World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Geological and Environmental Engineering
Vol:9, No:8, 2015
Determination of Lithology, Porosity and Water
Saturation for Mishrif Carbonate Formation
F. S. Kadhim, A. Samsuri, H. Alwan
 (limestone and dolomite) is a substantially different process
Abstract—Well logging records can help to answer many
questions from a wide range of special interested information and
basic petrophysical properties to formation evaluation of oil and gas
reservoirs. The accurate calculations of porosity in carbonate
reservoirs are the most challenging aspects of the well logging
International Science Index, Geological and Environmental Engineering Vol:9, No:8, 2015 waset.org/Publication/10002888
analysis. Many equations have been developed over the years based
on known physical principles or on empirically derived relationships,
which are used to calculate porosity, estimate lithology, and water
saturation; however these parameters are calculated from well logs by
using modern technique in a current study. Nasiriya oil field is one of
the giant oilfields in the Middle East, and the formation under study
is the Mishrif carbonate formation which is the shallowest
hydrocarbon bearing zone in this oilfield. Neurolog software was
used to digitize the scanned copies of the available logs.
Environmental corrections had been made as per Schlumberger charts
2005, which supplied in the Interactive Petrophysics software. Three
saturation models have been used to calculate water saturation of
carbonate formations, which are simple Archie equation, Dual water
model, and Indonesia model. Results indicate that the Mishrif
formation consists mainly of limestone, some dolomite, and shale.
The porosity interpretation shows that the logging tools have a good
quality after making the environmental corrections. The average
formation water saturation for Mishrif formation is around 0.4-
0.6.This study is provided accurate behavior of petrophysical
properties with depth for this formation by using modern software.
Keywords—Lithology, Porosity, Water Saturation, Carbonate
Formation, Mishrif Formation.
I. INTRODUCTION
G IVEN knowledge of the rock type, porosity can be
determined by using different logging devices. For
example, if a density logging tool is to be used, the rock
matrix density must be known in order to determine the
porosity. Likewise, using sonic log for porosity determination,
the known parameter must be the matrix travel time and for
neutron log, the parameter that must correspond to the rock
type is the matrix setting for the neutron logging tool. If the
encountered lithologies are simple or if the detailed
information about the geology of the formation is shown,
many problems should not arise in the determination of these
parameters. Otherwise, the best way is to adopt the graphical
methods if lithology is uncertain.
Fluid flow through heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs
F.S. Kadhi is with the Department of Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of
Petroleum and Renewable Energy, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310,
Skudai, Johor, Malaysia (e-mail: skfadhil2@live.utm.my).
A. Samsuri is with the Department of Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of
Petroleum and Renewable Energy, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310,
Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
H. Alwan is with the Iraqi Drilling Company, Basrah, Iraq.
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 9(8) 2015
from the flow through the homogeneous sandstone reservoir.
This variation is largely cause to the fact that carbonate rocks
tend to have a more complex pore system than sandstone [1],
[2]. In the Middle East, Carbonate reservoirs are very
heterogeneous in terms of rock types. Therefore, the reservoir
should be split into layers on the basis of the dominant rock
type in order to define average values and trends of
petrophysical parameters in the reservoir rocks [3].
A Cross plot of porosity logging data has been in use since
early 1960 [4]. Today an extremely large variety of two and
three-dimensional cross-plots are available. There are many
cross-plots models can be used for each formation to
determine the lithological type, such as mono, binary and
triple-mineral. Assuming a reservoir rock of known lithology,
which is clean and /or shale corrected, then each porosity
value can be explained for cross-plots type [5].
The density-sonic cross plot is the first cross-plot. As water-
filled porosity increases, three different loci could be traced
out for differing travel times and matrix densities for the three
principal matrices. A considerable confusion in the ascribed
lithology caused by a little uncertainty in the measured pair
(∆t-RhoB) means the contrast between the matrix endpoints is
not a great deal. In addition, depending on the type of sonic
transform used, there is a large difference as well [6], [7].
The density log is a continuous record of a formation’s bulk
density. It is used mainly for the determination of porosity,
and the differentiation between liquids and gasses (when used
in combination with neutron log). When organic content is
present, density is low. Variation of density indicates porosity
changes. For example, low density indicates high porosity [8].
The second one is the combination cross-plot between neutron
and sonic logs. For a thermal neutron porosity device, the
travel times as a function of the apparent porosity are plotted.
A considerable separation between limestone, dolomite, and
sandstone appears due to the matrix effect of the neutron
device [6].
One of the most controversial problems in the formation
evaluation is the clay effect to reservoir rocks [9]. Shale is
usually more radioactive than sand or carbonate, the gamma
ray log and other logs can be used to calculate the volume of
shale in a porous medium. The volume of shale expressed as a
decimal fraction or percentage is called shale volume (Vshale )
[10]. The volume of clay can be calculated by two sets of
well-logging indicators that are Single Clay Indicators and
Double Clay Indicators; the minimum value of clay (Vclay) is
