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Foreword
Design conditions the roll bodies is accompanied by neck have a loose fit. As a result,
removal of the chocks. This is a the chocks can be easily removed;
The rolling bearings in which the demanding exercise in the case of their field of application is
rolls in roll stands are supported, non-separable bearings, such as restricted, however, by the loose
are subjected to high loads; the spherical roller bearings, whose fit.
specific load is also high. In order inner ring is fitted tightly on the If cylindrical roller bearings are
that the bearings can reliably sup- roll neck. In the case of cylindrical fitted as radial bearings, the rolls
port the rolling forces, they must roller bearings, the chock can be must be axially supported in an
have high load carrying capacity. removed together with the outer additional axial bearing.
On the other hand, the mounting ring and roller cage from the inner The separate support of the radial
space available for these bearings ring mounted on the neck. and axial forces is particularly
is restricted, especially in relation Four-row tapered roller bearings advantageous where the axial
to the section height of the bear- or two spherical roller bearings guidance accuracy has an influence
ings, Figure 1. The diameter of the arranged together on a cylindrical on the dimensional stability of the
roll body, less a certain amount for
regrinding and the wall thickness
of the chock, determines the
Section height
outside diameter of the bearing. of bearing
Stock for
Its bore corresponds to the diam - regrinding
eter of the roll neck. If the load is Roll body
diameter
very high, a compromise must be
Stock for
found between the diameter of the regrinding
neck and its strength on the one Wall thickness
hand and the section height of of chock
4
Roll neck bearings
Design conditions · Cylindrical roller bearings
rolled stock, for example in stands axial and radial guidance always internal clearance and the radial
for rolling of shape sections. have a larger axial internal internal clearance is at its largest
Axial bearings give a very high clearance. in the case of spherical roller
guidance accuracy, since they can Figure 2 (page 4) shows how the bearings. The values are smaller in
be fitted with very small axial axial internal clearance a for a four-row tapered roller bearings.
internal clearance or even without given radial internal clearance is The ratio is even smaller in the
clearance. In contrast, radial dependent on the contact angle α. case of angular contact ball
bearings used to provide both The ratio between the axial bearings.
Cylindrical roller bearings cages, Figure 3. The pin-type are separated from each other by
cage comprises cage rings which inner and outer spacers. In these
For a given mounting space, the laterally retain the pins passing bearings, a high load carrying
highest load carrying capacity can through the centre of the rollers. capacity is less important, while it
be achieved with a cylindrical This cage has very high strength. is much more important that they
roller bearing. The cylindrical roller This is particularly important in are suitable for high speeds.
bearing is thus suitable for very the case of bearings in large stands Cylindrical roller bearings in
high radial loads and, due to its that are subjected to strong accordance with Figure 5 are used
low friction value, for very high acceleration and deceleration, predominantly in fine-section and
speeds. for example in reversing type wire mills. They have machined
Cylindrical roller bearings of operation. brass or steel cages. In comparison
various designs are fitted in roll In order to achieve particularly with their suitability for high
stands. The design considered in high running accuracy, cylindrical rolling speeds of up to 40 m/s,
the individual case will depend on roller bearings with a preground they have high load carrying
the type of application. Cylindrical inner ring raceway are selected capacity.
roller bearings are mainly used and finish ground together with In the finishing sections of such
with a tight inner ring fit. In some the roll surface when the inner ring lines with rolling speeds of up to
applications, cylindrical roller is mounted with a tight fit on the 100 m/s and higher, rolling is
bearings with a loose inner ring fit roll neck. carried out on a single strand.
have also proved effective. Figure 4 shows double row cylin- Normally, single row cylindrical
In order to accommodate the drical roller bearings of dimension roller bearings are used in these
maximum possible number of series 49. They are used in prefer- cases. The operating life achieved
rollers in the bearing and achieve ence for the bearing arrangements in practice with these bearings is
a high load carrying capacity, of work rolls. In order to reduce sufficient for their purpose.
the bearings are designed with the stresses occurring as a result
through-drilled rollers and pin-type of any moments, the bearing rings
3: Four-row cylindrical cylindrical roller 4: Double row cylindrical roller bearings of 5: Four-row cylindrical roller bearing with
bearing with through-drilled rollers and dimension series 49 with inner and outer machined cage for high rolling speed
pin-type cage spacers between bearing rings
5
Roll neck bearings
Axial bearings
Axial bearings roller bearings (Figure 8). The axial with considerably smaller adjacent
tapered roller bearing has a ring parts, the double row tapered
The chock is generally axially fitted between the housing washers roller bearings allow more econom-
located in the roll stand at the whose width is matched to the ical designs.
operator’s end. This chock requisite axial internal clearance. The work rolls in four-high strip
transmits the axial forces to the Axial tapered roller bearings, mills and the rolls in two-high
roll stand. Bearings of various double row tapered roller bearings fine-section and wire mills are
types are used as axial bearings. and axial spherical roller bearings predominantly fitted with angular
The bearings used for high axial are used mainly in blooming mills, contact ball bearings as axial
forces and moderate speeds are heavy plate mills and hot strip bearings (Figure 10).
axial tapered roller bearings mills, where considerable axial The chock arranged on the drive
(Figure 6), double row tapered forces occur in combination with end is not axially located in the
roller bearings with a large contact low to moderate speeds. During roll stand, but is guided on the
angle (Figure 7) or axial spherical operation, only one bearing row is roll neck by the axial bearing.
subjected to pure axial load. Since the guidance forces are
The other is not subjected to load. not very high, a deep groove ball
In order to prevent distorted bearing is fitted here. This only
rolling kinematics, the outer rings increases the width of the bearing
of the double row tapered roller arrangement to a small degree.
bearings and the housing washers It is advisable to use a deep groove
of the axial spherical roller ball bearing with the same section
bearings are preloaded on both height as the radial bearing.
sides to a minimum load by means In some roll bearing arrangements,
6: Double direction axial tapered roller of springs (Figures 7 and 8). the same axial bearing is fitted
bearing with intermediate ring In strip mills, in fine-section and on both the drive end and the
wire mills, the rolling speeds are operator’s end. This gives simpler
so high in many cases that it is stockholding (page 48).
no longer possible to use axial The deep groove ball bearings and
tapered roller bearings and axial angular contact ball bearings fitted
spherical roller bearings. The axial in these bearings are only required
bearings used in these cases are to support axial forces. In order
angular contact ball bearings or to prevent the outer rings from
deep groove ball bearings. transmitting any radial forces,
In back-up rolls for large four-high the chocks are relief-turned by a
7: Double row tapered roller bearing with strip mills and foil mills, a deep few millimetres at the seats for the
large contact angle and outer rings axially groove ball bearing is often bearing outer rings (see also
adjusted by springs
sufficient as an axial bearing, Table 40, page 31).
Figure 9. It generally has the
same section height as the radial
cylindrical roller bearing to which
it is assigned.
