`
ESSENC
CE - Interna
ational Jourrnal for Envvironmentaal Rehabilitaation and Conservation
n
Volume VI: No. 1 2015 [83
[ – 90] [ISS
SN 0975 - 62722]
[ww
ww.essence-jouurnal.com]

Effect of
o post harrvest operrations on seed quality of Mun
ng (Physeoolus munggo L.)

n, Sanjiv1; Gadewar,
Charjan G Raajesh2, Lam h3, Lambat,, Prachi4
mbat, Ashish

Received: March 23, 2015

2 ⏐ Accep
pted: April 266, 2015 ⏐ Onlline: June 30,, 2015

Abstractt
Effects of Threshiing, drying and storaage mosst commonlyy occurring fungif irrespeective of
methods on seed qu uality of Muung (Physeoolus storrage periodss and storagge containerss during
mungo L.)
L were stud died. The seeeds threshed by storrage under am mbient conddition.
hand hadd maintaineed significanntly very low Keyywords: Muung | seed qualityq | thrreshing |
mechaniccal damagee to seedss and highher dryiing | containner | storage
germinattion, seedlling vigour and field
emergencce percentag ge. Drying ofo mung seeeds Intrroduction
at loweer temperaature (shade) recordded Munng (Physeollus mungo L.) is a rich source of
significanntly higherr germinattion, seedliing prottein but it is yet to gain impetuss in our
vigour and
a field em
mergence peercentage. The T couuntry. One of the major problems p
mung seeds stored d in polyeethylene baags encountered in urdbean prooduction in India is
recorded significan ntly higher germinatioon, the lack of goood quality seeeds. Seed yield
y and
seedling vigour and field emergeence and lessser its quality
q depend on a num mber of facttors. The
seed invaasion by funngal flora duuring storagee as timee of harveesting, methhods of thhreshing,
comparedd to jute andd cloth bags under ambient dryiing and stoorage of seeeds are am mong the
conditionn. It was also noted thatt Altrnaria sp.,
s major consideration in deciding thhe seed
Aspergilllus sp., Fussarium sp., Rhizopus sp., s quaality and prooductivity. Seed
S quality may be
Tricotheccium sp. And d Penicillium
m sp. Were the
t imppaired whilee the seeds are still onn mother
For corresspondence:
plannt (Pullock, 1972) Physiiomorphologgical and
1
phyysiological chhanges mighht set in, if thhe seeds
College off Agriculture (Drr. PDKV’s) Naggpur.
2
Sevadal Mahila
M Mahavidy yalaya, Nagpur are retained onn the motherr plant for a longer
3
Sevadal Mahila
M Mahavidy yalaya, Nagpur
4
duraation beyoond physiiological maturity m
Shri Mathuuradas Mohata Science
S College,, Nagpur
Email: lammbatashish@gm mail.com 83
 Charjan et al.. /Vol. VI [1] 2015/83
2 – 90 

