G NARAYANAMMA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE

(FOR WOMEN)
SHAIKPET, HYDERABAD – 500008

ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS
LABORATORY MANUAL

DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
MARCH - 2006
G NARAYANAMMA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
(FOR WOMEN)
SHAIKPET, HYDERABAD – 500008

GNITS GNITS-D / ECE / LLM / 023(a) / 01

LAB WISE-LABMANAUALS DEPARTMENT : ECE

ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS
LABORATORY MANUAL

DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
MARCH - 2006
 INDEX

S.NO NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT PAGE.NO

SOFT WARE

1. COMMON EMITTER AND COMMON SOURCE 1

AMPLIFIER.
2. TWO STAGE RC COUPLED AMPLIFIER. 9

3. CURRENT SHUNT AND FEED BACK AMPLIFIER 16

4. RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR. 21

5. CLASS A AND CLASS AB POWER AMPLIFIERS 25

6. HIGH FREQUENCY COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER. 32

HARD WARE

7. TWO STAGE RC COUPLED AMPLIFER 38

8. CURRENT SHUNT AND FEED BACK AMPLIFIER 41

9. CLASS A AND CLASS AB POWER AMPLIFIERS. 44

10. SINGLE TUNED VOLTAGE AMPLIFIER 48

11. SERIES VOLTAGE REGULATOR 50

12. SHUNTVOLTAGE REGULATOR. 52

 COMMON EMITTER AND COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

AIM: To design CE single stage amplifier with potential divider circuit using
NPN Transistor 2N2923 for the specifications : IC= 3 mA, Vce = 10v,β = 190,
& IR1 = 32IB .verify DC values (Voltage and current) at various nodes using
MULTISIM.

APPARATUS: - Multisim Soft ware.

DESIGN PROCEDURE:
Vcc = 25V
Select VRE ≤ VCE
Select VRE = 5V
VRE 5
∴ RE = = = 1.66 K ( select 2.00 K )
IC 3m
& VRC=VCC-VCE-VRE=25-10-5=10V
V RC 10
∴ RC = = = 3.33KΩ
IC 3m
IC 3m
IB = = = 15µA
β 190
∴ I R1 = 32 I B = 32 × 15µ = 480 µA
∴ I R 2 = I R1 − I B = 480 − 15 = 465 µA
& V B = V BE + V RE = 0.65 + 5 = 5.65V
VB 5.65
∴ R2 = = = 12.15 KΩ
I R 2 465 µ
VCC − V B 25 − 5.65
R1 = = = 40.3125 KΩ
I R1 480 µ
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-
VCC 25V

R1 VCC R4
40.2kOhm_1% 40.2kOhm_1%

9 V4 10
0V
V3
0V Q1
V2 7
2N2923

11
4 0V
V1
0V
2
3 R3
R2
2.00kOhm_1%
12kOhm_5%

PROCEDURE:- 1. Rig up the circuit using multisim software and verify the
results using DC operating point analysis (simulate ---- analysis ----- DC
operating point).
2.Rig up the circuit using multisim software and verify the results using DC
transfer characteristic analysis(simulate ---- analysis ----- DC sweep)

Out put voltage VCE variation with V CC (0 to 25V)

RESULT:- The CE single stage amplifier is designed. The D.C voltages and
currents at various nodes are observed. The D.C transfer characteristic is
plotted.
 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

AIM: a) To design a single stage FET Common Source amplifier with potential
divider circuit using 2n4861 FET-N channel for the following specifications:
VDD = 24V,ID = 1ma,VGS=2V,VPMAX =13V,RL=1K.
b) To observe dc operating point, frequency response, DC transfer characteristic
& C.R.O waveforms.

APPARATUS: Multisim soft ware.