In place of the deep groove ball
bearing, a double row tapered
roller bearing with a large contact
angle can be used. The requisite
9 10
basic load ratings can then be
8: Pair of axial spherical roller bearings for achieved with a significantly 9: Deep groove ball bearing
supporting axial load in both directions smaller bearing. In conjunction 10: Double row angular contact ball bearing
6
Roll neck bearings
Tapered roller bearings
Tapered roller bearings the fit joint between the inner ring For the reasons given, the four-row
and roll neck, see also page 36. tapered roller bearing with a
Due to the inclined position of the In order to provide a grease reser- cylindrical bore cannot be used in
rollers, tapered roller bearings can voir and thus improve lubrication all roll neck bearing arrangements.
support both radial and axial of the neck, a spiral groove is At high speeds and under high
forces. Four-row and double row sometimes turned in the inner ring loads, the inner rings must have a
tapered roller bearings are used bore, Figure 12. The groove also tight fit. In these cases, bearings
in rolling mills, Figure 11. provides for collection of abraded with a tapered bore are normally
Tapered roller bearings are particles. For the same reason, selected and mounted on a
separable; unlike cylindrical radial grooves are provided in the tapered roll neck, Figure 13.
roller bearings, however, it is not lateral faces of the inner rings. In this way, the requisite tight fit
possible to fit the inner rings on Where work rolls are supported in can be easily achieved.
the neck first, mount the outer four-row tapered roller bearings, In the design shown in Figure 13a,
rings in the chock and then slide the low load means that little wear the inner ring comprises a double
the chock onto the roll neck. occurs. Furthermore, it is likely in ring and two single rings, while
The complete bearing must instead most cases that the regrinding the outer ring comprises two
be mounted in the chock, after stock available on work rolls will double rings. Figure 13b shows a
which the chock together with the have been used up and the rolls different design with an outer ring
bearing is slid onto the neck. must be replaced before wear of comprising four single rings
This means that the bearing inner the neck has a deleterious effect. separated by three spacer rings.
ring must have a loose fit on the Large tapered roller bearings are, Schaeffler manufactures four-row
neck, although it should technically like cylindrical roller bearings, tapered roller bearings in metric
have a tight fit due to the circum- fitted with through-drilled rollers dimensions and metric tolerances
ferential load. and pin-type cages. This design is as well as in inch size dimensions
With a loose fit, the inner ring necessary in reversing type stands with inch size tolerances.
will inevitably creep on the neck. due to the high inertia forces.
The neck will undergo heating and
wear in this case. Wear can be
restricted by good lubrication of
a
a
b b
11: Tapered roller bearings 12: Four-row tapered roller bearing with spiral 13: Four-row tapered roller bearing with
a: Four-row; groove in inner ring bore tapered bore and pin-type cage.
b: Double row a: Outer ring comprising two double rings
b: Outer ring comprising four single rings
7
Roll neck bearings
Tapered roller bearings
Sealed multi-row tapered roller The bearings have the same main
bearings dimensions as the unsealed
bearings. A high quality rolling
Work roll bearing arrangements in bearing grease is used that does
hot and cold rolling lines must be not escape from the bearings
effectively sealed against large and is only required in small
quantities of water or roll coolant quantities. The housing seals
that are mixed with contaminants. themselves are packed with
The work roll bearing arrangements simple, cheap sealing grease.
are normally lubricated with Although the integrated seals
grease. In order to reduce costs reduce the design envelope
and protect the environment, plant available for the rollers, leading
operators try to reduce grease to a lower basic load rating, the
consumption. Better lubrication sealed bearings normally have a
and cleanliness at the rolling longer life than the unsealed
contacts can help to increase bearings due to the improved
bearing life. cleanliness in the lubrication gap.
In order to fulfil these objectives,
Schaeffler has developed four-row Double row sealed tapered roller
tapered roller bearings with bearings are used as axial bear-
integrated seals, Figure 14. ings for work rolls, Figure 15.
14: Sealed four-row tapered roller bearing 15: Sealed double row tapered roller bearing
of D1 design
8
Roll neck bearings
Spherical roller bearings · Axial tapered roller bearings for screw-down mechanisms
Spherical roller bearings stands where the chocks are fixed Axial tapered
by means of tie bars and therefore roller bearings for
Spherical roller bearings are cannot freely align themselves. screw-down mechanisms
mainly used as roll neck bearings Where it must be possible to
where the demands on axial guid- remove the spherical roller bearing Single direction axial tapered
ance accuracy are not particularly quickly and easily from the roll roller bearings are often mounted
high and the speed is low. neck and the rolling speed is low, between the pressure spindle and
Since the available height is the inner rings can have a loose fit. the upper chock, Figure 18. Due to
restricted, spherical roller bearings As in the case of tapered roller their low friction, these bearings
of the dimension series 240 and bearings (see Figure 12, page 7), reduce the screw-down forces.
241 are normally used. These spherical roller bearings can also This is particularly advantageous
bearings have a small section have a spiral groove turned in in large stands and in stands with
height, Figure 16. the bearing bore to give better frequent changes of rolled stock
Spherical roller bearings are self- lubrication of the fit surfaces, thickness.
aligning; they can support radial Figure 17. Where the inner rings
and axial forces. Since the axial of spherical roller bearings have a
internal clearance is between four tight fit on the roll neck, mounting
and six times the radial internal and dismounting is easiest if
clearance, their axial guidance bearings with a tapered bore are
accuracy is low. Spherical roller used. Mounting can be aided by
bearings can be used at low and means of the hydraulic method.
moderate speeds. The rolling Spherical roller bearings are also
speed should be no more than used for rolls with cantilever
approx. 12 m/s. Due to the self- mounting, since they can align
alignment facility of the bearings, themselves to the considerable
the chock can be supported easily deflections of the rolls occurring in
in the roll stand: inaccuracy of the these cases. Due to the relatively
roll stand and deflection of the roll large axial internal clearance,
neck are compensated within the an additional axial bearing must
bearing. Spherical roller bearings be incorporated in stands used
are also used in prestressed for rolling of shape sections.
16: Spherical roller bearing 17: Spherical roller bearing with spiral groove 18: Axial tapered roller bearings for
in inner ring bore screw-down mechanisms
a: Design without pressure washer
b: Design with pressure washer
9
Calculation of bearing load
Self-aligning chocks
Calculation of rolling force is non-uniform screw-down conditions symmetrically between the bearing
generally carried out with the aid etc. This ensures that all the rows positions (Figure 20), each roll
of computer programs. A decisive of rollers in the multi-row bearings neck bearing being subjected to
influence is exerted by the type of are subjected to uniform load, a load of 1 / 2 · P w .
rolled stock, the type of rolling Figure 19. The rolled stock passes F r = 1/ 2 · P w
(strip or groove rolling) and the
proposed rolling schedule.
The rolling forces actually occurring
sometimes differ considerably
from the calculated results if the
rolling schedule does not corre-
spond to the projected schedule.
Furthermore, the shocks occurring
when the rolled stock enters the
rolls is only considered in approxi-
mate terms in the calculation.
The rolling force in the initial pass
may be more than twice the sub -
sequent rolling force. The magni-
tude of these initial pass peaks is
dependent on the configuration 19: Self-aligning chock
of the rolled stock and the tem -
perature of the rolled stock ends.