(Ovchrovv and Kizilo ova, 1966). Dharmaling

D am havving cementeed wall, roof and flooor under
and Bassu (1988) reported that t the seeed ambbient conddition for 9 months. The
harvestedd at physiolo
ogical maturrity had highhest observations on moistuure contennt and
germinattion and vigoour than those harvestedd at germ mination tessts was condducted as prescribed
prematurre. Sangakkaara and Wannisekera (19990) in International
I l rules for seed
s testingg (ISTA,
reported that the mungbean
m seed quality not
n 19885). Two hunndred seeds were used too isolate
affected by hand threshing,
t d
drying at low funggi followingg standard bllotter and aggar plate
temperatuure and storing thhe seeds in metthods (ISTA A, 1976). TheT seedlingg vigour
polyethylene bags in low tem mperature and
a indeex was workked out folloowing the method of
relative humidity.
h As very little informationn is Alddul Baki & Anderson (1973). For filed
availablee on this asp
pect, hence an experiment emeergence testt, sowing of o mung seeeds was
was plannned to studyy the effect of
o post harvvest donne in random mized blockk design, withw four
operationns on seed qu
uality of muung. repllications witth inter and intra-row
i spacing of
1 feeet and 6 inches respecttively. Obseervations
Materialls and Meth hod for field emerggence were recorded daaily and
Plants of o Mung (Variety Tarm-2) T were finaally the estabblished seeddlings were counted
harvestedd at physiological matuurity (i.e. whhen afteer one monthh of sowingg. The experrimental
green podd turns in blackish greenn in colour) by dataa was statisstically scruutinized by random
cutting too a height of
o 5 cm from m ground levvel. p Panse annd Sukhatme (1967).
blocc design as per
Pods werre removed from the haarvested plaants
and driedd on the thrreshing flooor as per usuual Ressults and Diiscussion
method of drying. The T harvestted pods were Datta presentedd in the Taable 1 show wed that
divided in
i to 5 lots. First lot was threshed by macchine thresheed at 500 rppm results innto seeds
hand, 2 by stick beating 3rd
n
nd r
by machine withh significaantly maximum mechanical
th
threshed 300 rpm. 4 by 400 rpm rp and 5th by dammage (3.2%) which is foollowed by 400 4 rpm
500 rpmm separately y. Half threshed seeds of (2.66%) 300 rpm m (1.6%), sttick beating (1.4%),
each threeshing meth hods dried ini the sun anda andd hand threshhed (0.3%). Saini et al. (1982),
remaininng half threshed seed waas dried in the t Sanngakkara and Wanisekeera (1990) reported
r
sun and remaining
r haalf threshed seed was dried thatt the seedd threshed by handd lower
in shadee. Three day ys were reqquired for suns mecchanical dammage to seedd coat than machine
m
drying and
a 10 dayss were required for shaade threeshed.
drying too reach safe moisture
m conntent level (10
( In was
w observed form thee Table 2 that the
+ 1 %). The thresshed and dried d seeds by germmination percentage
p of mung seeds
different methods were kept in jute, j cloth and
a threeshed by different methods varies
polyethylene bags of 178 um of o size 20cm m x signnificantly annd it was highest in hand –
30cm resspectively of 1 Kg eachh and storedd in threeshed seedss (92%) whichw was closely
wire – mesh almirrah in massonry buildiing followed by stick-beatingg (96%), machine m

