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Executive Summary
This semester our group was tasked with assessing the Administrative Hearing Officer
training offered through the Student Conduct Office at Northern Illinois University (NIU). To
begin, we conducted a review of the literature relevant to the Administrative Hearing Officer
Training. Our group reviewed literature on the differences between the criminal justice system
and the student conduct process, the history and foundation of student conduct, student
accountability and college success, the NIU Student Conduct Office, Administrative Hearing
Officers at NIU, and employee training. Based on our findings from the literature review and
interviews with the Associate Director of NIU’s Student Conduct Office, we identified a set of
To collect relevant data about Administrative Hearing Officer Training, we used a variety
of data collection methods. We interviewed four current Administrative Hearing Officers, two
new hearing officers and two veteran hearing officers. A survey was sent to all of the hearing
officers, and half of them completed it. Observations were made about hearing officer training,
as well as documents associated with the training and the hearing process. For the most part, the
current Administrative Hearing Officer training is beneficial and effective. In regards to future
suggestions, we recommended that the training be split with one being for new hearing officers
and one being for returning officers. The current rubric used to assess students could also be used
to assess hearing officer self-efficacy. How-to guides could be created to help hearing officers
navigate the Maxient system. Finally, we recommend that some kind of hands on component be
added to the training. This could be through shadowing a hearing or doing a mock hearing during
training.
Table of Contents
Running head: TRAINING ASSESSMENT 3
I. Introduction…………………………………………………………………….4
II. Literature Review……………………………………………………………....4
A. Differences between the Criminal Justice System
and the Student Conduct Process…………………..………....……….4
B. History and Foundation of Student Conduct………………………….4
C. Criminal Justice System and the Student
conduct process………………………………………………………….6
D. Impact of Student Accountability and College Success………………7
E. NIU Student Conduct Office…………………………………………...8
F. Hearing Officers………………………………………………………...9
G. Employee Training……………………………………………………..9
F. Conclusion……………………………………………………………....11
III. Methods and Results……………………………………………………………12
A. Training Observation………………………………………………….12
B. Interviews……………………………………………………………….13
C. Survey………….………………………………………………………..15
D. Document Analysis…….……………………………………………….18
IV. Recommendations………………………………………………………………19
A. Training Specific……………………………………………………….19
B. Supplemental Documents……………………………………………...21
Introduction
Running head: TRAINING ASSESSMENT 4
Comparable to systems within the greater society, higher education institutions across the
country have systems in place that serve the purpose of holding individuals accountable for their
actions. Colleges and universities put forth the code of conduct in which they expect students to
abide by. While comparing these codes they may vary slightly, they aim to serve a similar
purpose which is to educate students on what is and is not allowed while attending the
institution. Within the colleges and universities which have codes of conduct, there are those in
place whom serve the purpose of holding students accountable and ensuring the university is not
only safe but upholding the university mission and purpose. The code of conduct is in place to
help students align their actions with not only the university mission but also what the university
and its affiliates feel what is in the best interest for the students. It is pertinent that students
within higher education institutions follow the student code of conduct set forth by their
Literature Review
Differences between the criminal justice system and the student conduct process
In practice, the student conduct process is different from the criminal court system. The
conduct process generally takes place in a much more informal setting than that of the criminal
court system. Before delving deep into the distinctive characteristics of both systems, the
following will shed light on the history and philosophical foundation of student conduct.
The main role of student conduct is to address students of concern and students who have
engaged in inappropriate behavior within or outside of the premises of the university. Through
the conduct process, student conduct administrators strive to educate students as part of the
bigger mission of the university to help them become better learners and better citizens.
Running head: TRAINING ASSESSMENT 5
Historically speaking, student conduct is a relatively young field in higher education. According
to Waryold and Lancaster (2008) student conduct was instituted 20 years ago after the student
Judicial Affairs (ASJA) was founded in an attempt to officially recognize the field as an
organized higher education profession (p.6). Due to it being relatively new, there is a lack of
published books and research documents related to its operations which makes it harder for the
The philosophical foundation of student conduct “comes down to raison d’être, or the
reasoning or basis of which our practice is grounded or the intention we attach to our work”
(Waryold and Lancaster, 2008, p. 7). In other terms, “raison d’être” is “the thing that is most
important to someone or something: the reason for which a person or organization exists”
(Merriam-Webster dictionary, 2017). Student conduct generally draws its roots from counseling
theories and student development theories. Consequently, the ultimate purpose of student
conduct is to promote students’ growth and development while protecting the interests of the
Here at Northern Illinois University, the daily operations of student conduct are guided by
the six principles of the Northern PACT, which outlines the expectations that the university staff
or hearing officers have for the members of the university community members. Listed below
· Purposeful: Where academic goals are shared, and faculty and students work together to
· Just: Where all people are valued and supported while they learn from the diversity of our
community.