The initial pass peak in rolling
force only occurs for a short time. Fr
It is not generally taken into
consideration in life calculation.
It must not be overlooked, however,
that the fatigue life of the rolling
bearings is often reduced to a con-
siderable extent by such stresses.
The distribution of the rolling force
over the two bearing positions is
dependent on the design of the Pw
roll stand and the type of rolled
stock.
Self-aligning chocks
10
Calculation of bearing load
Self-aligning chocks
Fr Fr
Pw
Pw
11
Calculation of bearing load
Rigid chocks
Rigid chocks will be an uneven distribution of The upper and lower chock are
load over the rows of rollers. The pressed together by the preload
Both bearings are mounted in method developed by Schaeffler force, which means that they
housings that are rigidly connec - for calculating roll deflection can cannot adjust to misalignment.
ted to each other. Roll deflections, be used to determine the load on This can lead not only to roll
neck offsets or misalignments the individual rows of rollers. It deflection but also to offset of the
cause mutual tilting of the two must then be checked whether the two chocks relative to the roll axis.
bearing rings. This has no influ- row of rollers subjected to higher These stands are predominantly
ence on the bearings and their cal- load has an adequate fatigue life. fitted with spherical roller bearings.
culation if the necks are supported Rigid chocks are selected predomi- If no axial bearing is provided, the
in spherical roller bearings. nantly for shape section rolls. axial force must be accommodated
In the case of double row or multi- The distribution of rolling force in the locating bearing.
row cylindrical roller bearings, over the two roll necks can be
it must be anticipated that there calculated as shown on page 11.
Fr
Fr
Pw
Pw
12
Calculation of bearing load
Calculation of roll deflection and load conditions in the rolling bearings
13
Calculation of bearing load
Back-up roll: Calculation of load conditions and pressures (pressure distribution)
z x
Back-up roll
-0.8
Deflection of shaft in y direction [mm]
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0 350 700 1050 1400 1750 2100 2450 2800 3150 3500
x [mm]
25c: Visualisation of the pressures acting on the four-row cylindrical 25d: Load distribution within the four-row cylindrical roller bearing
roller bearing on the back-up roll on the back-up roll
14
Calculation of bearing load
Work roll: Calculation of load conditions and pressures (pressure distribution)
z x
26b: Visualisation of the pressures in the four-row tapered roller 26c: Load distribution in the four-row tapered roller bearing
bearing on the work roll on the back-up roll
15
Load carrying capacity and life
Bearings under static loading · Bearings under dynamic loading
In the calculation of dimensions, here. The recommendation here is: Equivalent dynamic load
the loading in a bearing is S 0 = 1,8...2
compared with its load carrying The basic static load rating C 0 is The equivalent dynamic load P is a
capacity. A distinction is made indicated for each bearing in the calculated value. This value is con-
here between dynamic loading and dimension tables in our catalogues. stant in magnitude and direction;
static loading. In the case of static it is a radial load for radial
loading, the bearing remains bearings and an axial load for
stationary (without relative motion Bearings under axial bearings.
between the rings) or rotates dynamic loading A load corresponding to P will
slowly. In these cases, the security give the same rating life as the
against excessive plastic defor - The basic rating life L 10 and L 10h is combined load occurring in
mation of the raceways and rolling calculated as follows: practice.
elements is checked.
Most bearings are subjected to
dynamic loading. In these cases,
the bearing rings rotate relative to P kN
each other. The dimension calcu - Equivalent dynamic bearing
lation checks the security against load
premature material fatigue of the Fr kN
raceways and rolling elements. Radial dynamic bearing load
Fa kN
L 10 10 6 revolutions Axial dynamic bearing load
Bearings under The basic rating life in X –
static loading millions of revolutions is the Radial factor from the
life reached or exceeded by dimension tables or product
In the case of static loading, 90 % of a sufficiently large description
calculation is carried out to group of apparently identical Y –
demonstrate that a bearing with bearings before the first Axial factor from the
adequate load carrying capacity evidence of material fatigue dimension tables or product
has been selected, using the static develops description.
load safety factor S 0 . L 10h h
The basic rating life in The values for X and Y as well as
C0
S0 = operating hours according guidelines on calculating the
P0
to the definition for L 10 equivalent dynamic load for the
where C kN various rolling bearings are
S0 Static load safety factor Basic dynamic load rating indicated in Catalogue GL1.
C0 Basic static load rating P kN While the radial loads acting on
P0 Equivalent static load. Equivalent dynamic bearing bearings in roll bearing arrange-
load for radial and axial ments can be determined with
The static load safety factor S 0 is bearings sufficient accuracy, little is gener-
the safety factor against excessive p – ally known about the magnitude of
plastic deformation at the contact Life exponent; the axial forces, which means that
points of the rolling elements. for roller bearings: p = 10/3 these must be estimated. Practice
Roll neck bearings are not normally for ball bearings: p = 3 has shown that the following
checked for static load safety. n min –1 assumptions give adequate
However, bearings for screw-down Operating speed. security:
mechanisms are an exception
16
Load carrying capacity and life
Bearings under dynamic loading
for plain rolls (in two-high and The equivalent operating values Variable load at constant speed
four-high strip mills) calculated here already take
axial force = account of the life adjustment If the function F describes the
0,5...2 % of rolling force factors a 3 or a ISO . They must not be change in load over
for grooved rolls applied again when calculating the a time period T and the speed
axial force = adjusted rating life. is constant, P is calculated as
5...10 % of rolling force follows:
17
Lubrication
Grease lubrication
Roll neck bearings can in principle roll neck bearings are lubricated for each lubrication system that is
be lubricated with grease or oil. with grease where permitted by most suitable in the specific case.
The lubricant should, as in the the operating conditions. A large While this approach is correct in
case of other rolling bearings, form number of special rolling bearing principle, there is often a tendency
a lubricant film capable of trans- greases are available in the market. in practice, however, to restrict the
mitting load that prevents the However, these greases vary variety of lubricants used. This
bearing parts from coming into significantly in their key data and reduces the risk of mixing up
contact with each other, leading characteristics. The decision as to lubricants at relubrication and
to surface damage. The thickness which grease should be used in a decreases the work involved in
and load carrying capacity of the specific case must take account managing several lubricants.
lubricant film is dependent on the of the suitability and performance Schaeffler offers greases that have
viscosity of the oil, the speed of capability of the grease in the been particularly tested and found
the bearing, the bearing size and rolling bearing. The appropriate to be suitable, the FAG rolling
the lubrication characteristics. test results are not available in bearing greases known as Arcanol.