DESIGN PROCEDURE:

VDSmin = VPmax + 1 - VGS

= 13 + 1 - 2
= 12V

VDD − VDS min 24 − 12

VS = VRD = = =6
2 2
VRD 6
RD = RS = = = 6KΩ(Use s tan dard value 6.3KΩ)
ID 1m
VG = VS − VGS = 6 − 2 = 4V = VR 2
Select R2 = 1MΩ
VR1
R1 = × R2
VR 2
VR1 = VDD − VG = 24 − 4 = 20
20 × 1M
∴ R1 = = 5MΩ
4
(Use s tan dard value which is less than or equal to 5M i.e. 4.7M )
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:- 1. Rig up the circuit using multisim software and verify the
results using DC operating point analysis (simulate----analysis ---- DC operating
point)
2.Rig up the circuit using multisim software and verify the results using DC
transfer characteristic analysis(simulate ---- analysis ----- DC sweep)

3. Rig up the circuit using multisim software and verify the results using AC
analysis (Simulate ---- analysis ----- AC analysis)
4.Rig up the circuit using multisim software and verify the results using
Oscilloscope

RESULT: The CS single stage amplifier is designed with the given

specifications. The D.C operating point analysis is performed. The frequency
response is plotted and the Band width is found.
 TEST YOUR SELF

1. What is meant by Q- point?

2. What is the need for biasing a transistor?
3. What factors are to be considered for selecting the operating point Q for
an amplifier?
4. Distinguish between D.C. and A.C load lines.
5. What are the reasons for keeping the operating point of a transistor as
fixed?
6. What is thermal runaway? How can it be avoided?
7. What are the factors which contribute to thermal instability?
8. Define ‘Stability Factor’. Why would it seem more reasonable to call this
an instability factor?
9. How will be the output voltage in a CS amplifier?
10. To have good voltage gain and high input resistance which FET amplifier
is to be used?
 TWO STAGE RC COUPLED AMPLIFIER

Q1) Design a single stage transistor amplifier with potential divider circuit
(using an npn si transistors) with following specifications.
IC=1.6ma,VCE=7.6v,RC=2.2k,VCC=12v, I1=10IB and β=54. Verify the DC
values (Voltage and current) at various nodes using Multisim software

DESIGN: IB=IC/β = 1.62/54=0.03ma

VCC=IC(RC+RE)+VCE ; 12=1.62(2.2+RE)+7.6 ; RE=0.516k
V2=VBE+ICRE ; V2=0.7+1.62*0.516=1.536v
V2=I1R2 ; R2=V2/(I1=10IB) ; 1.536/0.3=5.12k
I1=VCC/(R1+R2) ; (R1+R2)=12/0.3=38.1k ; R1=38.1-5.12=32.98k

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

VCC 12V

R3
R1 2.2kohm
32.98kohm
V2
5V1 0V
0V

1
V3
8 BC107BP
Q1
0V
4
R2 2R4
5.1kohm
516ohm

0
PROCEDURE: Rig up the circuit using multisim software and verify the

results using DC operating point analysis (simulate analysis DC

operating point)
DC Operating Point (Results)
1 8.05632v
2 928.05352mv
4 1.58077v
Vv1#branch 315.92573µa
Vv2#branch 1.79258ma
vcc 12.00000v
vccvcc#branch -2.10851ma

Q2) Design a single stage transistor amplifier with potential divider circuit
(using an npn si transistors) with following specifications.
IC=2.32ma,VCE=5.7v,RC=2.2k,VCC=12v, I1=10IB and β=33. Verify the DC
values (Voltage and current) at various nodes using Multisim software
DESIGN:
IB=IC/β = 2.32/33=0.07ma
VCC=IC(RC+RE)+VCE ; 12=2.32(2.2+RE)+5.7 ; RE=0.51k
V2=VBE+ICRE ; V2=0.7+2.32*0.51=1.88v
V2=I1R2 ; R2=V2/(I1=10IB) ; 1.88/0.7=2.68k
I1=VCC/(R1+R2) ; (R1+R2)=12/0.7=17.14k ; R1=17.14-2.68=14.46k
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
VCC 12V

R3
R1 2.2kohm
14.46kohm
V2
V1
5 0V 12 0V

V3
BC107BP
3
Q1
0V

R2 2
R4
2.68kohm
510ohm

PROCEDURE: Rig up the circuit using multisim software and verify the
results using DC operating point analysis (simulate analysis DC
operating point)

DC Operating Point (Results)

1 6.84857v
2 1.19817v
3 1.85869v
vv2#branch 2.34156ma
vcc 12.00000v
vccvcc#branch -3.04290ma
vv1#branch 701.33569µa
vv3#branch -7.79614µa
Q3) Cascade above two stages and find overall gain (choose Cc=4.7µf,
Ce=470µf, hfe=50) find the frequency response, DC operating points and
parameter sweep of load resister.