· Caring: Where the well-being of all is supported, and service to others is encouraged.
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· Disciplined: Where group members accept their responsibility, and expectations guide
· Celebrative: Where traditions are honored, and both past and new rituals are embraced.
Though there are differences between the criminal justice system and the student conduct
process in terms of practices and use of terminologies, the two processes are not considered
mutually exclusive. For example, a student may be arrested for criminal charges and also have
charges brought against them for violating the student code of conduct. A palpable case would
be when a student gets arrested for physical abuse while a student conduct administrator
sanctions the same student with suspension or expulsion from the university premises.
Furthermore, an act not criminally prosecuted may still violate university policies, therefore
subject to a conduct hearing. For example, a student caught with less than 10 grams of cannabis
may just receive a citation but will still go through a conduct hearing because the act is a
During a the conduct process, student conduct administrators agree to adhere to the belief
that minimal procedural constraints should be placed upon the conduct process. According to
the procedures of student conduct, administrators must provide accused students a guarantee of
due process through a fair and impartial conduct process. Accused students must receive a
written notice of the alleged charges, must have sufficient time to examine the evidence, must
have the opportunity to provide their perspective on the events described in the incident report
and must have the opportunity for a route of appeal. While criminal courts make a determination
of guilt or innocence on the basis of the presence or absence of physical evidence or witness
Running head: TRAINING ASSESSMENT 7
accused was more likely than not to commit the alleged act. Therefore, circumstantial
information can be sufficient in some cases for student conduct to determine that an act was
The criminal justice system and the student conduct process use different terms in their
practices and below is the list of the common terminologies that distinguish both processes.
Karp and Sacks (2014) mention that active accountability is important for developing
independent moral judgement. This occurs through less reliance on blind obedience and
compliance and a change toward sense of personal responsibility. This act of taking personal
responsibility and developing independent moral judgement can lead students to become better
critical thinkers. Furthermore, developing successful critical thinking skills can lead to greater
academic success (Williams & Worth, 2001). This lense allows us to infer how student conduct
can have an impact on students college success. When students are expected to follow the
student code of conduct and fail to do so, the office of student conduct holds said students
accountable for their actions in hopes of having students learn from their mistakes and become
The Northern Illinois University Office of Student Conduct holds an important and
impactful role on campus. The office operates in unison with the Student Code of Conduct as
they monitor violations of the code in order to ensure the safety and well-being of both the
students and the greater community. With three full time professionals, an office manager, four
graduate assistants, and two interns; they work to ensure the code of conduct is being upheld and
to hold students accountable for their actions. The Office of Student Conduct can receive reports
with alleged conduct violations from a variety of sources such as; university housing, faculty,
NIU police, DeKalb Police, and so on. When the office receives an incident report and decides if
there is a violation of the code of conduct they move forward with a preliminary conference.
During a preliminary conference the Student Conduct Administrator decides both if there was a
violation of the student conduct code and, if there was, what the sanctions for said violation
should be. At the conclusion of a preliminary conference if the student is found responsible for
violating the student code of conduct they can either agree or disagree with the finding. If the
student is found responsible and they accept responsibility, sanctions will then be applied for
them to complete. If a student is found responsible and they do not accept responsibility the case
Hearing Officers
Hearing Officers within the NIU Office of Student Conduct serve the purpose of
adjudicating cases which have already gone through a preliminary conference but reached a
finding of responsible where the accused student did not agree with. During the hearing the case
is presented in front of the hearing officer, the university presenter, and the accused student(s)
along with any witnesses. After the case is presented it is up to the hearing officer to decide if
Running head: TRAINING ASSESSMENT 9
they agree with the finding of responsible and then decides if they agree with the applied
sanctions or would set forth lesser or increased sanctions based off the finding of responsible.