The lubricant also has the function all cases and are not always Table 27 gives an overview of the
of protecting the bearing parts published in a systematic manner most important rolling bearing
against corrosion. Where sealing in datasheets. Grease selection greases and their characteristics.
is present, it should lubricate the exclusively on the basis of product It is recommended that detailed
lips of the sealing rings (collar datasheets is therefore not advice should be sought in every
seals etc.) and act as a barrier recommended for rolling bearing case. The suitability of FAG rolling
agent. applications with challenging bearing greases for the different
requirements. Since the lubricant bearing designs is known. Arcanol
in the seal has functions that greases offer excellent protection
Grease lubrication differ from those in the bearing against corrosion and are particu-
arrangement, it would be advisable larly resistant to the influence of
Due to the simple seal arrangement to lubricate the bearing and seal water. In the case of unfamiliar
and the ease of relubrication, separately and select a lubricant greases, the supplier must demon-
27: The most important rolling bearing greases and their characteristics
Grease type Consis- Special remarks and FAG Operating Continuous Base oil Speed Load
Thickener tency application examples temperature limit viscosity suitability suitability
NLGI Arcanol temperature at 40 °C
grade °C °C mm 2/s
Li soap with 3 Universal rolling bearing grease, MULTI3 }20...+120 75 110 Moderate Moderate
EP additive long lubrication interval
Li/Ca soap 2 More difficult operating conditions, LOAD220 }20...+140 80 245 High High
with EP addi- e. g. in back-up and work rolls,
tive particularly sealed tapered roller
bearings
Li soap with 2 More difficult operating conditions, MULTITOP }50 1)...+140 85 82 Very high High
EP additive especially at high speeds, sealed
tapered roller bearings
Li/Ca soap with 2 Very difficult operating conditions, LOAD400 }30 1)...+130 80 400 Moderate Very high
EP additive in particular high shock loads
Li/Ca soap with 1 Very difficult operating conditions, LOAD460 }30 1)...+130 80 400 Moderate Very high
EP additive in particular high shock loads
Li/Ca soap with 2 Extremely difficult operating LOAD1000 }20...+130 80 1000 Low Very high
EP additive conditions, very high shock loads
18
Lubrication
Grease lubrication
strate their suitability. If necessary, Bearings with line contact suitability of the grease is too low,
Schaeffler can carry out tests on this will lead to an increased
suitability. Roller bearings with line contact bearing temperature and a reduced
place higher requirements on the grease operating life. The speed
Selection of grease according grease. Not only is a larger grease parameter is dependent on the type
to loading quantity at the contact subjected to and proportion of the thickener,
stress, but increased proportions the base oil type and the base oil
Greases are produced in various of sliding motion in rolling contact viscosity. These data can be found
consistencies. These are defined and additional rib friction must in some cases in the technical
as NLGI grades, which are deter- also be expected. This hinders the datasheets for the greases.
mined by means of worked formation of a lubricant film and Typically, greases for high speeds
penetration in accordance with can lead to mixed friction. As a have a low base oil viscosity.
ISO 2137. The higher the NLGI counter measure, greases for Greases for low speeds have a
grade, the harder the grease. bearings with line contact exhibit higher base oil viscosity and are
For rolling bearings, greases of higher base oil viscosity (ISO VG frequently also used as heavy
NLGI grades 1, 2 and 3 are used in 150 to 460 and, in special cases, duty greases. An overview of this
preference. For the loading profiles even higher). The consistency is relationship is shown in Figure 28.
typical of rolling mill bearings, normally NLGI 2. For selection of a suitable grease,
greases of grades 2 and 3 should an initial guide can be given as
be used in preference. The lubricant Influence of speed follows:
must always contain an additive • For rolling bearings rotating at
formulation that offers effective Greases have a maximum permiss - high speeds or with a low requi-
protection against wear. ible speed parameter n · d m that is site starting torque, a grease with
specific to the design of rolling a high speed parameter should
Influence of bearing type bearing. This speed parameter of be selected.
the grease should be significantly • For bearings rotating at low
A distinction is made between higher than the requisite speed speeds, greases with a low speed
point contact (ball bearings) in the application. If the speed parameter are recommended.
and line contact (tapered roller
bearings and cylindrical roller
bearings).
19
Lubrication
Grease lubrication
Base oil viscosity protection against wear is provided. The reference viscosity 1 is deter-
An effective additive formulation is mined from the mean bearing
In addition to the speed, the base even more important in this case. diameter d M = (D + d)/2 and the
oil viscosity has a direct influence operating speed n, Figure 29.
on formation of the lubricant film. The nominal viscosity of the oil
In normal cases, the base oil Viscosity ratio at +40 °C is determined from the
viscosity of the grease should requisite operating viscosity and
therefore be selected such that The viscosity ratio is an indica- the operating temperature ,
good lubrication conditions are tion of the quality of lubricant film Figure 30. In the case of greases,
present under the operating mode. formation: is the operating viscosity of the
The base oil viscosity required in base oil.
this case can be estimated with In the case of heavily loaded
the aid of the kappa value, where bearings with a high proportion
the relationship is as follows: of sliding contact, the temperature
= / 1 . mm 2 s –1 in the contact area of the rolling
For effective lubricant film forma- Kinematic viscosity of elements may be up to 20 K higher
tion, the objective should be to lubricant at operating than the temperature measured on
achieve kappa values of 2. temperature the stationary ring (without the
With kappa values of less than 1, 1 mm 2 s –1 influence of any external heat
mixed friction must be expected, Reference viscosity of sources).
which leads to wear and premature lubricant at operating
bearing failure if insufficient temperature.
1000 2 1000
mm2 s–1
mm2 s–1
500 5
mi –1
10 n 300
20
n
200 200
1 5 000 0
1 68
00
50
100 100 4
100 3 60
22 20
15 0
1 50 200 50 10 0
0
68
0
500 46
4
32
20 1 00 20
0 22
2 00
0 15
5 00
10 10 10
10 0 0
00
20 0
00
5 50 5
100 000
0
00 ISO VG
3 3
10 20 50 100 200 mm 500 1000 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 °C 100 120
dM
20
Lubrication
Grease lubrication
21
Lubrication
Grease lubrication
Operating Vertical bearing axis Grease to consistency grade 3, frequent relubrication when
conditions using softer greases
Frequent relubrication Grease with good pumping behaviour in central lubrication
systems
Continuous lubrication Grease resistant to working, with known operating life and
lubrication characteristics
22
Lubrication
Oil lubrication
Oil lubrication are recommended in all cases for Oil injection lubrication, in which
roller bearings. For bearing the lubricant is injected directly
Viscosity requirements arrangements subject to high ther- into the bearing under pressure
mal stress, oils with particularly via laterally arranged nozzles,
In order that a lubricant film good temperature and ageing is necessary in those cases where
capable of supporting loads is resistance are available. recirculating oil lubrication does
formed in the bearing and the Synthetic oils are characterised by not give sufficient cooling.
bearing achieves its calculated good viscosity/temperature behav- Oil injection lubrication permits
rating life, the oil must have a iour (illustrated in V/T diagrams), extremely high speeds. Recirculat-
certain viscosity at operating tem- which means that their viscosity ing oil lubrication and oil injection
perature as a function of the speed varies less with temperature than lubrication require some outlay on
and bearing size. This reference the viscosity of mineral oils. This inlet and outlet pipes, pumps, oil
viscosity ν 1 is determined in aspect is principally of importance containers, filters and if necessary
accordance with Figure 29, page 20. for bearing arrangements that are oil cooling systems.
