CONSTRUCTION METHODS AND OPERATIONS

CONSTRUCTION METHODS- are the procedures and techniques that are used during the building process.

CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS- are generally classified according to specialized fields. These include preparation of the
project site, earth-moving, foundation, steel erection, concrete placement, asphalt paving, and electrical and mechanical
installations.

Procedures for each of these fields are generally the same, even when applied to different projects, such as buildings, dams,
or airports.

COMMONLY-USED RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION METHODS

1. PLATFORM/STICK FRAMING WITH WOOD-also known as “stick-built”. Platform framing uses individual
pieces of dimensional lumber which are assembled piece by piece to form the frame of a home.

2. STEEL FRAMING--is a building technique with a "skeleton frame" of vertical steel columns and horizontal I-
beams

THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF STEEL

a. HOT ROLLED STEEL-(sometimes “structural steel”) is produced in an industrial process using high heat. The
beams and columns produced are very strong, but also very thick; this type of steel is most often used to
construct commercial buildings, but these beams are also used sparingly in high-end residential projects that
have large spans requiring the added strength of steel “I-beams”.

b. COLD-FORMED STEEL-also commonly known as light-gauge steel, is also incredibly strong but has the
added benefit of being able to be formed into much thinner pieces. Cold-formed steel can be folded, punched
and laser-cut, allowing for more precision and customization.

3. CONCRETE-is a mixture of Portland cement or any other hydraulic cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and
water, with or without admixtures.

COMMON MATERIALS USED FOR RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION

1. WOOD -is a porous and fibrous structural tissue found in the stem and roots of trees and other woody plants. It is
an organic materials, a natural composite of cellulose fibres that are strong in tension and embedded in
a matrix of lignin that resists compression.

2. STONE -the hard, solid, non-metallic mineral matter of which rock is made, especially as a building material.

3. STEEL-is an alloy of iron and other elements, primarily carbon. Because of its high tensile strength and low cost, it
is a major component in buildings, infrastructure, and structure

4. CONCRETE -is a composite material composed of coarse aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement that
hardens over time.

5. BRICKS&BLOCKS-are components of durable masonry construction in which uniformly shaped individual units
are laid in courses with mortar as the bed and binding material. They consist of high mass materials with good
compressive strength formed into units that can be lifted and handled by a single worker.

6. GLASS -is a non-crystalline amorphous solid that is often transparent and has widespread practical, technological,
and decorative usage in, for example, window panes and tableware.
CONSTRUCTION ORDER
1. CLEAR AND ROUGH GRADE

Clearing-is the removal of trees and undergrowth from the actual construction site and yard areas.

Rough grading -is moving the dirt around to establish the approximate drainage patterns, yard areas, drive and walk
levels, etc. that you hope to achieve.

2. EXCAVATION -This is where a piece of earth-moving equipment digs the hole for your foundation

3. FOOTINGS-This is the structure where the house interfaces with the earth that supports
it. All of the weight of the building rests on the footings.

4. BACKFILL-Pushing the excavated dirt into the hole next to the foundation wall around the house (inside and out).
This is a good time to establish the necessary drainage away from the house at the foundation wall.

5. FRAMING-This is a general category that includes partition walls that have not been installed, pillars, soffits for
wall cabinets, and drywall nailers.

6. WINDOWS AND DOORS-The trim materials installed here may include the door casing, base mould, window
stool and apron, window casing.

7. ROUGH PLUMBING- It means to bore holes throught the studs for the pipes and install and connect pipes to each
other

8. ROOFING-the structure forming the upper covering

9. ROUGH ELECTRICAL-it means to pull all of the electrical cables through the studs and into the boxes

10. INSULATION-insulation in buildings is for thermal purposes, the term also applies to acoustic insulation, fire
insulations and impact insulation.

11. FINISH UP -Final paint ,Finish electrical, Finish plumbing and Tiles cladding

CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS

a. SECTION A

Construction, alteration, repair, maintenance, extension, demolition or dismantling of buildings, or structures

forming, or to form, part of the land (whether permanent or not).

b. SECTION B

• Construction, alteration, repair, maintenance, extension, demolition or dismantling of any works forming,
or to form, part of the land, including (without prejudice to the foregoing):

• Walls.

• Roadworks.

• Power-lines.

• Telecommunication apparatus.

• Aircraft runways.

• Docks and harbours.

 • Railways.

• Inland waterways.

• Pipe-lines, reservoirs, water-mains, wells, sewers.

c. SECTION C

• Installation in any building or structure of fittings forming part of the land, including (without prejudice to
the foregoing), systems of:

• Heating.

• Lighting.

• Air-conditioning.

• Ventilation.

• Power supply.

• Drainage.

• Sanitation.

• Water supply or fire protection.

• Security or communications systems.'

d. SECTION D- External or internal cleaning of buildings and structures, so far as carried out in the course of their
construction, alteration, repair, extension or restoration.

e. SECTION E

• Operations which form an integral part of, or are preparatory to, or are for rendering complete, such
operations as are previously described in this subsection, including: Site clearance.

• Earth-moving.

• Excavation.

• Tunnelling and boring.

• Laying of foundations.

• Erection, maintenance or dismantling of scaffolding.

• Site restoration.

• Landscaping.

f. SECTION F- Painting or decorating the internal or external surfaces of any building or structure.
ACTIVITIES THAT ARE NOT CONSIDERED TO BE 'CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS’:

a. SECTION A - Drilling for, or extraction of, oil or natural gas.

b. SECTION B - Extraction (whether by underground or surface working) of minerals; tunnelling or boring, or

construction of underground works, for this purpose.

c. SECTION C

-'Assembly, installation or demolition of plant or machinery, or erection or demolition of steelwork for the purposes
of supporting or providing access to plant or machinery, on a site where the primary activity is:

-Nuclear processing, power generation, or water or effluent treatment.

-The production, transmission, processing or bulk storage (other than warehousing) of chemicals,

d. SECTION D

-Manufacture or delivery to site of:

-Building or engineering components or equipment.

-Materials, plant or machinery.

-Components for systems of heating, lighting, air-conditioning, ventilation, power supply, drainage, sanitation, water
supply or fire protection, or for security or communications systems.'

-There is an exception to the above which is when they are 'under a contract which also provides for their
installation.'

e. SECTION E

• 'The making, installation and repair of artistic works, being sculptures, murals and other works which are
wholly artistic in nature.'