As sanctions can vary from monetary fines to probation to suspension, it is pertinent that the
hearing officers are properly trained to hear cases and make decisions that can prove to be quite
Employee Training
recommended that the organization first conducts a needs assessment. Without a needs
assessment organizations risk overdoing training, not conducting enough training, or conducting
training on topics that do not need employees to be trained on. To successfully conduct a needs
analysis, one should identify specific problem areas that could benefit from further training, elicit
support from upper management, measure the effectiveness of a training program, and determine
the costs and benefits of conducting the training.A needs assessment can help identify both the
strengths and weaknesses of a given system. For the Student Conduct Office, an emphasis will
be placed on how effectively the office meets their goals from the training and how they can
identify any gaps in skills between the Administrative Hearing Officer and those that are
required to be effective in the role. This is done by obtaining and examining the learning
outcomes of the training and through evaluations of the performance of the Administrative
Hearing Officers. Doing this would assist in assessing if there is a need to make changes to the
Once a needs assessment has been conducted to identify any gaps or deficiencies in the
training program, transfer of training and training utility should be assessed. Transfer of training
describes the process of applying material trained about on the job. One primary outcome of any
Running head: TRAINING ASSESSMENT 10
training program is to provide knowledge or introduce a skill that the employee can use to do
their job better. Without this transfer of training, there would be little use to conduct the training
program (Burke & Hutchins, 2007). Saks and Belcourt (2006) mentioned that even though
transfer of training is the overall goal of any training program, it has been documented by several
organizations that only about a third of what included in a typical employee training program is
actually applied on the job a year after the training was conducted. The researchers noted that
62% of what is learned during training is applied on the job immediately, 44% of what is learned
during training is still applied on the job after six months, and 34% of what is learned during
training is still applied on the job after a year. Transfer of training is more likely to be successful
with adding pre-training and post-training activities. Pre-training activities can include
supervisor support and employee input. Supervisor support is effective when the supervisor sits
down with the employee and states the importance of the training, establishes goals for the
training, and encourages the employee’s participation. Employee input allows the employee to
state what their goals are for the training and possible skills that they feel like they are deficient
in or skills that could use some input. Establishing goals and integrating employee input helps
to motives the employee to take the training seriously. Post-training activities can be equally, if
not more, important. These activities can include refresher training, buddy systems, and
transferring training to other employees. Overall, the main focus of post-training activities
should be to welcome newly trained ideas and to have the new ideas be integrated by supervisor
support (Saks & Belcourt, 2006). This information applied to the Administrative Hearing
Officer Training can help identify ways to make the training more effective as well as allow the
office to identify what can be done in terms of on going training to ensure that hearing officers
In addition to transfer of training, training utility can also help facilitate training
effectiveness. Training utility refers to the perception from the trainee that what they are
learning during the training or activities conducted during the training session are going to
benefit their effectiveness as an employee. Van Eerde, Simon Tang, and Talbot (2008) found that
training utility mediates the relationship between training needs assessment and organizational
effectiveness. This suggests that activities and material taught to the employee needs to be
perceived as personally relevant to the employee. If not, even if the training is meeting the
organization’s goals, it will likely not be effective. For the Administrative Hearing Officer
training, it is important to ensure that all materials and activities are personally relevant to an
Training Observation
The Student Conduct Office at Northern Illinois University provides training each year
for their Administrative Hearing Officers. Offering the training on two separate occasions in the
fall allows for the office to ensure each of their twenty-four hearing officers are adequately
trained to fulfill their role. We were able to do some observational data collection through the
Student Conduct Office, Dr. Brian Glick. Dr. Glick gave each hearing officer a copy of the
Northern Illinois University code of conduct to reference and utilized a PowerPoint throughout
training. Throughout our time observing we were able to collect information on the content
presented to the Administrative Hearing Officers and gain a deeper understanding of the role
they play in the conduct process, which will allow the strengths and weaknesses of the training
Dr. Glick began the training by doing a brief overview of the conduct process which
could be beneficial for those who are unfamiliar with the conduct process or are new to the
Hearing Officer role. Dr. Glick moved on to explain things that have changed from last year to
this year which would be beneficial for returning Hearing Officers who were in the role
previously. An overview of those involved in hearings and what their responsibilities are during
hearings was then provided to give trainees some context and allow them to understand the role
of an Administrative Hearing Officer. Dr. Glick did a walk-through of their conduct tracking
software, Maxient, which was important for Hearing Officers to understand as it is required in
their role.