If there are normal expectations subjected to varying temperatures. In the case of oil sump lubrication,
for operating life, the operating For extremely high temperatures, the small lateral spaces in the
viscosity ν of the oil for bearings the synthetic oils such as poly - chocks can provide the bearings
with a small proportion of sliding alphaolefins and polyglycols that with only small quantities of oil.
motion should be at least as high have significantly greater The oil is subjected to heavy stress
as the reference viscosity ν 1 . resistance to ageing are used in and therefore undergoes rapid
Rolling bearing types with preference. The suitability of oils ageing. Oil changes must therefore
unfavourable kinematics (axially for the specific application must be made frequently or synthetic
loaded roller bearings, large size either be already known from oils with high resistance to ageing
bearings running at low speeds practical experience or must be may need to be used.
and under heavy loads) always determined by means of tests. In the case of pneumatic oil
require effective additives for lubrication (minimal quantity
protection against wear. lubrication), the oil is fed on a
Where lubricant film formation is Methods of oil lubrication cycle into the lubrication pipe
inadequate, these will then form of the bearing by a metering unit
boundary layers at the contact Recirculating oil lubrication is the and then delivered to the bearing
areas raceway/rolling element, lubrication method for the normal by an air stream. The oil is not
rolling element/cage and rolling speed range of roll bearing atomised. As a result, it is possible
element/guidance rib that prevent arrangements and enables not only to use transmission oils of high
wear and premature failure. reliable lubrication but also cooling viscosity with EP additives.
of the bearing and also carries The small quantity of oil supplied
harmful contaminants and water is in addition to the oil sump that
Other demands on the oil out of the bearing position. In the is absolutely essential for bearing
case of roll bearing arrangements, lubrication. This ensures that
Most rolling bearing oils are it is used as a cooling lubrication lubrication occurs during start-up
mineral oils that contain additives system of the bearing and if there are
to improve their characteristics. • where there are energy losses in short disruptions to the oil feed.
These give, for example, better the bearing itself, in other words The position of oil outlet holes
oxidation stability, improved under heavy loads and at high in the chock is defined for a
protection against corrosion or speeds, horizontal shaft such that
reduced foaming. Dispersion agents • or where there is heating of the • for cylindrical roller bearings
hold finely distributed insoluble roll necks by external sources the lowest rolling element is
contaminants in suspension. • or where the heat dissipation immersed to 2/3 of its diameter
EP (extreme pressure) additives conditions are unfavourable. in oil,
23
Lubrication
Oil lubrication · Design of lubrication system
• for tapered roller bearings the Relubrication intervals Overlubrication can cause
rolling element/guidance rib with grease lubrication increased working action, leading
contact is still immersed in oil. to increased heat generation.
The sealing effect is aided by the The interval after which the grease This may become so great that the
continuous overpressure that in a bearing must be supplemented grease is damaged. Lubricant must
builds up in the air stream in the or renewed is dependent on the also be specifically fed to the
housing as well as the air flowing stress applied to the grease by seals.
outwards at the seals. The escap- bearing friction and on the oper -
ing oil still contains a small ating speed. The bearing friction is
proportion of atomised oil which, determined by the influences Grease lubrication
on its escape, represents a certain arising from load and from the
environmental burden. different conditions of motion in In four-row roller bearings support-
the individual bearing types. ing horizontally arranged shafts,
However it is also necessary, the lubricant should be fed at two
Design particularly for roll neck bearings, points, Figure 33. Ball bearings
of lubrication system to take account of the environmen- fitted as axial bearings (Figure
tal conditions and the effectiveness 33 a, right) can be included in the
Fill quantity with of the sealing: If the sealing action lubrication of the radial bearings or
grease lubrication is inadequate, a drastic reduction lubricated separately. In contrast,
in the relubrication interval may axial tapered roller bearings
The bearing arrangements should be necessary due to the damp (Figure 33 a, left) must always
be greased as follows: atmosphere, spray water and have a separate lubricant feed due
• Pack the bearings completely rolling scale. to their higher demands in terms
with grease in order to ensure Guidelines for relubrication can be of lubrication. Double row angular
that all functional surfaces are obtained by checking the condition contact ball bearings should also
reliably supplied with grease. of the grease and seals after cer- be lubricated separately where
• Fill any housing cavity adjacent tain running times, ideally when possible.
to the bearing with grease only replacing the roll, to determine in If the chocks are not removed
to the point where there is still particular whether contaminants (loose fit of inner rings) during
sufficient space for the grease in have been able to enter the stock regrinding of the roll body,
the bearing. This prevents an bearing. relubrication must be provided
excessive quantity of grease through the roll neck. During
circulating through the bearing. assembly, sealed multi-row tapered
The free spaces adjacent to Lubricant feed roller bearings are packed with
the bearing in the chocks are the optimum grease for the
normally large enough to accom- For effective lubrication, it is very application. If the correct quantity
modate the grease escaping from important that the grease or oil of grease is used and distributed
the bearing, so this grease filling is fed in a targeted manner. in the bearing, very long life
is not necessary if the bearings The lubricant must be reliably values can be achieved.
run at high speeds. supplied to the rolling and sliding We recommend that exit holes
• In the case of bearings running surfaces. When using grease should be provided on both sides
at very low speeds lubrication, it must be ensured of the bearing, in order that the
(n · d m < 50 000 min –1 · mm), that excess grease can escape. bearing seals should be exposed
pack the bearing and housing as little as possible to fluids.
completely with grease.
The working friction occurring is
insignificant.
24
Lubrication
Design of lubrication system
a) Roll bearing arrangement with four-row cylindrical roller bearings and axial bearings
25
Lubrication
Design of lubrication system
Bleed system
Pneumatic
Bleed system oil feed
Oil level
34: Feed of pneumatic oil supply for chocks with four-row cylindrical roller bearings and axial bearings
Bleed system
Oil level
Oil level
35: Feed of pneumatic oil supply for one chock with a four-row tapered roller bearing
26
Lubrication
Design of lubrication system
27
Tolerances of roll neck bearings
37: Tolerances of radial and axial bearings with metric dimensions (normal tolerance)
38: Tolerances of four-row tapered roller bearings with inch dimensions (normal tolerance)
28
Tolerances of roll neck bearings · Adjacent parts
Guidelines for fits
Bore diameter D Nominal outside diameter B s , C s Width of inner ring and outer
d Nominal bore diameter Ds Single outside diameter ring measured at one point
ds Single bore diameter ∆ Bs = B s – B, ∆ Cs = C s – C
Dpsmax + Dpsmin
Dmp = Deviation of single inner ring
d +d 2
dmp = psmax psmin width and outer ring width
2
Mean outside diameter from nominal dimension
Mean bore diameter in a radial plane
in a radial plane D psmax Largest outside diameter
d psmax Largest bore diameter in a radial plane Tolerance symbols
in a radial plane D psmin Smallest outside diameter DIN ISO 1132, DIN 620
d psmin Smallest bore diameter in a radial plane
in a radial plane ∆ Dmp =D mp – D
∆ dmp = d mp – d Deviation of mean outside
Deviation of mean bore diameter from nominal
diameter from nominal dimension
dimension
Guidelines for fits the rolling speed is low and the In some roll neck bearing arrange-
bearing must be removed easily ments, the bearings are placed on
Radial bearings and quickly from the neck. a sleeve for easier mounting.