the closest to the truth [11], [12].
There is always more than one fluid phase occupying the
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 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Geological and Environmental Engineering
Vol:9, No:8, 2015
pore space in a petroleum and gas reservoirs. The fluid
saturation is the petrophysical property that describes the
amount of each fluid type in the pore space. It is defined as the
fraction of the pore space (VP) occupied by a fluid phase (VF)
as:
VF
Saturation  . (1)
VP
One of the most troublesome aspects of log analysis is the
calculation of water saturation (Sw).There are many equations,
and empirical correlations have been developed over the years
to calculate the (Swi). Resistivity and Conductivity are
common methods to calculate water saturation. In the earliest
International Science Index, Geological and Environmental Engineering Vol:9, No:8, 2015 waset.org/Publication/10002888
days of well-logging resistivity logs are the most commonly
used measurements to determine (Sw). A high resistivity log
reading in a porous medium can be indicated by the presence
of hydrocarbon [13], [14]. While the principle of conductivity
method depend on sodium cations concentration, that can be
calculated in term of Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC),
expressed in mille equivalents per gram of dry clay.
The field of study is located in the north of Arabian
platform in the Middle East between latitudes (34ᴏ80`- 34ᴏ60`
N) and longitudes (57ᴏ50`- 60ᴏ10` E). It is anticline structure
with northwest- southeast general trend. Three reservoir units
contain most of the oil within the reservoir; the Yamamma,
Nahr Umr, and Mishrif formations [15]. Mishrif formation is
divided into two main reservoir units: the Upper Mishrif and
the Lower Mishrif which consist mainly of limestone. This
formation is an important reservoir unit due to rudist deposits
[16], [17].
In this study, the lithology, Porosity, and water saturation of
Mishrif formation were determined using corrected well log
data and compared with core data that obtained from NS-3
well [18]. The accurate determination the saturation values
with depth will improve the oil in place calculation and
consequently detected the perforation zones.
II. METHODOLOGY
Cross-plot techniques are employed in the analysis of well
logging data. A set of log data from the NS field was used as
the base data for the research reported in this paper. Neura-
Log software V 2008.5 was used to digitize the scanned copies
of logs in which the results as LAS files were loaded into the
Interactive Petrophysics software (IP) where the reading
measurements were taken as one reading per 0.1524 meters.
The log curves are checked to be for depth with each other.
Environmental corrections were made using the current
Schlumberger charts (SLB, 2005) for available logs (gamma
ray (Gr), resistivity logs (ILD and MSFL), density log
(RHOB) and neutron log (NPHI). These charts are supplied to
IP as the environmental correction module. Actual mud
properties, caliper log, hydrostatic pressure and temperature
gradient were provided for accurate corrections. Depending on
well logging data the Interactive Petrophysics software (IP
V3.5, 2008) had been used to calculate the porosities and
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 9(8) 2015
determine the lithology cross-plots.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Porosity
Formation density log, sonic log or neutron log all, can
determine the values of porosity. Other parameters such as the
nature of the fluid in pore spaces, lithology and shaliness also
have effects on those logs also to porosity. Generally, a
combination of logs is used to obtain more accurate porosity
values. The properties of the formation close to the borehole
determine the readings of the tools. The shallowest
investigation is carried out with a sonic log. Generally, within
the flushed zone, neutron and density logs are affected by a
little deeper region depending somewhat on the porosity.
The density tool responds to the electron density of the
material in the formation. Formation bulk density (RohB) is a
function of matrix density, porosity, and density of fluids in
the pores (salt water, fresh water mud, or hydrocarbons). The
formula for calculating density-derived porosity is [6], [9]:
2.71  RohB (2)
PhiDen   D 
2.71  Roh f
where: RohB: is the bulk (matrix) density, [2.71 (gm/cc) for
limestone, 2.87 (gm/cc) for dolomite and 2.65 (gm/cc) for
sandstone]. Rohf: is the fluid density (gm/cc) [fresh water mud
= 1, for salt water mud 1.1].
The neutron log (NPHI) is used mainly for lithology
identification, porosity evaluation, and the differentiation
between liquids and gasses when used in combination with
density log. On cross-plot of neutron and density logs, pure
shale can be recognized by the high neutron value relative to
the density value which gives a large positive separation to the
logs while gas stands out distinctly giving a large negative
separation [8].
Neutron logs are porosity logs that measure the hydrogen
concentration in a formation. In clean formations (shale-free),
where the pores are filled with water or oil, therefore,
hydrogen is concentrated in the fluid-filled pores, energy loss
can be related to the formation porosity. Whenever shale is
part of the formation matrix, the reported neutron porosity is
greater than the actual formation porosity [10].
The sonic log is a porosity log that measures interval transit
time (∆t) of a compressional sound wave traveling through the
formation; the interval transit time depends on both lithology
and porosity. Wyllie time-average equation may be written as
[19]:
t log  t mat
PhiSon.  s  . (3)
t f  t mat
where: Φs is sonic-derived porosity, fraction, Δtma: is the
interval transit time in the matrix [Its value is 47.6μsec/ft for
limestone and 43.5 μsec/ft, for dolomite], Δtlog: is the interval
transit time in the formation, μsec/ft., Δtf: is the interval transit
time in the fluid within the formation [For freshwater mud =
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 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Geological and Environmental Engineering
Vol:9, No:8, 2015