ANALYSIS:
Stage-2: AI2= -hfe/(1+hoeRL2) ; -50/(1+2/40) = -47.62
Ri2 = hie+hreAI2RL2 ;1.1+2.5e-4*-47.62*2 = 1.076k;
Av2= -AI2*RL2/Ri2 ; -47.62*2/1.076 = -88.51
Stage-1: RL1 = 2.2k||14.2||2.5||1.076 = 0.54k
AI1 = -50/(1+0.54/40) = -49.3
Ri1 = 1.1+2.5e-4*-49.3*0.54 = 1.106k
Av1 = -49.3*0.54/1.106 = -24.07
Overall gain Av = Av1*Av2 = 24.07*88.51= 2130.4
Avs = Av*Ri’/(Ri’+RS) ; Ri’ = 1.106||33||5.1= 0.88k
=2130.4*0.88/(0.88+15) =118
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
VCC 12V

VCC
Rc2
14.0kOhm_1%
R1 Rc1 2.2kOhm_5%
C5
33kOhm_5% R12
2.2kOhm_5%
10
C3 47uF 14
9
Q1
5
BC107BP
C1 Q3 4.7uF R10
Rs 22kOhm_5%
BC107BP
3 1
15kOhm_5% 2
4.7uF
2.55kOhm_1% 11
V1 R22 Re2
Re1 C4
1mV R2 15 C2
5.1kOhm_5% 510Ohm_5%
0.71mV_rms 470uF
470uF 470Ohm_5%
1000Hz
0Deg
0

XSC1

G
T
A B
Note: In above two stage CE amplifier, all resistor values are same as trainer kit
values.

PROCEDURE:1. Rig up the circuit using multisim software and verify the
results using DC operating point analysis (simulate------- analysis -------
DC operating point and AC analysis)

DC Operating Point (Results)

Node no Voltage
2 1.57966
9 8.01593
15 926.65516m
5 1.83114
11 1.16896
10 6.54642

2. Rig up the circuit using multisim software and verify the results using
Parameter Sweep(Simulate------ analysis ------- Parameter sweep)
RESULTS: Observed the DC voltages/currents for single stage and two stage
amplifiers. It is observed that Two stage amplifier gives a mid band gain of
1220.It is also observed that as load resistance is nearer to RC2, the out put
voltage is decreasing, since net load resistance is decreasing.
 TEST YOUR SELF

1. What do you mean by a multi stage amplifier? Mention its need.

2. What are the objectives of coupling elements?
3. What are the effects of bandwidth in multistage amplifier?
4. What is the expression for the band width of multistage amplifier?
5. Why RC coupling is popular?
6. What are the advantages & disadvantages of RC coupled amplifier?
7. Define the terms BW, gain BW product and dynamic range of an
amplifier?
8. What is the effect of By pass capacitor in a RC coupled amplifier?
9. What is the use of transformer coupling in the output stage of multistage
amplifier?
10. What is a DC amplifier? What are its advantages and drawbacks?
 CURRENT SHUNT FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER

AIM: Design current shunt feed back amplifier with a feedback resistance 5K
using transistor BC 107. Obtain DC operating point and frequency response.

APPARATUS: Multisim software.

DESIGN PROCEDURE:

− IF RE 470
β= = = = 0.085
IE RF + RE 5K + 470
I R − I C 2 I B 2 I C1 I B1
AI = = × × ×
IS I B2 I C1 I B1 I S
IC2 I
= −hFE = −50, C1 = hFE = 50
I B2 I B1
IC2 − RC1 2.2K
= = = 0.67151
I C1 RC1 + RI 2 2.2K + 1.076K
I B1 R 4K
= = = 0.8 ;Where R = RS //(470 + 5K ) = 4K
IS R + hie 4K + 1.1K
AI = −(−50)(0.67151)(50)(0.8) = 1.343K
D = 1 + βAI = 1 + (0.085)(1.343K ) = 115.15
AI 1.343K
AIF = = = 11.66
D 115.15
V I R R 2.2K
∴ AVF = 0 = O C 2 = AIF C 2 = 11.66 × = 1.71
VS I S RS RS 15K
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