The outer rings of radial bearings A tight fit is advisable in this case.
The inner rings of the radial have a loose fit in the chock, since The housing washers of axial
bearings are subjected to circum- they are subjected to point load. tapered roller bearings are fitted
ferential load during operation. In an axial direction, the outer loosely in the chocks. The outer
The inner rings should, where rings are located on the end face rings of all other bearings used to
possible, have a tight fit on the by the housing cover. provide axial guidance must be
roll neck. capable of radial displacement.
In the case of four-row tapered As a result, the housing bore must
roller bearings with a cylindrical Axial bearings be significantly larger than the
bore, this requirement cannot be outside diameter of the outer rings.
fulfilled for reasons of mounting, The bearings used for axial guid-
so a loose fit must be provided. ance of the roll and guidance of
The inner rings of spherical roller the chocks are only subjected to
bearings and cylindrical roller axial load, so the inner rings can
bearings also have a loose fit if have a loose fit on the roll necks.
29
Adjacent parts
Guidelines for fits
39: Tolerance zones for roll necks and sleeves (for bearing tolerances see page 28)
1)
In the case of high speeds and bearings with a tapered bore, please contact us to discuss the tolerances for the adjacent parts.
30
Adjacent parts
Guidelines for fits
D > 800 G7
1) For bearings with a tapered bore, please contact us to discuss the tolerances for the adjacent parts.
2) For high axial forces, please contact us to discuss the tolerances for the adjacent parts.
31
Adjacent parts
Tolerances for cylindrical bearing seats
Machining tolerances for cylindrical bearing seats (DIN ISO 1101 and ISO 286)
41: Guide values for machining of shafts and housing bores, adjacent parts (sleeves, covers etc.)
t3 A-B t3 A-B
t1 t1
A C D B
t2 C t2 D
A B
d1 d2 D1 D2
C D
t3 A-B t3 A-B
t 1 A-B t1 t1
t2 C t2 D
t 1 A-B
t 1 = roundness
t 2 = parallelism
t 3 = axial runout of abutment shoulders
32
Adjacent parts
Roughness of bearing seats
Roughness values
µm
Normal 1) Roughness class N5 N6 N7 N7 N7 N6 N7 N7 N8 N8
Mean roughness 0,4 0,8 1,6 1,6 1,6 0,8 1,6 1,6 3,2 3,2
value R a CLA, AA 2)
Roughness depth 2,5 4 6,3 6,3 6,3 4; 6,3 *) 6,3; 8 *) 6,3; 10 *) 10; 16 *) 10; 16 *)
Rt ≈ Rz
P6 Roughness class N4 N5 N5 N6 N6 N5 N5 N6 N7 N7
Mean roughness 0,2 0,4 0,4 0,8 0,8 0,4 0,4 0,8 1,6 1,6
value R a CLA, AA 2)
Roughness depth 1,6 2,5 2,5 6,3 6,3 2,5 2,5 6,3 6,3 6,3
Rt ≈ Rz
*) Roughness depths for flake graphite cast iron housings with turned fit surfaces.
1) For more stringent requirements on running accuracy, the next highest surface quality must be selected.
Mean roughness in µm 0,025 0,05 0,1 0,2 0,4 0,8 1,6 3,2 6,3 12,5 25 50
value R a
Dimensions
mm
Bearing width B > 16...25 > 25...40 > 40...63 > 63...100 > 100...160 > 160...250 > 250...400 > 400...630
Tolerances
µm
Taper angle tolerance ATD +8 +12,5 +10 +16 +12,5 +20 +16 +25 +20 +32 +25 +40 +32 +50 +40 +63
to AT7 (DIN 7178) (2·t6) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
The taper angle tolerance AT D applies vertical to the axis and is defined as the differential diameter.
33
Adjacent parts
Tolerances for roll necks and chocks
34
Adjacent parts
Tolerances for roll necks and chocks
35
Adjacent parts
Conditions for inner rings with loose fits · Chocks
Conditions for inner rings In order to minimise wear of the out in accordance with the
with loose fits adjacent parts, these should be following equations:
designed with a minimum hardness
D}d
A loose fit of the inner rings of 60 Shore C. In order to give hA = (1,5 ... 2,0)
2
requires a minimum roll neck better lubricant supply to the
hardness in order to restrict wear lateral faces, lubrication grooves D}d
hB = (0,7 ... 1,2)
of the roll neck. Wear of the roll should be provided on the end 2
neck is also considerably affected faces of the adjacent parts or the D}d
by the lubrication between the inner rings. The lateral faces are hC = (0,15 ... 0,25)
2
inner ring bore and the roll neck lubricated via these grooves and
surface. If adequate lubrication of the fit joint between the inner ring In this case, h A is the upper,
the roll neck is ensured over the and roll neck is supplied with h B the lateral and h C the lower wall
whole operating period, a roll neck lubricant. thickness of the chock in mm,
hardness of 35 to 40 Shore C is d the bearing bore in mm and
sufficient. For example, if the D the bearing outside diameter
chocks are not removed as usual Chocks in mm (Figure 47). If the chocks
for grinding of the rolls, the fit gap correspond to these empirical
between the inner rings and the The rings of roll neck bearings are equations, the influence of chock
roll neck is not always repeatedly thin-walled in almost all cases. deformation on the stress exerted
supplied with fresh grease. In such They must therefore be well on the bearings, assuming the
cases, this can be remedied by supported; otherwise they cannot load is not too high, will generally
special roll neck lubrication, support the high forces occurring remain within acceptable limits.
Figure 46. Schaeffler urgently in operation. Good support of Where extreme loads are present
recommends this roll neck lubri - the bearing outer rings requires or new designs are in progress,
cation in the case of sealed four- sufficiently rigid design of the however, it is recommended that
row tapered roller bearings if the chocks. Where chocks are made the deformation of the chock and
bearing arrangements will remain from cast steel with a minimum the effect on the bearing should
on the roll neck for a long period. tensile strength of 450 N/mm 2 , be checked by means of calcu -
adequate rigidity is generally lation, see Figure 48 on the follow-
achieved if the design is carried ing page.
hA
D d
hC
hB D hB
36
Adjacent parts
Chocks · Design of seals
48: Graphical presentation of calculation 49: Cold rolling stand with work roll bearing 50: Cold rolling stand with back-up roll
results arrangement bearing arrangement
37
Mounting and maintenance
Preparations for mounting
General guidelines for mounting Inspection of cylindrical roll necks tolerances, see Table 41, page 32).
and dismounting can be found in The deviations from the nominal
the Mounting Handbook MH1. For acceptable dimensional and value should, as in roll neck
In addition, some important work geometrical inspection, the roll inspection, be documented in a
processes in the operation of necks must be measured at the measurement record.
rolling mills are covered in further seats for the radial bearings in The adjacent parts must also be
detail on the following pages. three cross-sections (c-d-e) and inspected; the important dimen-
at the seats for the axial bearings sions here are all those that result
in two cross-sections (a-b). in the axial preload. It must also
Preparations The values for each of four diame- be checked whether the adjacent
for mounting ters (1-2-3-4) should be deter- parts are free from impacts.