Dr. Glick encouraged questions as he moved through the content in order to ensure that
the training officers were clear on the information and got clarity when need be. A few of the
trainees asked if it was possible for them to observe a hearing before volunteering to act as a
hearing officer which leads me to believe that a mock hearing during the training might be
beneficial. After observing this training and reflecting on the information provided we felt that it
may be beneficial in the future to do separate trainings one for returning Hearing Officers and
one for those who are new. This way those who are new to the role get a more in-depth training
and those who are returning get a refresher along with any updates that are pertinent for them in
the role.
Interviews
Out of the twenty-four Administrative Hearing Officers in the Student Conduct Office
there are far more returning Hearing Officers than new ones, which means while some have seen
a number of cases others have seen few. As each of these Hearing Officers will have a different
insight on the role based off their experience thus far getting an individual view through
Running head: TRAINING ASSESSMENT 13
interview was a form of data collection that would give us a series of varied responses. To find
correlations among interviews, we decided to conduct four interviews. Two of these interviews
were for returnee Administrative Hearing Officers and two new Administrative Hearing Officers.
Our interview contains eight questions that ask about the pros and cons of Administrative
The first Administrative Hearing Officer interviewed was new to their role this semester.
This individual felt overall the training was extremely beneficial as they had not known much
about the conduct process nor the Student Conduct Office before beginning the semester. They
felt that the training set them up for success in their role as a Hearing Officer and thought that the
PowerPoint, Code of Conduct handout, and walk-through of Maxient was what was most helpful
throughout the training. Although this individual has not acted as Hearing Officer thus far this
semester, they have observed in multiple hearings in order to get a deeper understanding. This
individual felt something that would have been useful was a ‘mock hearing’ or being required to
observe in a hearing before acting as a Hearing Officer, which was a common thread found from
The next interview was also with a new Administrative Hearing Officer. The participant
felt that Administrative Hearing Officer training was beneficial, though he had had a lot of
contact with the Student Conduct Office prior to becoming an Administrative Hearing Officer
since they worked in housing. Also mentioned in the survey, this participant felt that some real
time exposure to the hearing process would be beneficial. They stated “Having people observe
operating as a hearing officer. To witness the process in real time.” The participant did not feel
that there were any gaps in the training and did not offer any other suggestions.
Running head: TRAINING ASSESSMENT 14
The next interview was with a returning Administrative Hearing Officer. This individual
felt that the training was useful. Even with attempting to use prying questions, this participant
did not have any suggestions for changing training in the future. The participant also felt that the
training as is helped them to be well prepared for the role of Administrative Hearing Officer.
The final interview was also with a returning Administrative Hearing Officer. They also
felt that training was beneficial. This individual had a lot of previous experience with the hearing
process from their position in housing prior to taking the Administrative Hearing Officer
Training. This participant did with that they had more training in Maxient. Since Maxient
training was added recently, it is possible that this identified gap had already been remedied.
They also would have liked to have had further training on completing the hearing forms. The
participant also would have liked for there to be a simulation or more hands on training prior to
Survey
Administrative Hearing Officer training. We had 12 hearing officers participate in the survey.
Nine were Administrative Staff (75%), 2 were graduate students (16.7%), and 1 was a
Faculty/Instructor (8.3%). The majority of participants had taken the training within the last 3
months (75%). There was a range of how many hearings the participants had been part of, with 1
participant being part of 0 hearings (8.3%), 5 participants being part of 1-3 hearings (41.70%), 1
participant being part of 4-6 hearings (8.3%), and 5 participants being part of 13 or more
hearings (41.70%).
The survey contained six questions regarding attitudes about the training on a 6 point
scale (“Strongly disagree” to “Strongly agree”). These items were followed by three open ended
Running head: TRAINING ASSESSMENT 15
questions asking “What did you enjoy about the training?”, “Do you feel that there were any
demographic and Administrative Hearing Officer experience questions. Finally, at the request of
the Student Conduct Office, we added a request for refresher training and a space to provide
contract information for the Student Conduct Office to be able to reach out to them. We had one
participant provide a topic for refresher training, however they did not provide their contact
information.