VCC 12V

VCC R9
R3 R4 R7
2.2kohm
33kohm 2.2kohm 14kohm
C2
C4
7

4.7uF Q2 47uF
C1 4 11
BC107BP
R1 BC107BP
Q1 R10 6 R11
15kohm 2 22kohm
4.7uF
5kohm 8
1 V1 3
C3 R6 R8
1mV 5
R2 R5 2.55kohm470ohm
0.71mV_rms 470uF
5.1kohm 510ohm
1000Hz
0Deg
0

XSC1

G
T
A B
PROCEDURE:- 1. Rig up the circuit using multisim software and verify the
results using DC operating point analysis (simulate ---- analysis ----- DC
operating point)

2. Rig up the circuit using multisim software and verify the results using
Oscilloscope
3. Rig up the circuit using multisim software and verify the results using AC
analysis (simulate----- analysis----AC analysis)

4. Rig up the circuit using multisim soft ware and verify the results using
Parameter Sweep(Simulate ---- analysis ----- Parameter Sweep)

RESULT: The current shunt feed back amplifier is designed with feed back
resistance of 5KΩ . The DC operating point values are obtained and the
frequency response is plotted.
 TEST YOUR SELF

1. What is feedback in Amplifiers?

2. Explain the terms feed back factor and open loop gain.
3. What are the types of feedback?
4. Explain the term negative feedback in amplifiers?
5. What are the disadvantages of negative feedback?
6. What are the advantages of negative feedback?
7. When will a negative feedback amplifier circuit be unstable?
8. Compare the negative feedback and Positive feedback.
9. Give the expression for closed loop gain for a negative feed back
amplifier?
10. How does negative feedback reduce distortion in an amplifier?
11. How does series feedback differ form shunt feedback?
12. What is the difference between voltage feedback and current feedback?
 RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR
AIM:
a) Design RC phaseshift oscillator to have resonant frequency of 6KHz.
Assume R1 = 100k, R2 = 22K, RC = 4 K ,RE =1K & VCC = 12V.
b) Obtain hfe for the above designed value for AV > - 29, R≥ 2 RC.

APPARATUS: Multisim software.

DESIGN PROCEDURE:

a) Let R = 10K
1 RC
fr = When K =
2π RC 6 + 4 K R
1
∴C =
4K
2π × 10 K × 6 K 6 + 4 ×
10 K
= 0.962nF ≈ 1nF ( Select s tan dard )

∴ R = 10 K ; C = 1nF

29
b) hfe ≥ 23 = + 4 K for sustained oscillation
K
= 97.1
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

VCC
12V

VCC

R1
R3
100kohm
4kohm
C2
XSC1
10
C1

A
Q2 10uF

B
4 12
10uF 2N2222A

G
T
C3
R2 11 100uF
R4
22kohm
1kohm

C6 C5 C4

1.0nF6 1.0nF 7 1.0nF

9
R7 R6 R5
10kOhm_5% 10kOhm_5% 10kOhm_5%
PROCEDURE: Rig up the circuit using multisim software and verify the
results using Oscilloscope.

RESULT: RC phase shift oscillator with fr =6KHz is designed. The value of hfe
for the designed value is computed.
 TEST YOUR SELF

1. What is an Oscillator circuit?

2. What is the main difference between an amplifier and an oscillator?
3. State Barkhausen criterion for oscillation.
4. State the factors on which oscillators can be classified.
5. Give the expression for the frequency of oscillation and the minimum
gain required for sustained oscillations of the RC phase shift oscillator.
6. Why three RC networks are needed for a phase shift oscillator? Can it be
two or four?
7. What are the merits and demerits of phase shift oscillator?
8. At low frequency which oscillators are found to be more suitable?
9. What are the two important RC oscillators?
10. What makes Quartz produce stable oscillations?
11. What are the factors which contribute to change in frequency in
oscillators?
 CLASS A,AB,B,C POWER AMPLIFIERS
AIM :
To study the operation of Class A, Class AB, Class B, Class C power
amplifiers.

APPARATUS: Multisim soft ware.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

12V R2 R5
V2 1kohm 1kohm
47uF
C2

XSC1
R3
30kohm Q1
47uF G
R1 C1 PN2369A
T
A B
100ohm
V1
50mV R4
35.36mV_rms 100ohm
1000Hz
0Deg

THEORY:

The classification of amplifiers is based on the position of the quiescent

point and extent of the characteristics that is being used to determine the method
of operation.

