Vilamoura (Portugal) is
responsible tourism has developed through The
being developed and managed the most
British Airways Tourism for Tomorrow Awards,
environmentally correct way, the protection of
which are now the leading recognition
flora and fauna is a current concern. In
worldwide for environmental and social
response, the Vilamoura Environmental Park
responsibility in the tourism industry.The
was officially inaugurated in 1999 exclusively
programme has attracted over 1,000 entries
dedicated to the protection and increase of
from more than 60 countries.
habitats and environmental capacities.These
efforts made by Lusotur have been British Airways Holidays activities have included
internationally recognised with awards and a successful traveller donation scheme, audits of
honourable mentions including the UN and hotels and identification of those with
OECD environmental reports 1999 and 2001. appropriate ‘green’ criteria, and, more recently,
involvement in the UNEP Tour Operator’s
Japan Travel Bureau (JTB)
Initiative. BA and BA Holidays have been
JTB joined the founding members of Tour
involved in the instigation and development of
Operators’ Initiative for Sustainable Tourism
the current Sustainable Tourism Initiative of the
Development, which was advocated by the
United Kingdom Foreign and Commonwealth
UNEP and officially adopted on 12 March
Office.
2000 in Berlin. JTB has been constantly
endeavouring to enlighten their clients for Taj Hotels
better understanding of the importance of The Taj has been at forefront in sustainable
sustainable development, as well as the development in India, adopting what it terms
preservation of the natural, cultural and social ‘Green Technology’.The Taj Group utilises
environment. JTB has been involved in alternatives which reduce energy consumption
sustainable development projects for more and reliance on fossil fuels, eliminates the use
than 15 years and its activities include ‘Clean- of ozone-depleting substances, and promotes
up Campaigns’, which invite volunteers to reduction in use of non bio-degradable
clean up major tourist spots in Japan. materials, while implementing wastewater
treatment and reuse of water, use of solar
Annexe 3 63
energy, use of environment-friendly detergents

in laundries and vermiculture.
Key measures and programmes that have been

adopted group-wide are CFC-free air-
conditioning, chlorine-free water treatment
and energy-saving lighting.The Taj Group of
Hotels set up ‘ECOTAJ’, a movement to
standardize environmental-friendly practices in
the company, in 1996.The Environmental
policy of Taj is programme specific and meets
all aspects of the ISO 14001 framework.
To motivate staff and involve guests and
community, many environment programmes
are also conducted periodically across
the company
Preussag
The Preussag group is directly involved in
hands-on environmental protection projects.
Preussag’s subsidiary,TUI, introduced brochures
containing a wide range of information on
nature and the environment, as well as
promoting hotels that are environmentally
friendly. In collaboration with local
organisations, hoteliers and environmental
protection groups,TUI Group Service actively
protects and conserves the local environment
including the reforestation of endangered
tree species and the protection of
endangered animals.
TUI also awards its annual ‘International

Environment Prize’ to individuals, NGOs or
regional environmental initiatives which have
made important and exemplary contributions
to the protection and conservation of nature
and the environment at TUI destinations.The
‘TUI Environment Champion’ award is a
motivational instrument awarded to
outstanding, environmentally-friendly hotels.
Other Preussag subsidiaries such as Thomson
Travel, Hapag-Lloyd airlines and cruises and
Britannia Airways are also heavily committed
to sustainable development.
64 Annexe 4
Annexe 4: Hospitality In this spirit, the Accor Group and IUF shall
undertake to:
Agreement between IUF and
the Accor Group on trade 1) Verify the faithful application by all Accor
establishments of ILO Conventions 87, 98
union rights and 135, pertaining respectively to:
• the right of employees to affiliate to the
The Accor Group and IUF(71): union of their choice;
• the protection of employees against all
• Noting that, in the global economy, all acts of discrimination that tend to
social and economic progress is contingent violate freedom of association;
upon the maintaining of a society based on • the protection of employee
democratic values and respect for human representatives against any measures
rights. that could harm them, including
• Further noting that the hotel industry discharge, motivated by their status
needs peace and social consensus in order or activities as employee
to grow. representatives, in-so-far as they act in
• Being committed, therefore, to work in this compliance with applicable laws,
direction, above all by the examples they contracts or agreements.
set.
• Recalling the basic right of each employee The Accor Group therefore undertakes not to
to be represented and defended by a oppose efforts to unionise its employees.The
union of his or her choice. Accor Group considers respect for union
• Recognising the reciprocal legitimacy of the rights to be part of the good reputation of its
other party and its right to intervene in brand names:
both social and economic affairs, while
both retain their own responsibilities, to 2) Encourage the management of subsidiaries
the extent that they comply with applicable and entities to allow union representatives
laws, contracts or collective agreements. to carry out their mandates and to have
• Are therefore convinced that reinforcing access to the same opportunities for
democracy in the group is the duty of both training, pay increases and advancement as
parties and that this implies both the all other equally-qualified employees.
recognition of differences over ways and
means as well as the search for solutions Both parties agree that any differences arising
through collective bargaining. from the interpretation or implementation of
• Further note that this goal requires, for its this agreement will be examined jointly, for the
achievement, effort at educating and purpose of making recommendations to the
informing the employees concerned and parties concerned.The French version of this
their representatives so that they can agreement shall be the point of reference.
better understand the problems,
constraints and challenges faced by
the company.
(71) Agreement between the