1889 (μsec/ft); foor salt-water m

mud = 185(μseec/ft)]. CPII porosity is shhown in Fig. 77. From this figgure, the correected
equation for effeective porosityy was producced. This equaation
wass used to correect the CPI vaalue of the efffective porositty as
showwn in Fig. 8.. The main reason that leaads to differeences
betw
ween the poroosity value froom core and log is the varrying
betw
ween propertiies of formatiion water andd the mud filltrate
[20]]. The Ferro C Chrome Ligniite - Chrome Lignite (FCL-CL)
wass used as drilliing mud in thee NS-3 well [18]. The (FCL-CL)
mudd contains barrite as a weighhting agent andd characterizeed by
a hhigh ratio of free phase ((water), whichh lead to a high
diam
meter of invassion zone (moore than 50 in)), that mean bbarite
invaaded the invesstigation zone for logging toools.
International Science Index, Geological and Environmental Engineering Vol:9, No:8, 2015 waset.org/Publication/10002888

Fig. 1 Environmentaal correction off well logs

F
Fig. 3 Comparisoon between core and CPI porossity results for C1
C

Fig. 2 Poorosity results

TA ABLE I
COMPARISON RESULT OF CORE - LOG AVERRAGE POROSITY
Core no. Depth Interval ((m) Ф COORE Ф CPI
C1 1991.98-2005.330 0.1113 0.112
C2 2005.97-2018.550 0.1223 0.102
C3 2019.58-2025.550 0.1554 0.139
C4 2039.40-2042.000 0.2223 0.2207
C5 2057.40-2073.990 0.2223 0.2220

Using IP softtware, corrections were achhieved per 0.1524 m

off depth to aavoid erroneoous results inn water satuuration
interpretations. The softwaree supplied thhe correction charts
(SSLB, 2005) aas the environnmental correection modulee. The
ennvironmental corrected
c and porosity resuults of well loogs are
shhown in Fiigs. 1 and 2. The C Computer-Processed
Innterpretation (CPI) results oof effective porosity
p (Ф CPI) are
cloosed to the coore porosity (Ф
Ф CORE) as shhown in Tablee I and
Fiigs. 3-6 that mmeans the poorosity interprretation by poorosity
F
Fig. 4 Comparisoon between core and CPI porossity results for C2
C
logging tools have goodd quality aafter makingg the
ennvironmental ccorrection. Thhe relationshipp between corre and

