Simulation of Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability Using High

Order Scheme

Cagatay DOGAN Goksenin VIRAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Izmir Katip Celebi University

January 5, 2018

Cagatay DOGAN, Goksenin VIRAN (Izmir Katip

Simulation
Celebi University)
of Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability Using High Order Scheme
January 5, 2018 1 / 27
 Outline

1 Introduction

2 Perturbation Analysis

3 Governing Equations

4 Solution of Euler’s Equation

5 Validation of Solver

6 Results

7 Conclusion

Cagatay DOGAN, Goksenin VIRAN (Izmir Katip

Simulation
Celebi University)
of Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability Using High Order Scheme
January 5, 2018 2 / 27
 Introduction

Motivation

Figure: Van Gogh-Starry Night

Cagatay DOGAN, Goksenin VIRAN (Izmir Katip

Simulation
Celebi University)
of Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability Using High Order Scheme
January 5, 2018 3 / 27
 Introduction

KHI in Nature

Figure: A row of billow clouds photograph by Paul E Branstine[Dever

Colson,Wave-Cloud formation at Denver]

Cagatay DOGAN, Goksenin VIRAN (Izmir Katip

Simulation
Celebi University)
of Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability Using High Order Scheme
January 5, 2018 4 / 27
 Introduction

Introduction

Figure: Instabilty Steps

Cagatay DOGAN, Goksenin VIRAN (Izmir Katip
Simulation
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of Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability Using High Order Scheme
January 5, 2018 5 / 27
 Perturbation Analysis

Perturbation Analysis

U1 ρ
z 1
ζ
x
ρ
2
U2

Figure: Schematic for the perturbation analysis of two layers of fluid.

~
dV
ρ.g − ∇.p = ρ (1)
dt
We define the basic flow by
  
~ U2 i , ρ2 , p0 − ρ2 gz, z < 0
U= ρ(z) = p= (2)
U1 i , ρ1 , p0 − ρ1 gz, z > 0
Assuming irrotational basic flow ∇ × u~ = 0(irrotational).
Cagatay DOGAN, Goksenin VIRAN (Izmir Katip
Simulation
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of Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability Using High Order Scheme
January 5, 2018 6 / 27
 Perturbation Analysis

Sinusoidal Perturbation

U1 ρ
z 1
ζ
x
ρ
2
U2

Figure: Sinusoidal perturbation on the interface.

ζ = ζ̂e i(kx+ly )+st (3)

Cagatay DOGAN, Goksenin VIRAN (Izmir Katip

Simulation
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of Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability Using High Order Scheme
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 Perturbation Analysis

Growth of Perturbation

U1 ρ
z 1
x
ρ
2
U2

Figure: Growth of the perturbation.

Quadratic equation for;

" #1/2
ρ1 U1 + ρ2 U2 k 2 ρ1 ρ2 (U1 − U2 )2 k̃g (ρ1 − ρ2 )
s = −ik ± − (4)
(ρ1 + ρ2 )2 (ρ1 + ρ2 )2 (ρ1 + ρ2 )

Remember ζ → grows exponentially in time.

Cagatay DOGAN, Goksenin VIRAN (Izmir Katip
Simulation
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of Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability Using High Order Scheme
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 Perturbation Analysis

when
k 2 ρ1 ρ2 (U1 − U2 )2 k̃g (ρ1 − ρ2 )
2
> →s>0 (5)
(ρ1 + ρ2 ) (ρ1 + ρ2 )
k 2 ρ1 ρ2 (U1 − U2 )2 > k̃g (ρ1 2 − ρ2 2 ) → Unstable (6)

Cagatay DOGAN, Goksenin VIRAN (Izmir Katip

Simulation
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of Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability Using High Order Scheme
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 Perturbation Analysis

Rolling of Perturbed Interface

U1 >
z ρ1
x
U2 ρ2
>

Figure: Rolling the perturbation.