IUF and the Accor Group on
Trade Union Rights
http://www.iuf.org/iuf/accor/tur
ight.htm
Annexe 5 65
Annexe 5: Hospitality Golden Tulip Hotels

Golden Tulip Hotels has 67 owned hotels and
Exemplary EMS additional franchised and licensed properties
all over the world.
Six Continents Hotels (formerly Bass
Hotels & Resorts) It launched a corporate environment effort in
1997 starting from the bottom with the
Six Continents Hotels, a subsidiary of Six appointment of ‘green teams’ and ‘environment
Continents Plc (formerly Bass) operates over champions’ in Golden Tulip-owned hotels and
3,000 hotels worldwide. Its principal brands inns in the Netherlands.To improve the
include Holiday Inn, Crowne Plaza and Inter- integration of environmental management into
Continental Hotels. business operations and to ‘sell’ it to the
management hierarchy, the Golden Tulip
Through its Conserving For Tomorrow Business School developed an in-house
programme, operational in 1,100 participating training pack for environment co-ordinators
hotels, it saves seven million gallons of water and green team members.
and 46,920 gallons of detergent every month,
by washing sheets and towels every three days Beginning with no-cost/low-cost good
instead of daily. Other measures taken by housekeeping and repair activities, it has
participating hotels have procured the progressed to a more capital-intensive phase
following benefits: with a new action area being introduced every
month, such as water, waste, energy and
• a hotel in Mexico achieved 20% savings in chemicals.Through newsletters(72) green teams
energy costs by placing presence sensors in are invited to submit ideas for environmental
guestrooms to control air-conditioning and management, which are compiled into a series
lighting; of departmental action checklists.
• a hotel in Turkey reduced its energy
consumption costs by over USD71,500 by Environmental performance targets and
adjusting its automated temperature standards, monitoring and data-recording
settings; procedures are applied across all properties.
• a hotel in Canada saved USD65,000 Integrating and implementing the environment
annually in recognisable costs, of which policy into everyday business is the company’s
over USD30,000 per year are those main objective. It seeks to do so via training
associated with waste-disposal and laundry. programmes, along the supply chain, in
departments such as sales and human
Six Continents’ owned and managed hotels resources, and standardised auditing
use environmental self-audits to measure procedures.The company asserts that
energy and water conservation, waste environmental action is not a marketing tool
management, water quality, product purchasing, but a business and social responsibility.
indoor air quality, external air emissions, noise, (72) The newsletters include
general environment
stored fuel, pesticides and herbicides, and information on the specific
hazardous materials (including asbestos). action area, resource
Further initiatives include the presentation of use/waste volumes statistics,
tips and ideas on resource
an annual environment award, publication of a conservation and waste
corporate environment report every two management, quizzes and
years, development of a comprehensive guide crossword puzzles, and news
briefs about environment
to energy management, and a standardised performance of selected
environment self-audit form. Golden Tulip Hotels and Inns.
66 Annexe 5
The Orchid Hotel, Mumbai, India