84 
 Charjan et al.. /Vol. VI [1] 2015/83
threshed 300 rpm (8 80%), 400 rppm (79%) and a
500 rpmm (75%). Th he germinatiion percentaage
was decrreased with increasing in mechaniical
damage to t the seed coat of munng. It was also a
observedd that the ab bnormal seeddling increases
with the increasing thet mechaniical damagee to
the seed coat of mun ng. The simiilar results also
a trennd of germinnation in muung. Similarr results
reported by Soesarsaano and Coppeland (19774),
Sangakkaara, Wanisek ker (1990), and Lambatt et
al. (2011) Seedling g vigour inndex and filed
emergencce followed the sam me trends of
germinattion. It was highest in hand-
h threshhed
seeds as compared to o other threshhing methodd.
The efffect of seeed drying methods for
reductionn the moistu ure content to a desirabble
level is presented in Table 2. The ressult
suggestedd that the th
hree (3) dayss were requirred
for sun drying
d t (10) dayys required for
and ten
shade drrying to reaach safe level of moistuure
content (10 + 1%)). Study onn seed dryiing
indicatedd that the gerrmination off sundried haand
threshed seeds was (85%) whhich is closely
followedd by stick beating (800%), machinne-
threshed 300 rpm (7 75%), 400 rppm (70%) and a
500 rpm m (62%). As A against 92% 9 in hannd-
threshed,, 87% in stick beatting, 85% in
machine--threshed 30 00 rpm 82% % in 400 rppm
and 77%% in 500 rpm m in shade dried
d seeds. In
shade drying,
d low
w temperatuure minimizzes
scorchingg due to graadual loss ofo the moistuure
and theere was no adverse effect on
germinabbility of seedds. The resuult confirms the
t (2011) also repported that the sun drrying of
findings of Philpot, (1976), Paatil and Zode,
(1993), Lambat
L et al.
a (2011). In I sun dryinng,
high ambbient temperrature develoop a rapid flow
of moistuure within thhe seeds cauusing stress and
a leasst amount off loss of geerminability to great
sun scorrching to the embryo and a cotyledoons
2 – 90 
andd this resultss in reductioon of germinability
withh high num mber of abnoormal seedliings and
dead seeds. Moorrison and Robertson, (1978),
Sanngakkara andd Wanisekerra, (1990), Patil
P and
Zodde, (1993). Seedling
S viggour index and
a field
emeergence perccentage alsoo followed thhe same
alsoo reported by
b Saini et al.a (1982) Patil
P and
Zodde, (1993) annd Lambat et al. 2011
Thee apparent influence of threshing,, drying
metthods andd storage containeers on
germmination, seeedling vigoour index annd field
emeergence perccentage of mung seedss during
storrage presennted in Taable 4. Thhe data
indiicated that thhe germinatiion, seedlingg vigour
andd field emerggence percenntage of storeed mung
decllined with increasingg storage period,
howwever the rater of losss varied with
w the
metthods of thhreshing, drying and types t of
storrage containners used. A sharp decclined in
germmination, seeedling vigoour index annd field
emeergence occcurred in seeds thresshed by
macchine 500 rppm, drying in i sun and stored
s in
jutee, cloth annd polyethyylene bags during
storrage. Howevver, there was w practicaally less
losss of germinaation, seedlinng vigour inndex and
fieldd emergence percentage in seeds threshed
t
by hand
h dried inn shade and stored in juute, cloth
andd polyethyleene bags duuring storagge for 9
monnths Sangakkkara and Wanisekera,
W (1990),
Patiil and Zode, (1993) and a Lambatt et al.
seedds harmful for germinaation. In the present
studdy, it was observed thhat the munng seed,
storred in polyeethylene baggs were undeergo the
exteent as com mpared to juute and clooth bags
85 
 Charjan et al.. /Vol. VI [1] 2015/83
2 – 90 

irrespectiive to thresshing and drying

d methhod succcessful carryyover of seeed during stoorage. In
Vanangaamudi, (1988 8), Shivankaar et al. (19990), the present study,
s the similar treends of
Likhitkarr and Charjaan, (1995) and
a Lambatt et germmination weere observedd in seedlingg vigour
al. (2011) also reported superiority
s of indeex and field emergence percentage of o mung
polyethylene bags ov ver jute and cloth bags for seedds during stoorage.

Germinatiion Analysis %
Mechanically Sound Seedling Field
d
Threshing
T Normal A
Abnormal D
Dead
S. No. damaged seed seed Vigou
ur emergeence
methods seedling Seedling S
Seed
(%) (%) Indexx (%))
(%) (%) (
(%)
1 Hand –
H 0.2 99.8 9
91 5 4 1026 83
T
Threshing
2 S
Stick 103 98.6 8
88 7 5 985 76
B
Beating
3 M
Machine- 1.6 98.4 8
83 111 6 909 70
T
Threshing
3 rpm
300
4 4 rpm
400 2.6 97.4 8
80 144 6 882 65
5 5 rpm
500 3.2 96.8 7
77 177 7 816 61
S (m) +
SE 0.3 0.3 1
1.3 n/a n//a 70 1.4
C at 5%
C.D 1 1 4
4.1 n/a n//a 218 4.3
Germinationn % on the basiss of normal seediing % (ISTA, 19985). SE (m) + Standard
S Error mean,
m C.D. at 5%
% Critical Differrence
at 5%.