There are 4 classes of operations.They are

1.Class A 2.Class AB 3.Class B 4.Class C

CLASS A:- In class A operation the quiescent point and the input signal are
such that the current in the output circuit (at the collector) flows for all times.
Class A amplifier operates essentially over a linear portion of its characteristic
there by giving rise to minimum of distortion .

CLASS B:- In class B operation , the quiescent point is at an extreme end of the
characteristic , so that under quiescent conditions the power drawn from the dc
power supply is very small .If the input signal is sinusoidal, amplification takes
place for only half cycle.

CLASS AB:- A class AB amplifier is the one that operates between the two
extremes defined for class A and Class B. Hence the output signal exists for
more than 1800 of the input signal.

CLASS C :- In class C operation, the quiescent operating point is chosen such

that output signal (voltage or current)is zero for more than on half of the input
sinusoidal signal cycle.

PROCEDURE:
1. An input sine wave (peak-peak)of 50mV is applied to the circuit.

2. connect the output to the C.R.O.

3. varying R3 value, observe and record the output waveforms for different
classes of operation.

4. Also observe the Vi & Vo waveforms using parameter sweep for different
classes of operation.
OBSERVATIONS:
CLASS A:

CLASS AB :
CLASS B :
CLASS C :

RESULT :
1. In class A amplifier output current flows for whole 3600
2. In class AB power amplifier output current flows between 1800 and 3600
3. In class B power amplifier output current flows for 1800
4. In Class C power amplifier output current flows for less than 1800.
 TRY YOUR SELF

1. How do you bias class A operation?

2. What is conversion efficiency?
3. Define Class B mode of operation.
4. What are the advantages & disadvantages of Class B mode of operation?
5. Distinguish between voltage and power amplifier?
6. Which power amplifier gives minimum distortion?
7. What are the drawbacks of class C amplifier?
8. In Which class of amplifier, the efficiency is high? And why?
9. Classify power amplifiers on the basis of the mode of operation.
10. Give two drawbacks of Class A power amplifier.
 HIGH FREQUENCY COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

AIM - Design a common Base high frequency amplifier with a over all gain of
30 and Lower cut off frequency of 130 Hz and Higher cut frequency 10 MHz .
Transistor Specifications: hib = 22.6, hfb = -0.98, hrb = 2.9 × 10-4 , hob = 0.49 µ s,
IC = 1.35ma = -IE, VCE = 5.85V, VEB = 0.6V, VCB = 5.25V.
Verify the DC values (Voltage and current) at various nodes using Multisim
software

APPARATUS: Multisim software.

DESIGN PROCEDURE:

1. DESIGN OF BIASING CIRCUIT :

VBE = 0.6V, VCE = 5.85V, IC = 1.35mA = -IE

VCB = 5.25V
Find the value of Re :

KVL to Input:

-2v – Re(1.35ma) + 0.6 = 0

1.4
Re = =1.03 K Ω
1.35ma

Find the value of RC :

KVL to Output :

Vcc – ICRC - VCB = 0

12 – 1.35ma RC – 5.25 = 0

1.35mRc = 6.75

RC = 5k Ω

2.DESIGN OF AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT :

1.To find Cb
Assume Rs = 100 Ω Calculate the value of Cb
1 1
fL = ; 130=
2π ( Rs + Ri)C b 6.28(100 + 22.6Ω)C b

1
Cb =
6.28(100 + 22.6)130

= 9.9 × 10-6 ≈ 10 µ f
2.To Calculate RL

RL'
AV = -hfb
Ri
RL'
= 0.98 ×
22.6
Ri
Overall gain = AVS = Av
Ri + Rs
For above circuit Ri 1= Ri=hib

RL'
AVS = -hfb RL1 = RL 11 RC =3.75k
Ri + Rs
RL = 15k Ω

3. To Calculate Shunt Capacitance Csh

fh 1
=
2πRL ′ × C ′sh

1
C ′sh =
2π × 10 × 10 6 × 3.75kΩ

= 4.24 pf ≈ 4pf

The Internal junction capacitance Cb’c ≈ 3pf

C’sh = Cb’c + Csh
4.24 = 2.9pf + Csh
Csh = 1.34pf ≈ 2pf
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