The 245-room, five-star, ECOTEL-certified
Orchid Hotel in Mumbai was designed from
the outset with preservation of the
environment in mind. Some of its most
notable environmental achievements include:
• a reduction in collective annual water use

from 782.6 litres per available room to
614.3 litres;
• a master control panel, incorporating a
‘green button’ in each guest room which
adjusts the thermostat of the air-
conditioning unit by two degrees.
Equivalent cost savings in electricity are
displayed on the guest folio and the money
is then used for funding NGOs and
environment-related programmes;
• total savings per year in heat, light, power
and guest amenities costs have reached
USD152,471. Energy savings per available
room are now 10% to 15%;
• waste water generated from the hotel
amounts to approximately 120kl per day.
90kl to 95kl of grey water is recycled at
the on-site wastewater treatment plant,
30kl of which is then used for gardening
and air-conditioning purposes.Total savings
in water purchasing costs per year have
reached USD13, 440;
• in addition to training 140 temporary
trainees and 71 apprentices, the hotel has
created 430 new job opportunities for
Indians living in and around the city of
Mumbai;
• prior to The Orchid’s opening, there were
no local suppliers who manufactured or
traded eco-friendly products.Today, the
hotel’s persistence in educating, informing
and negotiating with suppliers has resulted
in the development of a fully-fledged
industry supplying such products, creating
further local jobs.
Annexe 6 67
Annexe 6: Hospitality of Change: An Environmental Teaching Pack for

Hospitality Professionals, in association with
Education, awareness UNEP and the International Hotel School
creation, training and Directors’ Association (EUHOFA). Both
publications incorporate case studies
information dissemination submitted for IH&RA’s annual Environmental
Award, which has been rewarding outstanding
The Challenge of HIV/AIDS in environmental performance by corporate and
the workplace: A Guide for the independent establishments since 1990 with
Hospitality Industry sponsorship from American Express.
In 1999, IH&RA published a manual to address
the issue of HIV/AIDS in the workplace, in
collaboration with UNAIDS, designed to help
hotels and restaurants of all sizes to develop
their own HIV/AIDS policies and awareness
programmes, illustrated by examples of
industry best practice.The initiative was
highlighted at the meeting of UNCSD in April
1999, and the manual has been distributed to
hotels in Southern Africa by the Federated
Hospitality Association of South Africa
(FEDHASA) and made available via the
IH&RA Web site at http://www.ih-ra.com.
Global hospitality companies:

HIV/AIDS initiatives at the
Warsaw Marriott
The Warsaw Marriott has undertaken a
number of initiatives since 1994 to promote
HIV/AIDS awareness among its staff and
support those living with the disease. In
collaboration with the Polish Foundation for
the Humanitarianism AIDS ‘Res Humanae’, the
hotel has hosted major conferences for those
living with HIV/AIDS and has undertaken
advocacy work at business events to
encourage other business leaders to
incorporate HIV/AIDS initiatives into
company operations.
Environmental initiatives: Manuals

and awards
IH&RA, UNEP and IHEI jointly published an
Environmental Action Pack for Hotels in 1995,
which was updated in 1998. In 2001, IH&RA
completed a new manual designed to
promote the teaching of environmental
management in hotel schools: Sowing the Seeds
68 Annexe 7
Annexe 7: Hospitality improving environmental performance. See