mined, Figure 51. The measured The lubrication holes must be
Before mounting of the bearings values are documented in a cleaned. Air must then be blown
is started, the mating parts and measurement record. through the holes for inspection.
adjacent parts, in other words roll
necks, chocks, sleeves, covers etc. Inspection of chocks Surface roughness
must be checked for dimensional
accuracy and geometrical accuracy The chock bore should be checked In order that a sufficient pro -
with reference to the design in four cross-sections (a-b-c-d) at portion of load-bearing surface is
drawing. each of four diameters (1-2-3-4), achieved at high bearing loads,
The specified surface quality of Figure 52. Furthermore, the the surface roughness of the
the roll seats, chocks and lateral position of the chock bore relative rolling bearing seats must not
contact parts must be inspected. to the chock face (A 1 and A 2 ) must exceed the guide values stated,
All burrs and sharp edges resulting be checked, if necessary with the see Table 42, page 33.
from machining must be broken locking ledges screwed into place
or rounded. (positional and geo metrical
1
2 a b c d
3
4
1
a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 f1 f2 e2 d2 c2 b2 a2 2
3 4 A1 A2
51: Measurement points for inspection of roll necks 52: Measurement points for inspection of chocks
38
Mounting and maintenance
Preparations for mounting · Mounting of four-row cylindrical roller bearings
A B C D
A B C D
A C
39
Mounting and maintenance
Mounting of four-row cylindrical roller bearings
First, the labyrinth ring or backing mounting. This is normally carried inductor. After heating, smaller
ring is, depending on the size of out by means of induction heating inner rings can be moved onto the
the interference, heated and devices (Figure 54) or in an oil roll neck by hand or by means of
shrink fitted on the roll neck. bath. This ensures uniform heating. Bearing-Mate (Figure 55). In the
The ring must be axially clamped In induction heating devices, mounting of larger bearing rings,
during cooling so that it abuts the a time or temperature control lifting gear must be used.
roll body without a gap. system prevents heating in excess After cooling, the rolling bearing
of the heating temperature. rings should be fully abutted
If heating is carried out in an oil against the labyrinth ring. There
Mounting of inner rings bath, the heating temperature can must not be any gap between two
be regulated using a thermostat. bearing rings positioned adjacent
The inner rings of cylindrical roller Inner rings of large dimensions to each other. For this reason,
bearings that are mounted with a and masses are often heated using the rings must be axially clamped
tight fit on the roll neck must be a medium frequency induction during cooling.
heated to max. 120 °C before heating device and a flexible
54: Example of an induction heating device (Heater600) 55: Mounting of the inner ring of a small cylindrical roller bearing using
Bearing-Mate
40
Mounting and maintenance
Mounting of four-row cylindrical roller bearings
I “COU
.ZL
. 01 NT
RY
6 84 “
17
Z-S
.ZL “CO
01 UN
4. T
IV FAG
68
RY
7
“
Z-S1
II
FAG
10-1
0-
1
8
A
Load zone marking
8A
Serial number
III
41
Mounting and maintenance
Mounting of four-row cylindrical roller bearings
42
Mounting and maintenance
Mounting of four-row cylindrical roller bearings
Dismounting
of bearing arrangement
In profile or fine-section mills, 61: Medium frequency technology with flexible inductor for thermal mounting and dismounting of
inner rings are sometimes posi- cylindrical roller bearing inner rings
62: When the chock is replaced, the complete bearing arrangement is removed or slid into place
respectively
43
Mounting and maintenance
Mounting of four-row tapered roller bearings
Mounting of four-row
tapered roller bearings
Mounting
64 65
44
Mounting and maintenance
Mounting of four-row tapered roller bearings
further changes in load zone II and by means of the cover, the centring
IV respectively. pieces with the tie rods are
Once all parts of the bearing have removed. Experienced fitters
been inserted, the cover screws dispense with the use of centring
that are initially without seals are pieces and tie rods and rotate
lightly tightened, Figure 66. the inner rings during vertical
The chock is turned over so that insertion until the tapered rollers
the bearing axis is horizontal. are fully abutted against the
Centring pieces are then attached guidance ribs. Finally, the rotary
to the outer end faces of the inner shaft seals are positioned in the
rings and are clamped by means of cover. The inner ring bores are
tie rods, Figure 67. greased or oiled. As soon as the
While the inner rings are continu- labyrinth ring is shrink fitted,
ously rotated, the nuts on the tie the chock is positioned on the roll
rods and the cover screws are neck.
66: The cover screws of the chock are first tightened uniformly. A feeler gauge The bearing is axially clamped by
tightened lightly; the chock is then tilted is used to check whether the inner means of the shaft nut so that it is
rings and intermediate ring are fully abutted on the labyrinth ring.
fully abutted against each other. While the nuts are being tightened,
We recommend that the bearings The gap S between the chock and the chock should be rotated several
should be thoroughly checked cover is then measured and a times to left and right. The nut is
after a running time of 1 000 to seal of width S-x is inserted. then loosened again until there is
1 200 hours and the load zones of The quantity x required for secure a clearance of 0,2 to 0,6 mm
the outer rings changed. At the preload is dependent on the type between the inner ring and nut.
first load zone change, the outer of seal and is determined by the If the thread pitch is 3 mm, for
rings in the chock must be rotated manufacturer of the rolling mill. example, the nut is loosened by
by 180° in load zone III and in all Once the outer rings are clamped 1/10 of a revolution.
67 S 68
67: The outer rings are clamped together while the inner rings are rotated
68: The mounted chock
45
Mounting and maintenance
Mounting of four-row tapered roller bearings
46
Mounting and maintenance
Mounting of spherical roller bearings
Spherical roller bearings with a The greased spherical roller The shaft nut is loosened by a
loose fit and also with tight fit of bearing is positioned and clamped few turns, at least by the drive-up
the inner rings are fitted in rolling in the chock. The chock together distance of the bearing. If oil is
mills. Mounting is made easier if with the spherical roller bearing is then pressed between the fit
the inner rings have a loose fit. then slid onto the roll neck until it surfaces, the bearing slips abruptly
The bearings are first fitted in the is fully seated on the neck. from the shaft seat as soon as a
chocks. The lateral covers are then Further pressing into place can be continuous film has been formed.
screwed into place. Before the carried out using the hydraulic Once the shaft nut has been
bearing arrangement is slid onto method. For this purpose, the roll unscrewed, the chock together
the roll, the bore of the inner rings necks must have oil grooves and with the spherical roller bearing
should be greased. Sliding into oil feed ducts. It is advisable to can be lifted off and then mounted
place is made easier by means of a use a hydraulic nut for pressing on another roll.
mounting sleeve. into place. Details on hydraulic
Since the inner rings rotate on the pressing and the hydraulic nut can
roll, some clearance must be be found in the publications IS1
present between the lateral contact and TPI 196.
parts after mounting. Ideally, The spherical roller bearing is
the clamping nut is first tightened pressed on until it abuts the
and loosened again as in the case labyrinth ring, Figure 69. In order
of tapered roller bearings. In this to maintain the specified drive-up
position, the nut is secured. distance, it must be ensured that
If a tight fit of the inner rings is the width of the labyrinth ring is
necessary in the case of spherical matched to the actual diameter of
roller bearings, bearings with a the tapered roll seat.
tapered bore are generally used. The hydraulic nut is then removed.