Cagatay DOGAN, Goksenin VIRAN (Izmir Katip

Simulation
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of Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability Using High OrderJanuary
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 Governing Equations

Governing Equations

ut + ∇.F = 0 (7)
ut + f (u)x + g (u)y = 0 (8)
where
u = (ρ, ρu, ρv , E ), (9)
f (u) = (ρu, ρu 2 + P, ρuv , u(E + P)), (10)
g (u) = (ρv , ρuv , ρv 2 + P, v (E + P)), (11)

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Simulation
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 Governing Equations

Conservative Form of Governing Equations

ρt + ∇(ρv ) = 0 (12)
∂
(ρu) + ∇((u 2 ρ + P)i + (ρuv )j ) (13)
∂t
∂
(ρv ) + ∇((ρuv )i + j (v 2 ρ + P)j ) (14)
∂t
1
E = ρe + ρ(u 2 + v 2 ) Total Energy Per Unit Mass (15)
2
p = ρe(γ − 1) (16)
   
ρ ρu ρv
ρu   2
u= ;F = u ρ + P ρuv  
ρv   ρuv 2
v ρ+P
E u(E + p) v (E + p)

Cagatay DOGAN, Goksenin VIRAN (Izmir Katip

Simulation
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of Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability Using High OrderJanuary
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 Solution of Euler’s Equation

Spatial Discrezetion

Compact schemes[Lele,1992]:
4th Order Scheme
1 0 1 0 3 ui+1 − ui−1
ui−1 + ui0 + ui+1 = (17)
4 4 2 2αx

Cagatay DOGAN, Goksenin VIRAN (Izmir Katip

Simulation
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of Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability Using High OrderJanuary
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 Solution of Euler’s Equation

High Order Time Integration

The most popular scheme in this study is the following fourth order
Runge-Kutta method for solving. Generally, Runge-Kutta methods are
given by:
k1 = f (un , tn )

∆t ∆t
k2 = f (un + k1 , tn + )
2 2
∆t ∆t
k3 = f (un + k2 , tn + )
2 2

k4 = f (un + ∆tk3 , tn + ∆t)

∆t
un+1 = un + [k1 + 2k2 + 2k3 + k4 ] (18)
6
Cagatay DOGAN, Goksenin VIRAN (Izmir Katip
Simulation
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of Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability Using High OrderJanuary
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 Solution of Euler’s Equation

Filtering

We use the approximation of the form[Lele,1992]:

βf i−2 + αf i−1 + f i + αf i+1 + βf i−2 =

d c b (19)
afi + (fi+3 + fi−3 ) + (fi+2 + fi−2 ) + (fi+1 + fi−1 )
2 2 2
where f i represents the filtered values at node xi .
The choice of β = 0 and d = 0 results with a tridiagonal a fourth order
scheme. So, we used periodic boundary conditions.

Cagatay DOGAN, Goksenin VIRAN (Izmir Katip

Simulation
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of Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability Using High OrderJanuary
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 Solution of Euler’s Equation

Periodic Boundary Conditions

Figure: Periodic Boundary Conditions

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of Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability Using High OrderJanuary
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 Validation of Solver

Validation of Solver

We compared the problem that we know about the exact solution to the
our solver.This problem is isentropic Euler vortex problem. It’s commonly
used for testing the order of accuracy of a numerical method because it is
easy to implement and the exact solution is known at all times.

Cagatay DOGAN, Goksenin VIRAN (Izmir Katip

Simulation
Celebi University)
of Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability Using High OrderJanuary
Scheme5, 2018 17 / 27
 Validation of Solver

Exact Problem

 
((y − y0 ) − v t) f (x, y , t)
u = u∞ cos(θ) − exp( ) (20)
2πrc 2
 
((x − x0 ) − ut) f (x, y , t)
v = u∞ sin(θ) − exp( ) (21)
2πrc 2
1
2 (γ − 1)M∞ 2
  γ−1
ρ = ρ∞ 1 − exp(f (x, y , t)) (22)
8π 2
γ
2 (γ − 1)M∞ 2
  γ−1
p = p∞ 1 − exp(f (x, y , t)) (23)
8π 2

Cagatay DOGAN, Goksenin VIRAN (Izmir Katip

Simulation
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of Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability Using High OrderJanuary
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 Validation of Solver