http://www.benchmarkhotel.com
Industry voluntary initiatives
Ecolabels and Certification
International Hotels Environment Programmes
Initiative (IHEI)
IHEI, based in London, England, is a Green Key (Denmark)
programme of the Prince of Wales Green Key is one of the most stringent eco-
International Business Leaders Forum. Founded certification programmes in the world.
in 1992 by a consortium of chief executives Originating in Denmark in 1994 it has become
from ten multinational hotel groups, IHEI is an an international eco-label covering hotels in
educational charity that functions to encourage Sweden, Greenland, and Estonia. Criteria for
continuous improvement in the environmental restaurants and sports centres are under
performance of the global hotel industry. development.To qualify for certification, hotels
must meet 78 criteria starting with creating an
Representing now more than 11,000 hotels on environmental policy, and site-specific action
all six continents - over 1.9 million guestrooms plans, waste separation and collection of
- IHEI initiatives have raised environmental recyclable materials, measures limiting water,
awareness amongst the international hotel heat, and electricity consumption, use of eco-
industry, tour operators, government bodies, friendly suppliers and detergents, and of
the media, academia, and hotel industry organic foods on the menu.The Green Key
suppliers. Its objectives are: covers 15% to 20% of Denmark’s
accommodation segments.
• to raise environmental awareness in the
hotel industry and promote good practice In 2000, Denmark launched a certification
internationally; programme for destinations – Destination 21 -
• to promote the business benefits of sound which sets out eight sustainability goals
environmental practices and socially covering the three principle pillars of the Rio
responsible business practices; Summit: economic, social and environmental
• to develop hotel-specific guidance, enabling sustainability.
hotels of all sizes to implement
environmental programmes; Over the last four years, HORESTA on behalf
• to work with partners to extend the reach of the Danish Energy Agency, has led an
and impact of IHEI including hotel energy saving campaign for the entire industry
associations, government bodies, NGOs, – 14,000 businesses – which has exceeded its
academia, hotel suppliers, and tourism goal of reducing energy consumption by 5% to
boards. 10%. In co-operation with the Danish
Environmental Protection Agency, it has
IHEI’s environmental tools for hotels include developed an environmental work package for
publications focusing on best practice, action hotels, restaurants and tourism businesses that
packs, a quarterly magazine, purchasing consists of 19 booklets on environmental
guidelines and videos. It launched a new web- management, heating, water, detergents,
based IHEI/ WWF Benchmarking Tool in occupational health etc.
September 2001 with support from Biffaward,
designed to help hotels measure performance Green Leaf (Canada)
and resource consumption, compare it with The Hotel Association of Canada’s (HAC)
similar hotels worldwide, and calculate the Green Leaf programme is a graduated rating
financial and resource savings to be made by system designed to identify hotels committed
Annexe 7 69
to improving their environmental performance. a scholarship to pursue teaching or nursing

It recognises environmental achievements training.To date, not one graduate of the
through a reward of one to five ‘Green Leafs’: programme has ‘lost their way’.
One Green Leaf is awarded to hotels who
commit to a set of environmental principles IH&RA is working to increase awareness levels
such as energy use, water conservation and of this programme and develop it on a
waste reduction. Five Green Leafs signify that country-by-country basis, with the support
the hotel serves as a world leader in from national associations and corporate
environmental performance. Ninety per cent sponsorship.
of all applicants become certified.
IH&RA Involvement in UNESCO’s Memories
ECOTEL of the Future Programme
ECOTEL, HVS International’s certification In 1997, IH&RA entered into a specific
programme, focuses on energy efficiency, waste agreement with UNESCO to promote the
management and recycling, water conservation, latter’s Memories of the Future project
legislative compliance and employee designed to enhance and restore key cultural
environmental education and training.The heritage sites around the world. IH&RA
auditing process leads to the development of encourages its hotel chain members to
property-specific action plans. Additionally, a partake in the project in two ways:
detailed cost-benefit analysis of projected
savings is prepared.The auditing inspection is • by adopting a specific project identified by
stringent, with the auditors present on the UNESCO as a priority and making a
property for up to 30 hours and extensive financial contribution to the site’s
interviewing of hotel staff.To date 34 hotels preservation,
have obtained ECOTEL certification, which • by restoring and converting a historic
uses a graduated five Globe award system building into a hotel to ensure its
continued survival as a place of cultural
Youth Career Initiative (Asia) interest.
Pan-Pacific Hotels & Resorts’Youth Career
Initiative targets young people, 17-19 years old, Accor, for example, has contributed:
from poor, rural areas who have little access to
education and are vulnerable to child sex • USD50,000 towards the restoration of the
exploitation. Its primary aim is to provide life prestigious Prince Gong’s Palace, Beijing
skills training (HIV/AIDS awareness, health, (China);
hygiene, budgeting and English language • USD25,000 towards the rehabilitation of a
instruction) and a basic introduction to the traditional building in the Medina of Tunis;
hospitality industry so that participants • USD25,000 towards a scheme to
improve their chances of finding employment, reproduce the major works of art in the
either in the hotel sector or of a vocational Museum of Nubia (Egypt) for sale to
nature. tourists;
• USD25,000 towards the restoration of the
Participants attend classes taught by Bat Chum Temple in Angkor (Cambodia);
management in the hotel five days a week and • USD25,000 towards the cost of providing
the hotel absorbs the cost of uniforms, meals audio-visual equipment to the National
and books. After graduation, students must Museum of Alexandria (Egypt).
fend for themselves for a year and may be
hired by their host hotel, helped to find
employment in their home province or offered
70 Annexe 7
Radisson SAS has donated:
• USD25,000 towards restoring the Old city

