Organ system for internal transport (circulatory system)

1. 1. (Circulatory System) ORGAN SYSTEM FOR INTERNAL TRANSPORT

2. 2. Overview: Transport and Exchange  Every organism must exchange materials with its
environment  Exchanges ultimately occur at the cellular level  In unicellular organisms, these
exchanges occur directly with the environment  For most cells making up multicellular organisms,
direct exchange with the environment is not possible  Internal transport and gas exchange are
functionally related in most animals
3. 5. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM  Definiton It is a fluid-filled network of tubes (or vessels) through
which materials move between the environment and the cells of a multicellular animal.
4. 6. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM  Characteristic It connects all parts of an organism in a way that
allows individual cells to thrive as well as for organisms to function as a unit. It is an entirely closed
system.
5. 7. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM  Function Transport materials needed by cells Oxygen Glucose
Remove waste materials from cells Carbon dioxide urea
6. 8. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM  Main Component Pump (heart) Continuously circulates blood
Network of tubes Arteries- blood away from heart Veins- blood back to the heart Blood Fluid that
fills the circulatory system
7. 9.  It is the main organ of the Circulatory System, which is located between lungs and diaphragm. 
It is so powerful that it can pump blood 10, 000 liters of blood daily.
8. 10. Parts of the Human Heart  Heart is actually made up of two pumps placed side by side: - onto
your right - onto your left pericardium- protective membrane which surrounds the whole muscular
organ
9. 11. Heart Wall  Three layers of tissue : This serous membrane of smooth outer surface of heart :
Middle layer composed of cardiac muscle cell and responsibility for heart contracting : Smooth inner
surface of heart chambers
10. 12. Four Chambers of the Heart 1.Right and Left atria (sing.,atrium) - the upper thin walled chamber -
collecting chambers of the heart a. Right atrium(RA)- collects venous unoxygenated blood from your
body b. Left atrium(LA)- right atrium left atrium
11. 13. 2. Right and Left ventricles - lower thick-walled chambers - the pumping chambers of your heart
a. Right ventricle(RV)- pumps blue venous blood out of your heart and into the lungs for oxygenation
b. Left ventricle(LV)- pumps oxygenated right ventricle left ventricle
12. 14. Heart Valves 1.Tricuspid valve- between the right atrium and right ventricle 2. Bicuspid or mitral
valve- between the left atrium and left ventricle
13. 15. 3. Pulmonary semilunar valve- between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery 4. Aortic
Semilunar Valve- between the left ventricle and aorta
14. 16. A muscular wall, or septum, divides your heart into its right and left side. Superior Vena
Cava(SVC)- located at the upper part of your heart and brings blood from your head and arms.
Inferior Vena Cava(IVC)- located at the lower part of your
15. 17. Pulmonary Artery(PA)- carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of your heart to the
lungs. Pulmonary Vein(PV)- brings back oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of your
heart. Aorta- it is the
16. 18. From lungs After passing through the capillaries of the lungs, the blood which is now oxygenated
returns to the heart in the pulmonary veins.
17. 19. The left atrium receives blood from the pulmonary vein.
18. 20. Blood passes through the mitral valve into the left ventricle.
19. 21. To rest of body Contraction of the left ventricle pushes blood through the aortic semilunar valve
into the aorta. Blood travels to all regions of the body where it feeds cells with oxygen picked up from
the lungs and nutrients from the digestive tract.
20. 22. Deoxygenated blood returns from the rest of the body through the superior and inferior vena cava.
21. 23. The right atrium receives the deoxygenated blood.
22. 24. Blood then enters the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve.
23. 25. To lungs Contraction of the right ventricle pushes blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve
into the pulmonary arteries in which it travels to the lungs. Then cycle repeats again....
24. 26. BLOOD VESSELS
25. 27. BLOOD VESSELS  Are hollow tubes that carry blood through in a never ending stream. 
Responsible in carrying blood between the heart, different tissues and organs of the body  Have the
ability to expand to allow more blood to flow  Can also contract to help control blood flow
26. 28. BLOOD VESSELS Three types: Arteries Capillaries Veins
27. 29. BLOOD VESSELS  Arteries Elastic, muscular tubes that carry the blood away from left
ventricle to the capillaries Have thicker walls 3 layers thick: Tunica intima Tunica media
Tunica externa Arteries that connect to the capillaries DID YOU KNOW THAT... •All arteries
carries oxygenated blood except pulmonary arteries
28. 30. BLOOD VESSELS  Capillaries Smallest working unit in the blood vessel that connects
arterioles and venules Walls are only one cell thick to facilitate exchange of nutrients and oxygen
Forms a network called capillary bed Have sphincters that regulates the flow of blood.