For the first attitude about training question, “I felt that the trainer related to me”, the
participants indicated that the trainer did relate to them (M = 4.92) with the majority of
participants selecting “Agree”. This question was requested by the Student Conduct Office and it
provides good feedback to the trainer. The next question, ”I felt that the training was a good use
of my time”, participants generally felt that it was a good use of their time (M = 4.42) with the
majority of participants selecting “Agree” and “Somewhat agree”. Following that we asked “I
felt that the training was useful”, which participants did feel that the training was useful (M =
4.50) with the majority of participants selecting “Agree”. The next question “I feel that after the
training I can fulfill my role as a hearing officer” was incorrectly left with a 5 point scale. This
scale also went from “Strongly disagree” to “Strongly agree”, but did not use the force choice
method by having a neutral category. Participants did feel that the training helped them to be
able to fulfill their role as a hearing officer (M = 3.83) with the majority of participants selecting
“Agree”. Following that question, we asked ”I felt that the training adequately prepared me to
complete the Case Resolution Form after a hearing in Maxient”. Results for this question
produced mixed responses (M = 3.92) with 8 participants indicating that it had and 4 participants
indicating that it had not. The hearing officer training was revised recently to include Maxient
Running head: TRAINING ASSESSMENT 16
training, and these 4 participants may have taken a previous training. Next we asked “I would
participant indicated that they would recommend the training to a colleague (M = 5.50) with only
Participants indicated that they enjoyed many aspects of the training. These include “The
ability to share knowledge and support colleagues”, “Discussing real-life scenarios of what
happened during an officer hearing and how the situation was handled”, and “I enjoyed walking
through the whole process and the letters/form involved”. A few gaps were listed and include “It
would be most useful to go through a mock hearing so that everyone feels prepared rather than
just talking about it.”, ”A print out of a completed Maxient letter and reasoning would be useful
for reference.”, and “More in-depth training on Maxient”. Five participants (41.70%) felt that
they would benefit from additional training while 7 (58.3%) did not. Only two participants
(16.7%) felt that they would benefit from refresher training. One stated they wanted training on
“How to complete the Case Resolution Form on Maxient.”. The other participant who indicated
that they wanted refresher training did not list a topic. Neither of these two participants provided
contact information to be passed on to the Office of Student Conduct. Besides for the error in
scaling for one item, we think that we received some substantial results to use for our overall
assessment.
Document Analysis
The two documents that were provided to the assessment team were the Administrative
Hearing Officer Training PowerPoint presentation and the student rubric. Starting with the
Administrative Hearing Officer Training PowerPoint, there are forty-two slides in total. These
slides cover the themes of the hearing process, policies relating to hearings, Administrative
Running head: TRAINING ASSESSMENT 17
Hearing Officer expectations, tools to help the Administrative Hearing Officer make decisions,
the Maxient (online database used by the Student Conduct Office) system, and self-care. The
majority of the slides focused on tools to help the Administrative Hearing Officer make
decisions. There is only one slide on the Maxient system. This could be relevant as it was an
addition to the training program this year. Also, as mentioned in another memo, providing
supplemental training on the Maxient system was a recommendation that came out of the
I also examined a student rubric. This rubric needs to be filled out by the student after the
hearing process. The rubric contains four dimensions (Understanding Impact of Behavior,
Connecting to Personal Values, Decision Making, and Effect on Community) using a five point
scale (“Beginning” to “Advanced”). The rubric also lists student learning outcomes for the
hearing process. The purpose of this rubric is to be a tool for students to reflect on the process in
hopes of making them more accountable for their actions in the future. Problems that were
identified by the Student Conduct Office were that students may not be honest, students may not
want to complete the rubric, and it can only be used if the student is found to be responsible for
what they were accused of. The scale could also use a revision. Currently the second and fourth
scaling option just says “Transition” and lacks descriptions in the rubric. One option to collect
continuous assessment data is to develop a rubric for the Administrative Hearing Officer to fill
out after the hearing. This would help the Student Conduct Office to continuously gauge the
Recommendations
surveying, interviewing, and observing several areas of improvement were identified. The
Running head: TRAINING ASSESSMENT 18
following table outlines the strengths and weaknesses of the hearing officer training identified
The following areas of improvement will serve as context behind recommendations for the
Training Specific
hearing. The data collected would lead us to also recommend that the Office of Student Conduct
incorporate some type of observational training piece into the Administrative Hearing Officer
training. Through our data collected, many respondents felt that being about to observe a
hearing rather than talking about it in hypotheticals would allow them to feel more readily
prepared to act as a hearing officer. It is because of this feedback that we would recommend that