of Cracow (Poland);
• USD40,000 towards restoring the alter of
the Qasr El Bint Temple, Petra (Jordan);
• USD25,000 towards restoring the roof of
the Friday Mosque in Bahla Fort (Oman);
• USD25,000 towards restoring the Roman
mosaics in the City.
Annexe 8 71
Annexe 8: Hospitality analyses their impact on the long-term

business success. Clear goal statements in the
Multi-stakeholder form of initiatives are communicated to each
communication and stakeholder group, indicating what stakeholders
can rightfully expect from Radisson SAS, and
consultation vice-versa from a responsible business
perspective.(73)
Phinda Mountain & Forest Lodge,
South Africa Environmental initiatives:
The Phinda Mountain & Forest Lodge, located Turtle Island, Fiji
in Kwazulu (South Africa), has a population of Turtle Island, a luxury resort located in Yasawa,
22,500 within a 15km radius of its boundaries, (Fiji), was the independent winner of the
This is expected to double in the next 20 IH&RA Environmental Award 1999. With a
years creating huge pressure on limited natural strong environmental management
resources. Phinda faces the threat of becoming programme in place, the island’s owner
an island of conserved habitat in a sea of rural constantly develops environmental awareness
poverty.To counteract this, Phinda has made a programmes and training so that all staff
commitment to community participation by: members understand the importance of their
surroundings.
• acknowledging that people are a
cornerstone of the region’s natural The eco-message is spread extensively through
environment and thus are entitled to the resort’s promotional material, and in most
sustained benefits from its natural cases guests arrive keen to learn more about
resources, their role in preserving the environment.The
• realising that ‘island reserves’ that ignore resort has also established the Turtle Island
the socio-economic aspirations of Community Foundation, a trust fund that goes
surrounding communities foster towards health, education and transportation
resentment that eventually leads to of the local community. Again, this is a clear
interference in the wildlife areas, example of the hospitality industry showing
• playing a role in facilitating integrated rural leadership in environmental stewardship.
development strategies for the region,
• becoming a vehicle for socio-economic
advancement and enhanced sustainable
resource utilisation, rather than a source of
tension;
• establishing committees to liaise
appropriately with Phinda’s neighbours, in
line with the above.
Radisson SAS
While recognising customers, employees and
owners as the key stakeholder groups when
operating its business, since 1999 Radisson
SAS has extended its definition of stakeholders
in the value-creating process to include
suppliers, local communities, media, (73) Radisson SAS Hotels &
environmental interests and society at large. Resorts Annual Report, 1999:
Believing in Business
Using a Responsible Business Agenda, it
Tomorrow As Well. 1999.
72 Annexe 9
Annexe 9: Cruise lines •