Table 1. Effeect of threshing methods

m on mecchanical damage to
seedd coat, sound seeeds and germinattion percentage in
i
munng

Shade dryin
ng Sun dryiing
S. No Threeshing G.A. % G.A. %
Methods NS ABS DS SVI FE% % NS ABS DSS SVI FE%
1 Handd –Threshing 92 4 4 1076 83 85 8 7 902 76
2 Stickk Beating 87 8 5 987 76 80 12 9 873 70
3 Machine-Threshing 85 10 5 962 72 75 15 10 786 64
300 rpm
r
4 400 rpm
r 82 12 6 894 68 70 18 12 755 57
5 500 rpm
r 77 17 6 804 62 62 24 14 654 48
SE (m) + 1.4 N/A N/A 55 1.2 1.2 N/A N/AA 60 1.5
C.D at 5% 4.2 N/A N/A 168 3.6 3.7 N/A N/AA 180 4.5
(G.A.- Germinaation analysis, NS-Normal
N Seedlling, ABS- Abnoormal seedling, DS-Dead
D seed, SVI
S Seedling viggour index, FE-F
Field
emergence. SE (m) + Standard Error mean, C.DD. at 5% Criticall Difference at 5%, Normal Seeddling % = Germiination%)

Table 2: Efffect of threshingg and drying meethods on germinnation

peercentage, seedliing vigour indexx and field emerggence
peercentage in munng

During thhis study (T

Table 4) it was
w evident thhat prottection as poolyethylene bags resist moisture
m
the maxiimum numb ber of fungaal colonies did
d pennetration whhich helps in preventting the
develops in jute bag gs which arre followed by devvelopment of fungaal coloniess both
cloth baags and polytheylene bags duriing quaantitative annd species wise irreespective
storage. The
T polyeth hylene bags provided
p muuch threeshing and drying metthods. It was w also
86 
 Charjan et al.. /Vol. VI [1] 2015/83
2 – 90 

noted thhat Alterna

aria sp., Aspergillus
A sp. Fussarium sp., Penicillium
P s Rhizopuss sp. and
sp.,
S. No.
N Drying Methods/
M Pack
king Methodss Germinatiion % Seedling Vigour Indexx Field emmergence %
Initial 9 Months Initial 9 Monthss Initial 9 Monthss
1 Hand th hreshed
1) Shadee drying
i) Jute baag 92 83 1076 909 83 69
ii) Cloth bag 92 84 1076 920 83 71
iii) Polyeethylene bag 92 91 1076 1062 83 81
2) Sun drrying
i) Jute baag 85 69 902 752 76 56
ii) Cloth bag 85 70 902 769 76 58
iii) Polyeethylene bag 85 82 902 890 76 72
SE (m) + N/A 24 N/A 41 N/A 2.2
2 Stick beating
1) Shadee drying
i) Jute baag 87 79 937 861 76 66
ii) Cloth bag 87 80 937 874 76 68
iii) Polyeethylene bag 87 85 937 906 76 75
2) Sun drrying
i) Jute baag 80 70 873 772 70 56
ii) Cloth bag 80 72 873 794 70 60
iii) Polyeethylene bag 80 76 873 852 70 66
SE (m) + N/A 3 N/A 42 N/A 2.8
3 Machinee-threshed (30 00 rpm)
1) Shadee drying
i) Jute baag 85 70 912 764 72 56
ii) Cloth bag 85 71 912 771 72 57
iii) Polyeethylene bag 85 80 912 882 72 68
2) Sun drrying
i) Jute baag 75 58 840 8650 64 46
ii) Cloth bag 75 60 840 662 64 48
iii) Polyeethylene bag 75 70 840 769 64 60
SE (m) + N/A 3.1 N/A 44 N/A 3
4 Machinee-threshed (40 00 rpm)
1) Shadee drying
i) Jute baag 82 62 894 662 68 50
ii) Cloth bag 82 64 894 686 68 51
iii) Polyeethylene bag 82 68 894 738 68 55
2) Sun drrying
i) Jute baag 70 56 761 542 57 42
ii) Cloth bag 70 58 761 607 57 43
iii) Polyeethylene bag 70 64 761 720 57 54
SE (m) + N/A 2.8 N/A 40 N/A 2.6
5 Machinee- Threshed (5 500 rpm)
1) Shadee drying
i) Jute baag 77 55 867 534 62 40
ii) Cloth bag 77 56 867 542 62 41
iii) Polyeethylene bag 77 67 867 752 62 51
2) Sun drrying
i) Jute baag 62 40 654 362 48 25
ii) Cloth bag 62 45 654 400 48 30
iii) Polyeethylene bag 62 50 654 468 48 36
SE (m) + N/A 3.7 N/A 59 N/A 4
SE (m) + Standardd Error mean, (Normal seedlling % = Germ
mination%)

