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ABSTRACT
Based on results of a pure triaxial compression tests, ultimate strength envelopes and ultimate strain envelopes of
high strength concrete reinforced with steel fiber under triaxial compression were mathematically expressed. Secondly, a
constitutive model was proposed by applying a hypoelastic orthotropic approach and an equivalent uniaxial strain theory.
Furthermore, the application of this constitutive relation to preceding concrete was evaluated from the comparison of the
experimental results with the analytical results.
KEYWORDS : high strength concrete reinforced with steel fiber, triaxial compressive stress. hypoelastic orthotropic model,
equivalent uniaxial strain theory
I. INTRODUCTION
A problem of the practical application of high strength concrete, it is brittleness accompanying the increase of
compressive strength. One of the methods to improve ductility of concrete is to reinforce with steel fiber. When evaluating
the effect of the steel fiber on the ductility of concrete, it is important to understand the behavior of strength and
deformation under multiaxial compressive stresses. Moreover, in order to analyze concrete structures subjected to three
dimensional forces, it is necessary to develop a nonlinear analytical procedure considering mechanical characteristics under
triaxial compressive stresses.
It is the purpose of this paper to clarify the non-linear behavior of the stress-strain curve of high strength concrete
reinforced with steel fibers under pure triaxial compression. In the first place, ultimate strength and ultimate strain were
obtained from a meridian stress plane test and a deviatoric stress plane test, and ultimate strength envelopes and ultimate
strain envelopes under triaxial compression were mathematically expressed. A constitutive model was proposed by
applying a hypoelastic orthotropic approach based on an equivalent uniaxial strain theory. It was clear that this model was
able to predict the non-linear stress-strain relationship along any stress path.
2. EXPERIMENTS
Normal portland cement was used in this experiment. Fine aggregate was sea sand that was produced in Mukawa, and
its fineness modulus, specific mass and absorption were 2.87, 2.67 and 1.43 %, respectively. The maximum size of coarse
Max. size of
Slump WIG
aggregate
(cm) (%I
(mm)
10 ( 15fl 1 27.0
Compressive
meridian test 80.9 __ 37.1 0.21 85.9 39.8 0.21
( 0=60')
Tnsile
meridian test 81.7 5.06 40.4 0.24 87.0 38.0 0.21
(O=O”)
Deviatoric
stress plane 81.6 5.01 41.4 0.23 83.6 41.1 0.22
test
t: Specimen of 0 150X 200mm was used.
aggregate was 10 mm, and its specific mass was 2.65. The mix
proportion of the high strength concrete reinforced with steel fibers
is shown in Table 1. Water to cement ratio. required slump and sand- f Urnanal compressive strength
0: /
coarse aggregate ratio were 33 % , 15 + 1 cm and 44.5 % , ,’ Rendulic stress plane
respectively. The mass of AE water reducing superplasticizer was
1.0% of that of the cement. Steel fibers with 9mm long and 1.0%
of the volume of concrete were used.
compressive strength
2 . 3 PROCEDURE OF TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION TEST
Fig. 4 Stress-strain curves in compressive meridian Fig. 5 Stress- strain curves in tensile meridian
Secondly, the envelopes in the deviatoric stress plane, which are the intersecting curves between the ultimate strength
surface and that plane, were provided. When concrete is assumed to be isotropic and homogeneous, the envelopes in the
deviatoric stress plane must have three-fold symmetry, and it is necessary to explore only the sector of the angle of
similarity 0 from 0” to 60”. The envelopes in the deviatoric stress plane may be given by the following equation, which is
defined as a part of an elliptic curve [Zl
The comparison of the envelope estimated by these equations and with experimental results in the deviatoric stress
plane is shown in Fig. 3. The expression of ultimate strength envelopes in the deviatoric stress plane was found to closely
approximate the experimental results for high strength concrete reinforced with steel fibers.
Stress-strain curves obtained from the compressive and the tensile meridian tests are illustrated in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5.
respectively. As shown in these figures, ultimate strength and ultimate strain of high strength concrete reinforced with steel
fibers subjected to triaxial compression increased to a much greater degree than that of the uniaxial compression, and the
increase was mainly dependent on the combination of principal stresses, This is because the characteristics of concrete
change from the brittle to ductile to repress the growth of microcracking in concrete when confined stresses increase. The
expressions of ultimate strain surface in terms of octahedral normal strain E on and octahedral shearing strain Y ocl may be
determined from the experimental results by the least squares method as follows.
M E4.(5)
{dE,}=[D]'{dai} (7)
‘r
in which {d E ,} and {d u ,} are the vectors of incremental
strain and stress, respectively, and
symm. G,‘-
3
, if-,: = V II ?, z,, if ‘?, = V ?, V ,* and /L ‘,) = V ,, V ,,.
In order to work out Eq.(7) with the form of the
incremental constitutive relation, the seven incremental I
* C&t
hypoelastic modulus need to be determined. So the concept *=0.61 0 4
I EC”
of equivalent uniaxial strain. as developed by Darwin and
Pecknold [3], is applied in this study. Fig. 7 Ultimate strain envelop in deviatoric strain plane
Based on the concept of equivalent uniaxial strain which defines the variation of E,, E, and E, with respect to the
variation of stress, the relation between incremental equivalent uniaxial strain d E ,” and incremental stress d (I , for
axisymmetric problems may be written in the following matrix form.