protection of the environment,
implementing a policy goal of zero
Waste management discharge of MARPOL, Annexe V solid
practices and procedures waste products by use of more
comprehensive waste minimisation
procedures to significantly reduce
shipboard generated waste,
• expanding waste reduction strategies to
include reuse and recycling to the
maximum extent possible so as to land
ashore even smaller quantities of waste
ICCL industry standard E-01-01 products,
The members of the International Council of • improving processes and procedures for
Cruise Lines (ICCL) are dedicated to collection and transfer of hazardous waste,
preserving the marine environment and in • strengthening comprehensive programmes
particular the pristine condition of the oceans for monitoring and auditing of onboard
upon which our vessels sail.The environmental environmental practices and procedures in
standards that apply to our industry are accordance with the ISM Code for the Safe
stringent and comprehensive.Through the Operation of Ships and for Pollution
International Maritime Organisation, the Prevention.
United States and other maritime nations have
developed consistent and uniform Industry waste management standards
international standards that apply to all vessels ICCL member cruise vessel operators adopt
engaged in international commerce. the following standards for waste stream
management:
These standards are set forth in the
International Convention for the Prevention of • photo processing, including X-ray
Pollution from Ships (MARPOL). In addition, development fluid waste:The industry will
the United States has jurisdiction over vessels minimise the discharge of silver into the
that operate in United States waters where marine environment through the use of
United States laws such as the Resource best available technology that will reduce
Conservation and Recovery Act and the the silver content of the waste stream
Federal Water Pollution Control Act apply.The below levels specified by prevailing
United States Coast Guard enforces both regulations;
international conventions and domestic laws. • dry-cleaning waste fluids and contaminated
materials:The industry will prevent the
The cruise industry is commitment to discharge of chlorinated dry-cleaning fluids,
protecting the environment is demonstrated sludge, contaminated filter materials and
by the comprehensive spectrum of waste other dry-cleaning waste by-products into
management technologies and procedures the environment;
employed on its vessels. ICCL members are • print shop waste fluids:The industry will
committed to: prevent the discharge of hazardous wastes
from printing materials (inks) and cleaning
• designing, constructing and operating chemicals into the environment;
vessels, so as to minimise their impact on • photocopying and laser printer cartridges:
the environment, The industry will initiate procedures so as
• developing improved technologies to to maximize the return of photo copying
exceed current requirements for and laser printer cartridges for recycling. In
Annexe 9 73
any event, these cartridges will be landed • Blackwater: Blackwater will be discharged
ashore; only while the ship is underway and
• unused and outdated pharmaceuticals:The proceeding at a speed of not less than six
industry will ensure that unused and/or knots and in accordance with applicable
outdated pharmaceuticals are effectively regulations.Treated blackwater will not be
and safely disposed of in accordance with discharged in port and will not be
legal and environmental requirements; discharged within four nautical miles from
• fluorescent and mercury vapour lamp shore or such other distance as agreed to
bulbs:The industry will prevent the release with authorities having jurisdiction or
of mercury into the environment from provided for by local law, except in an
spent fluorescent and mercury vapor lamps emergency, or where geographically limited.
by assuring proper recycling or by using The discharge of blackwater will comply
other acceptable means of disposal; with all applicable laws and regulations.
• batteries:The industry will prevent the
discharge of spent batteries into the To improve environmental performance, cruise
marine environment; lines are testing and installing wastewater
• bilge and oily water residues:The industry treatment systems that utilise advanced
will meet and exceed the international technologies.These onboard wastewater
requirements for removing oil from bilge treatment systems are designed to result in
and waste-water prior to discharge; effluent discharges that are of a high quality
• glass, cardboard, aluminum and steel cans: and purity; for example, meeting or surpassing
To the maximum extent possible, the secondary and tertiary effluents and reclaimed
industry will eliminate the disposal of water. Effluents meeting these high standards
MARPOL Annexe V wastes into the would not be subjected to the strict discharge
marine environment through improved limitations previously discussed.
reuse and recycling opportunities. No
waste will be discharged into the marine Each ICCL cruise vessel operator will utilise
environment unless it has been properly one or more of the practices and procedures
processed and can be discharged in contained in the attached ‘Cruise Industry
accordance with MARPOL and other Waste Management Practices and Procedures’ in
prevailing requirements; the management of their shipboard waste
• incinerator ash:The industry will reduce the streams. Recognising that technology is
production of incinerator ash by minimising progressing at a rapid rate, any new
the generation of waste and maximising equipment or management practices that are
recycling opportunities; equivalent to or better than those described,
• graywater: Graywater will be discharged and which is shown to meet or exceed
only while the ship is underway and international and federal environmental
proceeding at a speed of not less than six standards, will also be acceptable.
knots. Graywater will not be discharged in
port and will not be discharged within four The use of equivalent or other acceptable
nautical miles from shore or such other practices and procedures shall be
distance as agreed to with authorities communicated to ICCL. As appropriate, such
having jurisdiction or provided for by local practices and procedures shall be included as a
law except in an emergency, or where revision to the attached document. As an
geographically limited.The discharge of example, when improved systems for treating
graywater will comply with all applicable blackwater and graywater are perfected and
laws and regulations; shown to meet the requirements for MSDs
and accepted by appropriate authorities, the
74 Annexe 9
new systems and associated technology will be