29. 31. Fig. 42-15 Precapillary sphincters Thoroughfare channel Arteriole Capillaries Venule (a)
Sphincters relaxed (b) Sphincters contracted Arteriole Venule
30. 32. Capillary Exchange 35 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for
reproduction or display. venule arteriole water oxygen glucose salt water wastes osmotic pressure
blood pressure to heartfrom heart Arterial end Blood pressure is higher than osmotic pressure. Net
pressure out. amino acids carbon dioxide Venous end Osmotic pressure is higher than blood pressure.
Net pressure in. plasma protein smooth muscle fiber Tissue fluid
31. 33. BLOOD VESSELS  Veins Carry blood from capillaries to heart Veins that connects to
capillaries are called venules Are not thick as arteries Have also three walls Contains valve unlike
arteries
32. 34. Fig. 42-10 Artery Vein SEM 100 µm Endothelium Artery Smooth muscle Connective tissue
Capillary Basal lamina Endothelium Smooth muscle Connective tissue Valve Vein Arteriole Venule
Red blood cell Capillary 15µm LM
33. 35. Circulation
34. 36. CIRCULATION  Pulmonary circulation Carries the blood to and from the lungs
35. 37.  Right heart Oxygen-depleted blood from the body leaves the systemic circulation when it enters
the right heart, more specifically the right atrium through the superior (upper) vena cava and inferior
(lower) vena cava. The blood is then pumped through the tricuspid valve (or right atrioventricular
valve), into the right ventricle. Blood is then pumped through the
36. 38.  Arteries From the right ventricle, blood is pumped through the pulmonary semilunar valve into
the left and right pulmonary arteries (one for each lung) and travels through the lungs.
37. 39.  Lungs The pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs, where it releases carbon
dioxide and picks up oxygen during respiration. Arteries are further divided in to very fine branches
called the capillaries.
38. 40.  Veins The oxygenated blood then leaves the lungs through pulmonary veins, which return it to
the left heart, completing the pulmonary cycle. This blood then enters the left atrium, which pumps it
through the bicuspid valve, also called the mitral or left
39. 41.  Left heart The blood is then distributed to the body through the systemic circulation before
returning again to the pulmonary circulation.
40. 42. CIRCULATION  Systemic Circulation  refers to the part of the circulatory system in which the
blood leaves the heart, services the body's cells, and then re-enters the heart
41. 43.  Arteries  Oxygenated blood enters the systemic circulation when leaving the left ventricle,
through the aortic semilunar valve. The first part of the systemic circulation is the aorta, a massive and
thick-walled artery. The aorta arches and branches into major arteries to the upper body before passing
through the diaphragm, where it branches further into arteries which supply the
42. 44.  Capillaries  Arteries branch into small passages called capillaries. The capillaries merge to
bring blood into the veinous system.
43. 45.  Veins  After their passage through body tissues, capillaries merge once again into venules,
which continue to merge into veins. The venous system finally coalesces into two major veins: the
superior vena cava (roughly speaking draining the areas above the heart) and theinferior vena cava
(roughly speaking from areas below the heart). These two great vessels empty
44. 46.  Arteries  Oxygenated blood enters the systemic circulation when leaving the left ventricle,
through the aortic semilunar valve. The first part of the systemic circulation is the aorta, a massive and
thick-walled artery. The aorta arches and branches into major arteries to the upper body before passing
through the diaphragm, where it branches further into arteries which supply the
45. 47. CIRCULATION Other types of circulation:  Coronary Circulation Blood circulation in the
heart  Renal Circulation  involves the blood flow through the kidneys  Portal circulation Refers
to the blood flow involving the liver
46. 48. BLOOD
47. 49. Blood Composition and Function  In invertebrates with open circulation, blood (hemolymph) is
not different from interstitial fluid  Blood in the circulatory systems of vertebrates is a specialized