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 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Geological and Environmental Engineering
Vol:9, No:8, 2015
International Science Index, Geological and Environmental Engineering Vol:9, No:8, 2015 waset.org/Publication/10002888

F
Fig. 7 ΦCPI and ΦCore relationshhip
Fig. 5 Comparrison between coore and CPI porrosity results forr C3

Fig. 6 Comparrison between coore and CPI porrosity results forr C4 F

B. Lithology
By virtue off the different responses off matrix minerrals to
the individual porosity logss, immediate indications oof the
litthology of loggged units willl be given byy an overlay oof any
coombination of the three poroosities. The hyypothetical ressponse
to a mixed seqquence of lithhologies can bbe compared to the
deensity, sonic, aand neutron loogs to illustratee this point.
Fig. 8 Effective porosity resultss as per core correction equatioon
A cross-plot oof two porosityy logs is convvenient to dissplay
bothh porosity andd lithology innformation. Thhis cross-plot was
constructed for cllean, liquid saturated formattion and borehholes
filleed with wateer or water-bbased mud. The T sonic-neuutron
crosss-plot for Mishrif Formattion is shown in Fig. 9, which w
illusstrates the sepparation betweeen the sandstoone, limestonee and
doloomite lines that t indicate a good resoolution for theset
lithoologies. Fig. 9 illustratess sonic-neutroon cross-plott for
Misshrif Formatioon, which pprovides a reesolution betw ween
sanddstone, limesttone, anhydritte and dolomiite lithologiess. No
secoondary porossity effects were w noticed since both logs
meaasure total poorosity. The cllay effect is clearly
c noticed by

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 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
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Vol:9, No:8, 2015

shhifting some points towards the east, and the bad hole effects
e neutron cross-pllot provides a satisfactoory resolutionn of
make some poiints to be scaattered. The lithology results are
m poroosity and lithhological coluumn. Here tooo, no seconndary
quuite similar w with [16] and [17], descrriptions of M Mishrif poroosity effects w
were noticed foor the same reeason stated abbove.
foormation lithollogy. Alsoo, the clay efffect is clearly noticed by shhifting some points
tow
wards the east, and the bad hhole effects maake some poinnts to
be sscattered, as shhown in Fig. 9.
9
C
C. Clay Volume
T
The spectral gaamma ray (SG GR) provides the
t measure oof the
totaal natural raddioactivity off the formatiion. The speectral
gammma ray tool detects the nnaturally occurrring gamma rays
andd defines the energy spectrrum of the raadiations. Beccause
Potaassium (K), Thorium (T Th) and Uraanium (UR) are
respponsible for thhe energy specctrum observedd by the tool, their
International Science Index, Geological and Environmental Engineering Vol:9, No:8, 2015 waset.org/Publication/10002888

resppective elemenntal concentrattions can be caalculated [12]:

V clay 
R  SGR min
SGR (4)
SGR mmax  SGR min

U  UR min
UR (5)
(Vclay ) UR 
R max  UR min
UR

K  K min (6)
(Vclay ) K 
K max  K min

Th  Th min (7)
(Vclay ) Th 
Th max  Th min
F
Fig. 9 Interval trransit time (DT) vs. Neutron Porosity (NPHI) cross
plot S
Since the Urannium is assocciated with raddioactive minnerals
otheer than those found
f in clay (i.e. Organic materials), soo it is
not a reliable cclay indicator. By eliminaating the urannium
contribution fromm the total gam
mma ray respponse and defiining
the Corrected Gaamma Ray CGR C (i.e., sum
m of thorium and
potaassium only) [[12]:

 CGR  C CGRmin  (8)

Vssh   
 CGR max  CGRmin 

wheere: CGR: Corrrected gammaa ray logs readding in the zonne of

inteerest (API unnits), CGRminn: Corrected gamma ray logs
readding in a 100 % clean zone (API units), CGR
C max: Correected
gammma ray logs rreading in 1000% shale (API units).
N
Neutron log reading providees an equationn that often useed to
calcculate the shale volume [12]], [21].