included in the attachment as a revision.
ICCL and its Environmental Committee experts

will work with the United States Coast Guard,
the United States Environmental Protection
Agency and other appropriate agencies to
further implement this standard and the above
commitments.
Annexe 10 75
Annexe 10:
Open for dialogue
List of delegates who attended 3
October 2001 multi-stakeholder
meeting in Paris
- Dirk Belau Hotels, catering and tourism
specialist, International Labour Organization
(ILO)
- Rebecca Bloom – Project Manager, WTTC
- Martin Brackenbury – President, IFTO (via
conference call)
- Giulia Carbone – Associate Programme
Officer, UNEP
- Elizabeth Carroll-Simon – Director of
Industry Affairs, IH&RA
- Michael Crye – President, ICCL (via
conference call)
- Patrick Dalban-Moreynas, International
Union of Food, Agricultural, Hotel,
Restaurant, Catering,Tobacco and Allied
Workers’ Association
- Graham Gordon, public policy officer,
Tearfund, provided input to the report, but
was unable to attend the workshop.
- Oliver Hillel – Tourism Programme
Coordinator, UNEP
- Jan Jackson, chairman – (via conference
call) of the Initiative Tour Operators’
Initiative (TOI)
- Frans de Man, Northern Tourism NGO
Caucus, UNCSD
- Angela Plott – Vice President, ICCL (via
conference call)
- Nicola Pogson – Director of Programme
Development, IH&RA
- Nina Rao, Southern Tourism NGO Caucus,
UNCSD
- Yuri Toroptsov – Business Enterprises for
Sustainable Travel/The Conference Board
- Graham Wason – Vice President Strategy
and Development, WTTC
- Justin Woolford,Tourism, Business &
Consumption Unit, WWF-UK
- Eugenio Yunis, head of Sustainable
Development of Tourism, WTO
76 Tourism
UNEP contribution to the World Summit on Sustainable Development
The mission of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) is to provide leadership and
encourage partnerships in caring for the environment by inspiring, informing, and enabling nations and
peoples to improve their quality of life without compromising that of future generations. The UNEP
Division of Technology, Industry and Economics (DTIE) contributes to the UNEP mission by
encouraging decision-makers in government, business, and industry develop and adopt policies, strategies
and practices that are cleaner and safer, make efficient use of natural resources, ensure adequate
management of chemicals, incorporate environmental costs, and reduce pollution and risks for humans
and the environment.
This report is part of a series facilitated by UNEP DTIE as a contribution to the World Summit on
Sustainable Development. UNEP DTIE provided a report outline based on Agenda 21 to interested
industrial sectors and co-ordinated a consultation process with relevant stakeholders. In turn,
participating industry sectors committed themselves to producing an honest account of performance
against sustainability goals.
The full set of reports is available from UNEP DTIE’s web site (http://www.uneptie.org/wssd/), which
gives further details on the process and the organisations that made it possible.The following is a list of
related outputs from this process, all of which are available from UNEP both in electronic version and
hardcopy:
- industry sectoral reports, including

• accounting • consulting engineering • oil and gas
• advertising • electricity • railways
• aluminium • fertilizer • refrigeration
• automotive • finance and insurance • road transport
• aviation • food and drink • tourism
• chemicals • information and • waste management
• coal communications technology • water management
• construction • iron and steel
- a compilation of executive summaries of the industry sectoral reports above;

- an overview report by UNEP DTIE;
- a CD-ROM including all of the above documents.
UNEP DTIE is also contributing the following additional products:

- a joint WBCSD/WRI/UNEP publication entitled Tomorrow’s Markets: Global Trends and Their
Implications for Business, presenting the imperative for sustainable business practices;
- a joint WB/UNEP report on innovative finance for sustainability, which highlights new and effective
financial mechanisms to address pressing environmental, social and developmental issues;
- two extraordinary issues of UNEP DTIE’s quarterly Industry and Environment review, addressing key
regional industry issues and the broader sustainable development agenda.
More generally, UNEP will be contributing to the World Summit on Sustainable Development with
various other products, including:
- the Global Environmental Outlook 3 (GEO 3), UNEP’s third state of the environment assessment
report;
- a special issue of UNEP’s Our Planet magazine for World Environment Day, with a focus on the
International Year of Mountains;
- the UNEP photobook Focus on Your World, with the best images from the Third International
Photographic Competition on the Environment.
Sustainability profile of the Tourism industry
• Achievements
- Travel and Tourism, one of the world’s foremost industries, recognises its vital link to the environmental, social and
cultural assets of the planet and has taken a lead in awareness raising, standards setting, certification, accreditation
and voluntary initiatives.
• Unfinished business
- Travel and Tourism’s enormous potential to benefit host communities in developing regions through economic
growth and job creation can only be fulfilled if all stakeholders work together.
• Future challenges and possible commitments

- As one of the major stakeholders, the industry will do its part to ensure that Travel and Tourism works for
everyone and is environmentally, socially and economically sustainable, now and in the future.
United Nations Environment Programme

Division of Technology, Industry and Economics
39-43 Quai André Citroën
For further information contact: 75739 Paris Cedex 15
France
Web site: http://www.ih-ra.com Tel: +33 1 44 37 14 50
Web site: http://www.wttc.org Fax: +33 1 44 37 14 74
Web site: http://www.iccl.org E-mail: wssd@unep.fr
E-mail: ifto@ifto.demon.co.uk Web site: http://www.uneptie.org/wssd/

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Accounting

Finance and Insurance

Food and Drink

Iron and Steel

Oil and Gas

First published in the United Kingdom in 2002.

Industry as a partner for sustainable development

A report prepared by:

International Federation of Tour Operators International Council of Cruise Lines (ICCL)

11 Part 1: Implementation of the three dimensions of sustainable tourism development

23 Part 2: The tour operator industry

33 Part 4: The hospitality industry

43 Part 5: The cruise line industry

57 Part 6: Open for dialogue

59 Annexe 1: World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC)

60 Annexe 2: World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC)

62 Annexe 3: World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC)

72 Annexe 9: Cruise lines

75 Annexe 10: Open for dialogue

Business Enterprises for Sustainable Travel/The Conference Board

The Tour Operators’ Initiative (http://www.toinitiative.org), a network

World Tourism Organization (http://www.world-tourism.org), a global

will bring valuable networking processes,

report went through. Although some of these

Part 1: Implementation of the three dimensions of

• USD3.3 trillion contribution to global GDP, an ‘experience-based economy’, a term used

3 Economic dimensions proportion of SMEs has led to unconstructive

Part 2: The tour operator industry

particularly organised tourism. Cancun in 11.1 Influences of increased tourism

• ensure that sustainable development

Success in the above areas will depend on:

• the development of agreed international

15.2 Tour operators indirect impacts:

• tour operators need to improve their

In addition, tour operators need to:

• protect the natural environment and

Part 3: Incoming tour operators, agents, groundhandlers,

Part 4: The hospitality industry

Furthermore, for every dollar spent by a guest 21 Social dimensions

in-house environmental audits, the adoption of IH&RA and partner organisations.(51)

• environmental management systems and As indicated above, in the social domain,

measures is highly complex.Therefore, Rica’s Certification for Sustainable Tourism),

24.4 Multi-stakeholder communication widespread trend towards environmental

The meeting’s conclusions placed a strong performance in terms of sustainable

• increasing participation of all sectors of

• garnering further support among industry 27 Summary

Part 5: The cruise line industry

Global demand for cruises

Source: J.P. Wild, 2001

Moreover, tourism activity can lead to generated an average of $260,000 in

30 Social dimensions - removing sand that had been blown on to

• Grants awarded to the University of women in nations struggling with a weak

Moreover, a growing number of women across

31.1 ICCL Environmental Standards Additionally, ICCL member lines are

• full compliance with applicable international It is important to the industry to establish

This programme is also a global training compliance with construction requirements

respond to various types of vessel Coast Guard regulations implemented in l996

Part 6: Open for dialogue

Annexe 1: World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC)

EU Estimates for Percent of Forecast for Percent of

Annexe 2: World Travel & project to develop an information network for

simultaneously enhance destination

Caribbean Alliance for