XSC1

G
T
A B

Rs Cb
10uF BC107BP 10uF Cb1
10
100ohm 11 12 3
Rc 8
Re Q1
V1 5kohm R5 Csh
1kohm
10mV 15kohm 2pF
7.07mV_rms 7 VEE 6
1000Hz 12V
2V
0Deg VCC
0

PROCEDURE: 1.Rig up the circuit using multisim software and verify the
results using DC operating point analysis (Simulate ------Analysis------ DC
operating point)

2. Rig up the circuit using multisim software and verify the results using AC
analysis (Simulate--- Analysis--- AC analysis)
RESULTS: The common base high frequency amplifier is designed. Also DC
voltages / currents are observed. The Bandwidth is far greater than the
bandwidth of the CE amplifier.
 TEST YOUR SELF

1. What are the factors to be taken into account in the high frequency model
of a transistor?
2. What are α and β cut off frequencies?
3. What is unity gain small signal band width?
4. What is the relation between fT & fβ?
5. What is the expression for trans conductance gm in the high frequency
model?
6. What is the expression for input conductance gb′e in terms of gm ?
7. What is base spreading resistance?
8. Give the expressions for the hybrid ∏ capacitances.
 TWO STAGE RC COUPLED AMPLIFIER

AIM:
1. To study the Two-stage RC coupled amplifier.
2. To measure the voltage gain of the amplifier at 1KHz.
3. To obtain the frequency response characteristic and the band width of the
amplifier.

EQUIPMENT:
Two stage RC coupled amplifier, trainer.
1. Signal Generator.
2. C.R.O
3. Connecting patch cords.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

VCC
12V

R6
R1 RC
R3 2.2kohm
33kohm 2.2kohm
CC 15kohm C2

C1 Q1 10uF Q2 10uF
RG BC107BP BC107BP

15kohm
10uF
C3 OUTPUT
INPUT V CE
10uF
VO
50mV R2 RE
10uF
R4 R5
5.1kohm 2.7kohm 1kohm
510ohm
PROCEDURE:
1.Switch ON the power supply.
2. Connect the signal generator with sine wave output 50mV p-p at the
input terminals.
3. Connect the C.R.O at output terminals of the module.
4. Measure the voltage at the second stage of amplifier.
5. Now vary the input frequency from 10Hz to 1MHz in steps,and for every
value of input frequency note the output voltage keeping the input
amplitude at constant value.
6. Calculate the gain magnitude of the amplifier using the formula
Gain = Vo/Vi
Gain in dB= 20 log (Vo / Vi )
7. Plot a graph of frequency versus gain (dB) of the amplifier. Sample
frequency response graph is as shown in fig. Below.
OBSERVATION:
Vi = 50mV(p-p)

Gain =20 log

Frequency VO
(Vo/Vi)dB
FREQUENCY RESPONSE:

0.707 VO/VI FL FH

Gain VO/VI

FL FH Frequency

RESULT:

The gain of the amplifier at 1 KHz is ------

The BW of the amplifier is -------
 CURRENT SHUNT FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER

AIM:
1. To study the current shunt feedback amplifier
2. To measure the voltage gain of the amplifier at 1KHz.
3. To obtain the frequency response characteristic and the band width
of the amplifier.
EQUIPMENT:
Current shunt feed back amplifier trainer.
4. Signal Generator.
5. C.R.O
6. Connecting patch cords.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
1. Switch ON the power supply.
2. Connect the signal generator with sine wave output 50mV p-p at the
input terminals.
3. Connect the C.R.O at output terminals of the module.
4. Measure the voltage at the second stage of amplifier.
5. Now vary the input frequency from 10Hz to 1MHz in steps, and for
each value of input frequency note the output voltage keeping the
input amplitude at constant value.
6. Calculate the gain magnitude of the amplifier using the formula
Gain = Vo/Vi
Gain in dB= 20 log (Vo / Vi )
7. Plot a graph of frequency versus gain (dB) of the amplifier. Sample
frequency response graph is as shown in fig. Below.