87 
 Charjan et al.. /Vol. VI [1] 2015/83
2 – 90 

Table 3. Effect of threeshing, drying methods

m and sttorage containeers
on germinatiion percentage, seedling vigoour index, fieldd
emergence percentage
p in mung
m during stoorage.

Percentage of fungi encounntered on Mungg seeds

S.Noo. Treatmeents A B C D E F
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
1 Hand Th hreshed
1) Shadee drying
i) Jute baag 1 6 3 144 1 4 1 20 N//A 6 N/A 1
ii) Cloth bag 1 6 3 100 1 6 1 22 N//A 5 N/A NN/A
iii) Polytthylene bag 1 2 3 6 1 1 1 4 N//A 3 N/A NN/A
2) Sun Drying
D
i) Jute baag 1 5 2 155 N/A 7 N/A 10 N//A 5 N/A 1
ii) Cloth bag 1 5 2 166 N/A 8 N/A 16 N//A 5 N/A 1
iii) Polytthylene bag 1 3 2 7 N/A 1 N/A 12 N//A 2 N/A NN/A
2 Stick beeating
1) Shadee drying
i) Jute baag 2 6 2 155 N/A 8 1 24 1 7 N/A 2
ii) Cloth bag 2 7 2 166 N/A 9 1 20 1 9 N/A 1
iii) Polytthylene bag 2 1 2 100 N/A 4 1 10 1 2 N/A NN/A
2) Sun Drying
D
i) Jute baag 1 4 2 200 N/A 10 N/A 20 N//A 3 N/A 1
ii) Cloth bag 1 4 2 144 N/A 9 N/A 24 N//A 4 N/A 2
iii) Polytthylene bag N/A N/A 2 8 N/A 2 N/A 14 N//A N/A N/A NN/A
3 Machinee-threshed (300 0
rpm)
1) Shadee drying
i) Jute baag 1 5 3 188 1 8 1 27 1 9 N/A NN/A
ii) Cloth bag 1 6 3 166 1 5 1 24 1 8 N/A NN/A
iii) Polytthylene bag 1 1 3 9 1 1 1 12 1 2 N/A NN/A
2) Sun Drying
D
i) Jute baag 1 5 3 200 N/A 6 1 24 N//A 18 N/A NN/A
ii) Cloth bag 1 5 3 188 N/A 4 1 14 N//A 15 N/A NN/A
iii) Polytthylene bag N/A 1 3 100 N/A N/A 1 8 N//A 2 N/A NN/A
4 Machinee–threshed (400 0
rpm)
1) Shadee drying
i) Jute baag 1 6 3 277 1 14 1 24 1 9 N/A 1
ii) Cloth bag 1 6 3 199 1 9 1 19 1 8 N/A 2
iii) Polytthylene bag 1 1 3 166 1 1 1 2 1 2 N/A NN/A
2) Sun Drying
D
i) Jute baag 1 6 2 311 N/A 19 N/A 25 N//A 10 N/A 2
ii) Cloth bag 1 5 2 299 N/A 14 N/A 19 N//A 10 N/A 2
iii) Polytthylene bag 0 N/A 2 188 N/A 5 N/A 3 N//A 3 N/A NN/A
5 Machinee-threshed (500 0
rpm)
1) Shadee drying
i) Jute baag 1 6 3 277 1 19 1 30 1 15 N/A NN/A
ii) Cloth bag 1 5 3 211 1 12 1 25 1 10 N/A 1
iii) Polytthylene bag 1 2 3 122 1 12 1 15 1 2 N/A NN/A
2) Sun Drying
D
i) Jute baag 1 5 2 288 1 19 1 34 N//A 15 N/A 1
ii) Cloth bag 1 4 2 200 1 12 1 29 N//A 9 N/A 2
iii) Polytthylene bag N/A N/A 2 100 1 7 1 11 N//A 2 N/A NN/A
Total 29 106 65 3118 15 150 21 424 122 155 0 220
A-Allternaria sp., B. Aspergillus sp. C- Fusarium sp., D-Peicillium sp.,
s E-Rhizopus sp.
s And F- Trichhothecium sp.,1-Standard blotterr paper method teest,
2- Agar
A plate methodd.