When changing rolls, the bearing The roll nut is positioned, screwed
can be transferred to the other roll into place and secured on the roll
if the tapered shaft necks and the neck. Mounting is thus complete.
width of the labyrinth rings are to
a sufficiently tight tolerance.
47
Mounting and maintenance
Stockholding · Statistical recording · Industrial Service
In order to avoid costly downtime, When the bearings are delivered, Within its Industrial Service con-
it is recommended that three and a it is advisable to create an index cept, Schaeffler offers high quality
half complete bearing sets should card for each bearing and enter all products, services and training,
always be kept available for each important data. The entries should Figure 70.
stand. Of these, one bearing set is be expanded to include further The Catalogue IS1 for „Mounting
located on the roll fitted in the operating data such as tempera- and Maintenance“ gives an
stand. A second set is among the tures measured and rolling overview of the portfolio:
rolls that are being reground. pressures. In this way, an important • Mounting
A further set of rolls including the document is achieved which can • Lubrication
associated bearings should be be used for better assessment of • Condition Monitoring
ready for use at any time. the operating conditions and • Reconditioning
In order that these three sets can lifetime of the bearing than is The employees of Schaeffler
be completed in cases of bearing possible in calculation on the worldwide will be pleased to help
failure, a half bearing set should basis of load assumptions. you select the ideal products,
also be held in reserve. In the case services and training courses.
of cylindrical roller bearings with a
tight fit of the inner rings, it may
be advisable to source additional
inner rings, which are mounted on
the roll necks. If the rolls must be
replaced often, for example in
profile rolling mills, this will save
on frequent dismounting of the
inner rings.
Products
Services
Training
Consulting
TCO
70: Portfolio
48
Mounting and maintenance
Storage of rolling bearings
Storage If chocks with bearings fitted are Temperature and humidity must be
of rolling bearings not required again immediately, continuously monitored. This can
it must be checked whether there be carried out using a datalogger.
The performance capability of has been ingress of water. If this The measurements must not be
modern rolling bearings lies at the is the case, the grease packing taken at intervals of no more than
boundaries of what is technically should of course be renewed or, 2 hours.
achievable. The materials, dimen- for example in the case of pneu- At least 2 measurement points
sional and geometrical tolerances, matic oil lubrication, the bearing must be selected: The highest
surface quality and lubrication arrangement should be cleaned point and the lowest point in the
have been optimised for maximum and preserved. For storage, the vicinity of an external wall at
levels of function, which means sides of the chocks are closed off which the goods can be stored.
that even slight deviations in using sealing shields. Larger bearings with rings of
functional areas, such as those relatively small thickness should
caused by corrosion, can impair Storage conditions not be stored standing but flat
the performance capacity. In order for rolling bearings and supported over their whole
to realise the full performance circumference.
capability of rolling bearings, As a basic prerequisite, parts must
it is essential to match the anti- be stored in a closed storage area
corrosion protection, packaging, which cannot be affected by any
storage and handling to each other. aggressive media, such as exhaust
Corrosion protection and packaging gases from vehicles or gases, mist
constitute part of the bearing and or aerosols of acids, lyes or salts.
are optimised such that they Direct sunlight should be avoided
preserve all characteristics of the since, apart from the harmful
product at the same time as far as effects of UV radiation, it can lead
possible. In addition to protecting to wide temperature fluctuations
the surface against corrosion, in the packaging. The temperature
this includes emergency running should be constant and air
lubrication, friction, lubricant humidity should be as low as
compatibility, noise behaviour, possible. Jumps in temperature
resistance to ageing and compat - and increased humidity lead to
ibility with rolling bearing com - condensation.
ponents (cage and seal material). The following conditions must be
Bearings that have been dismount- fulfilled:
ed and will not be required for • frost-free storage, i.e. a tempera-
some time must be washed, ture of +5 °C (this prevents
preserved immediately and formation of white frost, a maxi-
packed. Washing out should be mum of +2 °C is permissible for
carried out using kerosene. up to 12 hours per day)
For preservation, smaller bearings • maximum temperature +40 °C
are dipped in anti-corrosion oil, (to prevent excessive drainage of
while larger bearings should be anti-corrosion oils)
carefully sprayed. Instead of then • relative humidity 65 % (with
packing the bearings, they can be changes in temperature, up to
stored in oil. 70 % is permissible for a maxi-
mum of up to 12 hours per day).
49
Notes
50
Notes
51
Selection of further FAG publications
Applications:
GL1 Large Size Bearings
PLS The Bearing Solution for Strand Guide Rollers
TPI 129 Back-up Rolls for Multi-roll Cold Rolling Mills
TPI 148 Rolling Bearing Arrangements for Converters
TPI 157 Split Cylindrical Roller Bearings for the Bearing Arrangements of Rolling Mill Drive Shafts
TPI 176 Lubrication of Rolling Bearings
TPI 218 Sealed Spherical Roller Bearings
WL 41 140 Rolling Bearings for Rolling Mills
WL 43 165 Split Spherical Roller Bearings
WL 83 102 Rolling Bearing Damage
Maintenance:
IS1 Mounting and Maintenance of Rolling Bearings
TPI 170 FAG DTECT X1s
TPI 207 Reconditioning and Repair of Rolling Bearings
TPI 214 FAG SmartCheck
TPI WL 80-64 FAG Detector III
TPI WL 80-69 FAG ProCheck
WL 80 366 FAG Wear Debris Monitor
WL 80 368 Competence in Maintenance
WL 80 372 FAG DTECT X1s Flyer
WL 80 374 Light the Dark
Mounting:
MH1 Mounting Handbook
MON 90 Mounting Manual for Grease Lubricated Split FAG Spherical Roller Bearings and Housings
PDB 27 Induction FAG Heating Devices HEATER
TPI 138 Rolling Bearing Tolerances
TPI 168 Arcanol Rolling Bearing Greases
TPI 180 FAG Tools for Thermal Dismounting
TPI 182 FAG Alignment Tools
TPI 195 FAG Pressure Generators
TPI 196 FAG Hydraulic Nuts
TPI 200 FAG Heating Devices for Mounting of Rolling Bearings
WL 80-56 FAG Tools for Mechanical Mounting and Dismounting of Rolling Bearings
WL 80 112 Mounting of Rolling Bearings
WL 80 154 Mounting Manual: Four-row Tapered Roller Bearings
WL 80 369 New Possibilities for the Heating of Bearings
WL 80 376 FAG Medium Frequency Heating Device
WL 80 382 FAG CONCEPT8 – Compact Small Lubrication Device for Grease and Oil
52
Schaeffler Technologies
AG & Co. KG
WL 17 200 / 05 / GB-D / 2015051 / Printed in Germany by kraus