OBSERVATIONS :
Vi = 50mV(p-p)

Frequency VO Gain =20 log (Vo/Vi)dB

FREQUENCY RESPONSE:

RESULT:
The gain of the amplifier at 1 KHz is ------
The BW of the amplifier is -------
 CLASS A/B/C/AB POWER AMPLIFIER

AIM: To study the operation of Class A, Class B, Class AB and Class C power
amplifiers.

EQUIPMENT:
1.Class/A/B/C/AB amplifier trainer
2.Function generator.
3.C.R.O
4. Connecting patch cords.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
1.Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram, and get the circuit
verified by your Instructor.
2. Connect the signal generator with sine wave at 1KHz and keep the
amplitude at .5V (peak-to-peak)
3. Connect the C.R.O across the output terminals.
4. Now switch ON the trainer and see that the supply LED glows.
5. Keep the potentiometer at minimum position, observe and record
the waveform from the C.R.O.
6. Slowly varying the potentiometer, observe the outputs for the
Class A/B/AB/C amplifiers as shown in fig.

CLASS A:
CLASS B:

CLASS AB:
CLASS C :

RESULT: It is observed that for class A amplifier, the transistor conducts for
360deg, for class AB more than 180deg and for Class C less than 180 deg.
 SINGLE TUNED VOLTAGE AMPLIFIER

AIM: 1.To calculate the resonant frequency of tank circuit.

2. To plot the frequency response of the tuned amplifier.

EQUIPMENT:
1. Tuned voltage amplifier trainer.
2. Function generator.
3. C.R.O.
4. Connecting patch cords.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
1.Connect the circuit as shown in fig and get the circuit verified by
your Instructor.
2. Connect the signal generator with sine wave at the input and
keep the amplitude to minimum position, and connect a C.R.O at
output terminals of the circuit.
3. Apply the amplitude between 1.6v to 4.4v to get the distortion
less output sine wave.
4. Now, vary the input frequency in steps and observe and record
The output voltage.
5. Calculate the gain of the tuned RF amplifier using the formula
Gain = out put voltage/ input voltage.
6. plot a graph with input frequency versus gain (in dBs)
Gain (in dBs) = 20 log (Vo/Vi)
Graph :-

Gain

Frequency

RESULT:
The tuned amplifier offers maximum gain at resonant frequency of the
tank circuit.
 SERIES VOLTAGE REGULATOR

AIM : To study and design a Series voltage regulator and to observe the load
regulation feature.
EQUIPMENT :

1. Series voltage regulated power supply trainer.

2. Multimeter.
3. Patch chords.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

3055 + -

560E IL
Rs + -
IR +
Un Regulated - IZ 500E VO
Input
50%
VZ=12V

PROCEDURE:

1. Switch ON the power supply.

2. Observe the Unregulated voltage at the output of rectifier.
3. Connect this voltage to the input of series voltage regulator circuit.
4. Keep the load resistance 1K at constant.
5. Observe the output voltage VO = VZ-VBE
 6. And also observe the voltage across RS,and values of IR,IL and IZ.
7. Compare the practical values with theoretical values.
8. By changing the load resistance, observe the output voltage and various
currents.

OBSERVATIONS:

RL VO IR IZ IL

LOAD REGULATION :

VO

RL

RESULT:
The regulator maintains a constant output voltage inspite of the
changes in load conditions.
 SHUNT VOLTAGE REGULATOR

AIM : To study and design a Shunt Regulator and to observe the load
regulation feature.

EQUIPMENT :

1. Shunt regulated power supply trainer.

2. Multimeter.
3. Patch chords.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
RS
+ - + -

220E IL
+
Un Regulated 8.2V IC 1K
In put - RL VO
50%
3055

PROCEDURE:

1. Switch On the main power supply.

2. Observe the unregulated voltage at the output of rectifier.
3. Connect this voltage to the input of shunt Regulator circuit
4 .Keep the load resistance 1K constant.
5. Observe the output voltage across the load resistor V0 =VZ + VBE
 6. Also observe IL, IS & IC.
7. Compare the practical values with theoretical values.
8. By changing the load resistance, observe the output voltage and
various currents.

OBSERVATIONS:

RL VO IS IC IL

LOAD REGULATION:

VO

RL

RESULT:
The regulator maintains a constant output voltage inspite of the
changes in load conditions.