Convergence Steady of Solver

h vs einf
10 0

10 -1
einf

10 -2

10 -3
10 -2 10 -1 10 0
h=L/n

Figure: At α = 0.48, Slope of Log-Log=3.0524

Cagatay DOGAN, Goksenin VIRAN (Izmir Katip

Simulation
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of Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability Using High OrderJanuary
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 Validation of Solver

h vs einf
10 -1

10 -2
einf

10 -3

10 -4
10 -2 10 -1 10 0
h=L/n

Figure: At α = 0.499, Slope of Log-Log=3.8382

Cagatay DOGAN, Goksenin VIRAN (Izmir Katip

Simulation
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of Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability Using High OrderJanuary
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 Validation of Solver

Model Problem

Cagatay DOGAN, Goksenin VIRAN (Izmir Katip

Simulation Figure: Domain
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of Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability Using High OrderJanuary
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 Results

Cagatay DOGAN, Goksenin VIRAN (Izmir Katip

Simulation
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of Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability Using High OrderJanuary
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 Results

Effect of Speed Ratio

Figure: at t = 1 when ρ1 = 1, ρ2 = 2

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 Results

Effect of Density and Speed Ratio

Figure: at t = 1 when ρ1 = 1, ρ2 = 2

Cagatay DOGAN, Goksenin VIRAN (Izmir Katip

Simulation
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of Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability Using High OrderJanuary
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 Results

Figure: Density contour at time t=2; ρ1 = 1, ρ2 = 2, ρ1 U1 = 0, ρ2 U2 = 1.

Cagatay DOGAN, Goksenin VIRAN (Izmir Katip

Simulation
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of Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability Using High OrderJanuary
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 Results

Cagatay DOGAN, Goksenin VIRAN (Izmir Katip

Simulation
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of Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability Using High OrderJanuary
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 Conclusion

Conclusion

Mathematical derivation of equations needed for understanding Kelvin

Helmholtz instability.

Cagatay DOGAN, Goksenin VIRAN (Izmir Katip

Simulation
Celebi University)
of Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability Using High OrderJanuary
Scheme5, 2018 27 / 27
 Conclusion

Conclusion

Mathematical derivation of equations needed for understanding Kelvin

Helmholtz instability.
We observed that flow is always unstable.

Cagatay DOGAN, Goksenin VIRAN (Izmir Katip

Simulation
Celebi University)
of Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability Using High OrderJanuary
Scheme5, 2018 27 / 27
 Conclusion

Conclusion

Mathematical derivation of equations needed for understanding Kelvin

Helmholtz instability.
We observed that flow is always unstable.
We solve the Euler equation of motion of compressible flow by
numerically using 4th order scheme both in space and time.

Cagatay DOGAN, Goksenin VIRAN (Izmir Katip

Simulation
Celebi University)
of Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability Using High OrderJanuary
Scheme5, 2018 27 / 27
 Conclusion

Conclusion

Mathematical derivation of equations needed for understanding Kelvin

Helmholtz instability.
We observed that flow is always unstable.
We solve the Euler equation of motion of compressible flow by
numerically using 4th order scheme both in space and time.
We use filter to simulate the turbulent flows easily.

Cagatay DOGAN, Goksenin VIRAN (Izmir Katip

Simulation
Celebi University)
of Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability Using High OrderJanuary
Scheme5, 2018 27 / 27
 Conclusion

Conclusion

Mathematical derivation of equations needed for understanding Kelvin

Helmholtz instability.
We observed that flow is always unstable.
We solve the Euler equation of motion of compressible flow by
numerically using 4th order scheme both in space and time.
We use filter to simulate the turbulent flows easily.
We used a vortex problem to check our problem’s accuracy.

Cagatay DOGAN, Goksenin VIRAN (Izmir Katip

Simulation
Celebi University)
of Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability Using High OrderJanuary
Scheme5, 2018 27 / 27
 Conclusion

Conclusion

Mathematical derivation of equations needed for understanding Kelvin

Helmholtz instability.
We observed that flow is always unstable.
We solve the Euler equation of motion of compressible flow by
numerically using 4th order scheme both in space and time.
We use filter to simulate the turbulent flows easily.
We used a vortex problem to check our problem’s accuracy.
We discussed the effect of speed ratio and effect of density ratio.

Cagatay DOGAN, Goksenin VIRAN (Izmir Katip

Simulation
Celebi University)
of Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability Using High OrderJanuary
Scheme5, 2018 27 / 27