 N   N   Nclay  (9)
Vssh    
   
 Nclay  Nclay   Nclean 

T
The resistivityy of a mixtuure of clay w with some noon –
Fiig. 10 Correctedd Bulk density ((RHOC) vs. Neuutron porosity ((NPHI) conductive minerral (quartz forr example) wiill depend on clay
crooss plot resistivity and cllay content. IIf the mixturee has no poroosity,
thenn it can be exxpressed by aan Archie – ttype formula [12],
As in the preevious cross-pplot the densityy-neutron crosss plot [21]]:
is provided forr clean fully liquid-saturatted formationns and
hooles filled withh water or waater based mudd. Fig. 10 showws the Rclay (10)
deensity-neutronn cross-plot forr Mishrif Form
mation. The deensity- Rt 
(Vclay ) b

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 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
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Vol:9, No:8, 2015

In case of loow porosity, ssome formatioon water will exist, D

D. Water Saturration
annd so the resisttivity will be llower also, theerefore: A
Archie in 19422 was introduuced equationn, which based on
labooratory experiiments on cleaan sands, watter wettabilityy and
Rt 1b (11) nonn- vugy carboonates. The eaarliest researcch established that
Vsh  ( )
Rclay for a formation w with constant porosity and water salinityy, an
incrrease in resistiivity indicatedd the presencee of hydrocarbbons.
The above equation is useed in case off high to modderated Arcchie qualified this
t relationshhip as shown inn [20], [22]:
vaalues of porosiities, but in geeneral form the following foormula
wiill use [12]: Sw n 
a.Rw w (13)
Rt . m
 Rclay R max  Rt  
1/ b

V sh   (12) T
The results of AArchie’s modeel are shown inn Fig, 12.

 Rt ( R max  Rclay )  Inn 1971 Poupoon and Leveauux introducedd Indonesia moodel.
Thiss model was derived basedd on the freshh waters saturaation
International Science Index, Geological and Environmental Engineering Vol:9, No:8, 2015 waset.org/Publication/10002888

whhere: Rmax is the maximum m resistivity reading

r in thee clean
hyydrocarbon bearing intervval, 1/b is eqqual to one when
(R
Rt/Rclay) ≥ 0.5 or equal to {0.5/ (1- Rt/Rcclay)} when Rt//Rclay<
0.5. The clay voolume results aare shown as ffollows in Fig. 11
andd clay volum me that presennt in many oil reservoirrs in
Indoonesia. Conduuctivities of thhe shale and foormation wateer are
affeected by the reelationship between true ressistivity and water
w
satuuration in this model. The Inndonesia formmula can be wrritten
as [220]:

Vd  0 .5 m 
S w0.5  ( Rt )  0.5  cl0l.5   (14)
 Rcll ( aR w ) 0.5 

wheere: d=1-0.5 Vcl.. Indonesia model resultss are shown inn Fig.
13, track number three.
C
Conductivity m models are iimproved the water saturaation
resuults by maatching well log data with laboraatory
meaasurements. T The most com mmonly usedd cation exchhange
capaacity model iss a dual water model. The duual water moddel is
moddified from Waxman-Smiits model byy calculation the
conductivity of free f water awway from clayy surface andd the
relaative volume of clay bound water for ddouble-layer. This
moddel is given bby two types of formationn water as folllows
[23]], [24]:
A. Bound Wateer Saturationn SWB, whichh defined as the
fraction of tootal porosity occcupied by boound water.
. B. Free Water S Saturation SWFF, which definned as the fracction
of total porossity occupied bby free water.
Fig. 11 Clayy Volume Resullts
1/ 2
 R  (15)
S wT  Y   2wT  Y 2 
 R
 T t 

wheere:
S wB ( RwwB  RwF )
Y (16)
2 RwB

andd; RwT is a reesistivity of free water, SwT is total water w

satuuration, RwB iss a resistivity oof bound water. The Dual-WWater
moddel results are shown in Fig. 13 in the tracck four.
T
Table II showss the results oof water saturaation from Arrchie,
Indoonesia, dual- water modells and core ssaturation. Arrchie
formmula gives a misleading reesult that is because it assuumes
thatt the formatioon water is thhe only electrrically conductive
matterial in the formation,
f whhich is not truue for the casse of
Fig. 12 Water Saturatioon Results of A
Archie Model shalle formation. The shale efffect on varioous log respoonses

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 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
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Vol:9, No:8, 2015

deepends on the type, the amoount, and the w

way is distribuuted in Uniiversiti Teknoologi Malayssia (UTM) ffor supportinng a
foormation [8]. reseearch assistanttship.