connective tissue  Blood consists of several kinds of cells suspended in a liquid matrix called plasma
 The cellular elements occupy about 45% of the volume of blood
48. 50. Blood: Homeostasis Functions  Transports substances to and from capillaries for exchange with
tissue fluid  Guards against pathogen invasion  Regulates body temperature  Buffers body pH 
Maintain osmotic pressure  Clots prevent blood/fluid loss
49. 51. Plasma  Blood plasma is about 90% water  Among its solutes are inorganic salts in the form of
dissolved ions, sometimes called electrolytes  Another important class of solutes is the plasma
proteins, which influence blood pH, osmotic pressure, and viscosity  Various plasma proteins
function in lipid transport, immunity, and blood clotting
50. 52. Cellular Elements  Suspended in blood plasma are two types of cells:  Red blood cells
(erythrocytes) transport oxygen  White blood cells (leukocytes) function in defense  Platelets, a
third cellular element, are fragments of cells that are involved in clotting
51. 53. Composition of Blood 56 B lood Pla sma 46-63% Formed Ele me nts 37-54% Pla sma Pro te in 7
% W ater 92% O ther So lute s 1% Pla te lets RBC 99.9%W BC A lb umin Fib rino ge n G lob ulin Re
gula tory Pro te ins Eg. Elec tro lytes M onoc ytes Basop hils Eosinop hils N eatrop hils Lymp hoc
ytes
52. 54. Fig. 42-17 Plasma 55% Constituent Major functions Water Solvent for carrying other substances
Ions (blood electrolytes) Osmotic balance, pH buffering, and regulation of membrane permeability
Sodium Potassium Calcium Magnesium Chloride Bicarbonate Osmotic balance pH buffering Clotting
Defense Plasma proteins Albumin Fibrinogen Immunoglobulins (antibodies) Substances transported
by blood Nutrients (such as glucose, fatty acids, vitamins) Waste products of metabolism Respiratory
gases (O2 and CO2) Hormones Separated blood elements Cellular elements 45% Cell type
FunctionsNumber per µL (mm3) of blood Erythrocytes (red blood cells) 5–6 million Transport
oxygen and help transport carbon dioxide Leukocytes (white blood cells) 5,000–10,000 Defense and
immunity Basophil Neutrophil Eosinophil Lymphocyte Monocyte Platelets Blood clotting250,000–
400,000
53. 55. RED BLOOD CELLS  Red blood cells, or erythrocytes, are by far the most numerous blood
cells  They transport oxygen throughout the body  They contain hemoglobin, the iron- containing
protein that transports oxygen Erythrocytes
54. 56. WHITE BLOOD CELLS  There are five major types of white blood cells, or leukocytes:
monocytes, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes  They function in defense by
phagocytizing bacteria and debris or by producing antibodies  They are found both in and outside of
the circulatory system
55. 57. PLATELETS  When the endothelium of a blood vessel is damaged, the clotting mechanism
begins  A cascade of complex reactions converts fibrinogen to fibrin, forming a clot  A blood clot
formed within a blood vessel is called a thrombus and can block blood flow • Platelets are fragments
of cells and function in blood clotting
56. 58. Collagen fibers Platelet plug Platelet releases chemicals that make nearby platelets sticky Clotting
factors from: Platelets Damaged cells Plasma (factors include calcium, vitamin K) Prothrombin
Thrombin Fibrinogen Fibrin 5 µm Fibrin clot Red blood cell Fig. 42-18-4
57. 59. Stem Cells and the Replacement of Cellular Elements  The cellular elements of blood wear out
and are replaced constantly throughout a person’s life  Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets all
develop from a common source of stem cells in the red marrow of bones  The hormone
erythropoietin (EPO) stimulates erythrocyte production when oxygen delivery is low
58. 60. Fig. 42-19 Stem cells (in bone marrow) Myeloid stem cells Lymphoid stem cells Lymphocytes B
cells T cells Erythrocytes Platelets Neutrophils Basophils Eosinophils Monocytes
59. 61. DISORDERS AND DISEASES OF THE HUMAN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
60. 62. ATHEROSCELEROSIS
61. 63. ATHEROSCELEROSIS  What is atherosclerosis?  Hardening and narrowing of the arteries
due to growing plaques These plaques can behave in three different ways: •They can stay wihin the
artery wall •They can grow in a slow manner eventually causing significant blokage •They can
rupture, allowing blood to clot.