the office take steps to ensure that participants get to witness a run-through of a hearing to better
understand how they a operate. The office can do this one of two ways by either incorporating a
Running head: TRAINING ASSESSMENT 19
mock hearing into the training or require that new hearing officers act as an observer in a hearing
before signing up to hear a case. By incorporating a mock hearing into training the office
administrators have a little more control over what type of case is heard and ensure all steps are
being taken in the matter they would like them to be which may help in the long run in ensuring
their expectations are clear. If the office would rather focus on the content throughout training
and just require hearing officers observe a case on their own time before signing up to hear a
case that is another option. This option would still allow of hearing officers to witness a run-
through of the case and keep training time limited but the office administrators would have less
control over the type of case heard and the ways in which the hearing is handled as that would be
up to whichever hearing officer hears the case. Either of these options will serve as our
recommendation to incorporate something more than hypotheticals into training and allow
Through our data collection process upon analyzing the feedback from respondents we found
that it would potentially be beneficial to adjust the way in which training is conducted. As the
office already provides training on two separate occasions in the fall, based off the feedback we
training, they would attend either a training dedicated to new hearing officers or a training
dedicated to returning hearing officers. This approach ensures that new Administrative Hearing
Officers are getting the in-depth training required for them to fulfil their role and get all their
questions answered. This also ensures that the returning Administrative Hearing Officers just get
Running head: TRAINING ASSESSMENT 20
a refresher training which alerts them to any changes from the previous year and does not feel
repetitive.
Supplemental Documents
The distribution of a Maxient cheat sheet for Administrative Hearing Officers to utilize
in the future. This year, Maxient is a required tool that hearing officers must utilize when
hearing cases in order to log their findings. While for some Maxient may be more
straightforward, the completion of the case resolution form (CRF) can be somewhat confusing
especially for new hearing officers. When reviewing the feedback many respondents mentioned
that the walk-through of Maxient was helpful as well as suggested a cheat sheet to utilize in the
future. We used this feedback and created a Maxient cheat sheet which we recommend the
office distributes to hearing officers in the future. This cheat sheet is a step-by-step explanation
on how to complete the CRF and forward it on to the necessary parties which is an essential job
function of the hearing officer position. We believe that alongside the walk-through of Maxient
in trainings, supplying hearing officers with this cheat sheet would allow all parties to have the
success. As the client specifically requested and stressed the importance of continued assessment
for hearing officers and hearing officer training, we would recommend that the rubric in which
we analyzed be adjusted slightly in order to be applicable to hearing officers. This rubric would
be given to each hearing officer when they sign up to hear a case and at the conclusion of them
hearing the case they would complete it and give it back to the office administrators. This rubric
would gauge the hearing officers comfortability with the process, clarity on procedure, and
identify and gaps in training that need to be addressed. This way the office is getting consistent
Running head: TRAINING ASSESSMENT 21
feedback from their Administrative Hearing Officers and can check in with individuals if need be
Conclusion
There are many people and systems in place within Northern Illinois University that work
to educate students as well as prepare them for life beyond college. Between the Office of
Student Conduct, Student Conduct Administrators, Hearing Officers and all individuals in
between, the university is committed to ensuring that students are following the code of conduct
and are held accountable for their actions. Northern Illinois University is dedicated to providing
a safe learning environment for the student populations enrolled and by enforcing the code of
conduct on campus NIU is working to maintain their promise of a safe learning environment for
all. This purpose of this project is to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the Administrative
Hearing Officer training run by the Office of Student Conduct. At the completion of this
assessment the Office of Student will understand what steps if any need to be taken to ensure
their hearing officers are adequately trained and able to continue to maintain a safe campus.
References
Brown, J. (2002). Training needs assessment: A must for developing an effective training
Burke, L. A., & Hutchins, H. M. (2007). Training transfer: An integrative literature review.
Karp, D. R., & Sacks, C. (2014). Student conduct, restorative justice, and student development:
Running head: TRAINING ASSESSMENT 22
Findings from the STARR project: A student accountability and restorative research
Saks, A. M., & Belcourt, M. (2006). An investigation of training activities and transfer of
Van Eerde, W., Simon Tang, K. C., & Talbot, G. (2008). The mediating role of training utility in
the relationship between training needs assessment and organizational effectiveness. The
Williams, R. L., & Worth, S. L. (2001). The relationship of critical thinking to success in
college.
Complete Guide for Student Affairs Professionals. Sterling, VA: Stylus Publishing.