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[2] S.J. Mazzullo. 1986. Stratigraphiic approach of hyydrocarbon explorration
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Level Depth
h interval S
Sw Sw IND Sw DW Sw towards Characcterizing Disturbeed Samples from the Cascadia Ma Margin,
(
(m) Arrch. Core The 49th Annuual Logging Sym mposium, 25-28 May, Austin, T Texas,
M
Mb-1 20077-2030 0.53 0.55 0.40 0.51 SPWLA- 2008- HHH.H
M
Mb-2a 20300-2081 0.52 0.30 0.62 0.50 [14] L Adeoti, E.A. Ayolabi, P.L. Jaames.2009. An Inntegrated Approaach to
Volume of Shalee Analysis: Niger Delta Example, O Orire Field, The World
W
M
Mb-2b 2081-2097 0.94 0.57 0.60 0.93 Applied Sciencees Journal, 7 (4): 448-
4 452.
[15] M.H. Amnah. 22009. Predictionn of Reservoir P Permeability from m well
Logs Data Usinng Artificial Neurral Networks, Iraaqi Journal of Sccience.
IV. CO
ONCLUSIONS
50(1):67 – 74.
The major finndings of the current study can be summ marized [16] S.Z. Jassim, J.C. Goff. 2006. Geology of Iraqq, Dolin, Praguee and
Moravian Museuum Brno., Pp.3411
ass: [17] A. A. Aqrawi, G G.A. Thehni, G. H H. Sherwani, B. M
M. Kareem 1998, Mid-
1. Cross-plotss interpretationns show that thhe Mishrif resservoir cretaceous rudiist-bearing carboonate of the Mishrif
M formationn: An
consists maainly of limesttone, some dollomite, and shhale. important reservvoir sequence inn the Mesopotam mian basin, Iraq Iraqi
2. The enviroonmental corrrection for sonic, densityy and Journal of Petroleum Geology, 211(1): 57-8
[18] Iraqi National Oil Company. 1985. NS-3 Unnpublished Final Well
neutron loggs gives accuurate values oof porosity annd the Report.
average efffective porositty for Mishrif formation is almost
a [19] L.M. Etnyre. 19989. Finding Oil aand Gas from Weell Logs. Van Nostrand
between 0.11-0.22 Reinhold, New Y York. Pp 21-25.
[20] A.T Amin, M. W Watfa, M. A. Aw wad. 1987. Accuraate estimation of Water
3. The resultss show the effect
e of clayy while there is no saturation in coomplex carbonatee reservoir, SPE-15714MS: Socieety of
secondary pporosity effectt. Petroleum Enginneers presented aat the 5th SPE Miiddle East Oil shhow in
4. The Dual w water model ggives water saaturation resullts that Bahrain, p.16
[21] E.C. Thomas, S..J. Stieber. 1975. The Distribution of Shale in Sandsstones
are more coonsistent than resistivity typpe equations aand the and Its Effect upon Porosity, the 16th Annuual Logging Orrleans,
average waater saturationn value for M Mishrif formattion is Symposium, Junne 4-7, New Orleaans, Louisiana, SP PWLA- 1975-T
located betwween 0.4-0.6. [22] G. E. Archie. 1942. The Theooretical Resistivity Log as an A Aid in
Determining Som me Reservoir Chaaracteristics SPE--942054-G.
[23] G. Coates, Y. BBoutemy, C. Clavvier, C.1983. A Sttudy of the Dual-Water
ACKNOW
WLEDGMENT Model Based onn Log Data, SPE 110104-PA.
[24] C. Clavier, G. Coates,
C J. Dumaniior.1984. Theorettical and Experim mental
The authors would like tto thank the Ministry of H Higher Bases for the Duual-Water Modell for Interpretatioon of Shaly Sandss, SPE
Edducation (MO
OHE) in Iraq fo
for providing a research graant and 6859-PA: 1153-168.

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