62. 64. ATHEROSCELEROSIS  What are its causes?  Smoking  High cholesterol  High blood
pressure  Diabetes  Abdominal obesity  Stress  Not eating fruits and Vegetables  Excess
alcohol intake  Not exercising regularly
63. 65. ATHEROSCELEROSIS  What are the treatments for atherosclerosis?  Lifestyle changes 
Medication  Bypass surgery
64. 66. ATHEROSCELEROSIS  How can we prevent atherosclerosis?  Avoid Smoking  Avoid
stress and depression  Eat fruits and Vegetables  Exercise regularly
65. 67. HEART FAILURE
66. 68. HEART FAILURE  What is heart failure?  Condition wherein the heart is unable to to provide
sufficient pump action to maintain blood flow required by the body
67. 69. HEART FAILURE  What are its symptoms?  Heart failure on the left side of the body 
Breathlessness  Frothy spit with cough  Heart failure n the left side of the body  Swollen ankles
 Swollen legs  Enlarged liver  Enlarged stomach
68. 70. HEART FAILURE  What are its symptoms?  Heart failure on both sides of the body 
Dizziness and/or confusion  Nausea  Constipation  Loss of appetite
69. 71. HEART FAILURE  What are its causes?  Diabetes  Obesity  Smoking  Hypertension 
Heart attack  Depression among heart disease patients  Inherited heart disease  Congenital heart
defects  Anemia  Faulty heart valves  Heart arrhythmias
70. 72. HEART FAILURE  What are the treatment for heart failure?  Medications  ACE inhibitors
 Diuretics  Digoxin  Surgery  Pacemaker that uses heartbeat  Surgery that reshapes scarred
left ventricle  Exercise training
71. 73. HEART FAILURE  How can we prevent heart failure?  Give up smoking  Eat sensibly 
Exercise regularly  Consume alcohol within recommended level  Get at least 7 hours of sleep 
Avoid mental stress
72. 74. SEPSIS
73. 75. SEPSIS  What is sepsis? Condition when the body is fighting a severe infection
74. 76. SEPSIS  What are its symptoms? Chills and severe shaking Very fast heartbeat Low blood
pressure Dizziness and decresaed urination Skin rashes Fever May develop pain in the joints of
the wrists, elbows, back, hips, knees and ankles
75. 77. SEPSIS  What are the causes of sepsis? Bacteria Viruses and fungi Pneumonia Urinary
tract infection Appendicitis Infection that develop after surgery
76. 78. SEPSIS  What are the treatment for this? Medications given intravenously IV salt solution If
result show an infection in the abdomen, either drainage of the infection by the placement of tubes or
surgery may be necessary
77. 79. SEPSIS  How can we prevent sepsis?  Following recommended immunization schedules may
reduce risk in children  Hospital-related infections leading to sepsis may be decreased by strictly
following hand washing and hygiene protocol.
78. 80. ANEMIA
79. 81. ANEMIA  What is anemia?  Condition wherein the blood does not carry sufficient amount of
oxygen due to iron defficiency
80. 82. ANEMIA  What are the causes of anemia? Blood loss Decreased or faulty red blood cell
production Destruction of red blood cells
81. 83. ANEMIA  What are its symptoms? Easy fatigue and loss of energy Rapid heartbeat
Dizziness Leg cramps Insomnia
82. 84. ANEMIA  What are the treatments for anemia? Creating a check-up schedule with doctor
Follow doctor’s medication Supplement your oxygen Schedule blood transfusion at the advice of
your doctor
83. 85. ANEMIA  How can we prevent anemia? Check if your at risk Eat a diet rich in iron and
vitamin C Take iron supplement to make sure your getting enough Avoid excessive dieting and
over- exercising Avoid donating blood
84. 86. STROKE
85. 87. STROKE  What is a stroke?  happens when blood flow to a part of the brain stops. A stroke is
sometimes called a "brain attack."  If blood flow is stopped for longer than a few seconds, the brain
cannot get blood and oxygen. Brain cells can die, causing permanent damage.
86. 88. STROKE  What are the causes of stroke? Blood supply to brain is interrupted or reduced A
blocked artery (ischemic stroke) or a leaking or burst blood vessel (hemorrhagic stroke)
87. 89. STROKE  What are the treatment for stroke? Medical treatment Aspirin Stroke recovery and
rehabilitation
88. 90. STROKE  How can we prevent stroke? Healthy diet Antiplatelet therapy Control of sugar
Avoid smoking Management of high blood pressure
89. 91. STROKE  What are its symptoms? Sudden numbness of the face, arm or leg, especially on one
side of the body Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes Sudden trouble walking, dizziness, or
loss of balance and coordination Sudden severe headache with no known cause Sudden confusion
or trouble in