(8)
Ei=r; ; ;, jqj
The vector on the right-hand side of Eq.@) may be defined as the incremental equivalent uniaxial strains. The
incremental equivalent uniaxial strains can be evaluated from Eq.(8) in the simple form.
Moreover, the total equivalent uniaxial strain may be determined by integrating Eq.(9) over the stress path.
The incremental equivalent uniaxial strain of Eq.(9) is the increment of strain in direction i that the material would
exhibit if subjected to a stress increment d u , with other stress increments equal to zero. However, d E I” depends on the
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current stress ratio, and E I” and d & iy do not transform in the same manner as stress. Both are fictitious except in a uniaxial
test and are only significant as a measure of the variation of material parameters.
A description of stress-strain relationship including the softening region under uniaxial compression has been proposed
by Saenz [4]. Replacing the strain with & iy in this equation, the stress-equivalent strain curve can be obtained as follows.
cTi = (11)
l+(~+~-~).(~)~(~-l).(jL): +I?.(:)
in which
RvEo(o%ff-l)
=4~,, ‘ic, E,,4,, o,,=%
2 4’ %
‘ic
‘if ’ -1 &if
E*
(1Ei, 1
and E, is the initial modulus of elasticity, u ,c is the maximum stress, associated with direction i, that occurs for the current
particular principal stress ratio, E iC is the corresponding equivalent uniaxial strain, and u if and E if are the coordinates of a
point on the descending branch of the stress-equivalent strain curve.
Differentiating Eq.(ll) with respect to E iy, the required modulus E, can be obtained as follows.
E, =E, (12)
The incremental elastic modulus of Eq.(8) may be determined from the above equation provided that the parameters
are known for the particular ratio of total stresses.
Prior to implementing the incremental stress-strain relationship, it is also necessary to determine the values of
Poisson’s ratio appearing in Eq.(7). Poisson’s ratio has been determined from the uniaxial compression data of the tests by
Kupfer et al. [5] as shown in the following function of strain, by the least-squares tit of a cubic polynomial.
in which E is the strain in the direction of uniaxial loading, E cy is E ,c for the uniaxial test, and !J , is the initial value of
Poisson’s ratio V .
It has been assumed that an axially symmetric Poisson’s ratio may now be applied to each equivalent uniaxial strain.
Three independent values of Poisson’s ratio 1/ , may be postulated for the following form.
v, =vo.f :
( IC 1
However, it should be noted that a limiting value of 0.5 has been placed on for v , as determined from Eq.(14). This
value corresponds to a limit of zero incremental volume change.
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Fig.8 Comparisons of analytical results with experimental results obtained in deviatoric stress plane
There are two methods of stress and strain increments in the analysis procedure. The former is convenient due to
determining the strain associated with the predefined stress path. However, it was clear in a previous study that the method
of stress increment had two faults. Firstly, the associated strain for a stress increment was considerably large with an
extremely low secant modulus Ei near ultimate strength, and secondly it could not be calculated by a stress-strain curve in
the region of softening. Accordingly, we used the strain increment method in this paper, and conducted trials to estimate the
stress-strain curve including that of the softening region.
5. VERIFICATION OF MODEL
Comparisons of the analytical results with the experimental results in deviatoric stress plane tests of five stress paths
are shown in Fig. 8. As shown in these figures, it was clarified that the constitutive model applying an incremental
hypoelastic model based on an equivalent uniaxial strain theory could satisfactorily estimate the nonlinear behavior of the
stress-strain curve along any specified stress path.
The preceding expressions were useful to predict the ultimate strength and the ultimate strain in a specified stress
combination, and could be applied for the non-linear three-dimensional analysis of concrete structures. Particularly, the
method of strain increment could predict the descending branch of the stress-strain curve in the region of softening,
although the method of stress increment could not be provided.
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6. CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
(1) Ohnuma, H. and Aoyagi Y., “Ultimate Strength Property of Concrete under Triaxial Compressive Stresses,”
Transactions of the 71h SMiRT, H4/8, Aug. 1983, pp.l-7.
(2) Chen, W. F., %&&L&&rinReinforced Cw,” McGraw-Hill, 1982.
(3) Darwin, D. and Pecknold, D. A., “Nonlinear Biaxial Law for Concrete,” ASCE EM Division, April 1977, pp.229-241.
(4) Saenz, I. P., “Discussion of “Equation of the Stress-Strain Curve of Concrete” by P.Desayi and Krishanan,” AC1
Journal, Vol.61, No.9, 1964, pp.1229-1235.
(5) Kupfer, H. B., Hilsdorf, H. K., and Rusch, H., “Behavior of Concrete under Biaxial Stresses,” AC1 Journal, Vol. 66,
No. 8, Aug. 1969, pp.656-666.
(6) Ishikawa, T., Ohnuma, H. and Nawa, T., “Stress-Strain Relationship of Concrete under Triaxial Compressive Stress
Conditions,” Proceedings of the 1’ Joint Symposium between Korea and Japan, Feb. 1998, pp.105-112 ( in Japanese ).