88 
Charjan et al.. /Vol. VI [1] 2015/83 – 90 

Table 4: Effecct of threshing, drying

d methods and
a storage
containers on incidennce percentage of
o fungal flora onn
Munng during storagee.

89 
 Charjan et al.. /Vol. VI [1] 2015/83
2 – 90 

Trichotheecium sp. were

w the most commonnly levels. Agron
A J. 63: 250-250.
occurringg fungi irresspective of storage
s perioods Chaarjan, S.K.U U. and V..R. Gupta (1996):
and containers. Thee germinability of muung Impact of storage condition
c onn fungal
seeds deecreased wiith increasee in incidennce flora annd germinabiility of gram m seeds.
percentagge of fungall flora and storage
s periood. J. Soils and
a crops 6 (2): 136-1388.
The isollated fungi were mostt inhibitory to Dhaarmalingam,, C. and R.N N. Basu (1988): Seed
germinattion. The result
r obtaiined were in quality in
i relation too position off seed in
conformiity with thee findings of o Charjan anda the pod at different maturity peeriods in
Gupta (11996) & Waankhede et al. a (2010) and
a mungeann. Seed Res.. 16(2): 168--172.
Lambat et e al. (2011)). It was alsoo observed thhat IST
TA. (1976): Internationnal rules for f seed
the loweer storage potential of o mechaniical testing seed
s sci. andd technol 4: 108
1
damage seeds thresh hed by macchine and sun s IST
TA. (1985): Internationnal rules ofr o seed
dried may
m be beccause of higher
h rate of testing seed
s sci. andd Technol 13 : 299-
respiratioon and attracction of more fungal floora 513
due to higher
h leachiing of sugaar which cauuse Lam
mbat, A. Gaadewar, R., Charde,C P. Charjan,
C
early redduction in geermination, seedling
s vigoour S., Cherrian, K. and Lambat, P. (2011):
and fielld emergen nce (Burrigga, 1961 and a Effect ofo Post harrvest operattions on
Lambat et e al. 2011) seed quality
q of mung (Phhaseolus
Conclusiion mungo L.) In: Proc. P Interrnational
Thus, theese results highlight
h thhe maintenannce Confereence inn Agricultural
of mung seed qualityy of sowing purposes
p in the
t Engineeering, Chonbburi, Thailannd page
next sow
wing reason for
f getting beetter yield. The
T No. C/13-25
mung pods should bee threshed byy hand or stick Likhhitkar, V.S.. and S.K.U U. Charjan, (1995):
beating and
a dried in n shade uptoo safe moistuure Impact ofo storage coontainers and period
level (100 + 1 %) an nd stored inn polyethyleene on germ mination off Gimelina arborea
bags, shhows greateer germinabbility, seedliing seeds during stoorage. In: Herbal
vigour inndex and fiiled emergennce and lessser medicinnes, bioodiversity and
invasion by fungal flora
f upto thhe next sowiing conservaation strateggies (Ed. R.C C. Rajak
season. and M.K.Rai),
M i
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B A. andd J.D. Andderson (19773): 236-2411.
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c Cropp Sci. 13: 6330- (1978): Effect of drying
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633. seed oil quality and germinationn. J. Am
Barriga, C. (1961): Effect
E of meechanical abuuse oil chemm.. Soc. 55 : 272-274.
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o ground nut (aracchis science and technoloogy, New Delhi.
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91