STEEL DESIGN (ASD, NSCP 2001)

Bolted and Riveted Connections Combined Tension and Shear Welded Connections
Possible Causes of Failure For shear: 𝒇𝒗 =
𝑹
𝑹=
𝑷 T = thickness of throat
𝑨𝒃 𝒏 𝑵
1. Due to Axial (ft ≤ Ft) t = thickness of plate
N = total no. of fastener
a.) Gross Area z = thickness of weld
𝑹 𝑅
𝒇𝒕 =
𝑨𝒈
For tension: 𝑓𝑡 =
𝐴𝑏 𝒇𝒗 ≤ 𝑭𝒗
𝐹𝑡 = 0.6𝐹𝑦
b.) Net Area a.) For Plate Fv = 0.3Fu
𝑅 𝑀𝑐𝐴
𝑓𝑡 = 𝑅= 𝑃
𝐴𝑒 (𝐼)(𝑁) 𝑓𝑣 =
𝐴𝑒
𝐴𝑒 = 𝑈𝐴𝑛 A = area of plate
𝐴𝑛 = 𝐴𝑔 − 𝐷𝑡𝑁 I = Inertia of plate 𝐴𝑒 = 𝑇𝐿𝑒
𝐴𝑛 ≤ 0.85𝐴𝑔 N = No. of fasteners
𝐹𝑡 = 0.5𝐹𝑢 𝐿𝑒 = 𝐿1 + 𝐿2 + 𝐿3 … ≥ 4𝑧
𝑃 (ñ) b.) For Fastener
𝑅=
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟
𝑀𝑐 𝑀𝑐 𝑃 = 𝑃1 + 𝑃2 + 𝑃3 …
𝑅= 2 = ∑ 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
U = reduction coefficient ∑𝑑 Case 1. Equal legs (most cases)
N = number of hole in plane failure M = Pe
Ag = Gross area c = distance from the c.g. 𝑇 = 𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠45
An = net area e = eccentricity
Ae = effective area Case 2. Unequal Legs
Note: Higher governs
ñ = No. of resisting fastener
𝑇 = 𝑧1 𝑧2 /(√𝑧1 ² + 𝑧2 ²)
P = Reaction/force applied Eccentric Shear
D = d + 1.6mm Combined Shear and Tension
d = dia. of fastener 𝑹𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍
𝒇𝒗𝒎𝒂𝒙 =
For Staggered Connections: 𝑨𝒃 𝒇≤𝑭
∑ 𝑺𝟐
𝐀𝐧 = 𝐀𝐠 − 𝐃𝐭𝐍 + (𝒕) 𝑹𝒅𝒙 =
𝑷𝒙
𝑹𝒅𝒚 =
𝑷𝒚
F = 0.3Fu
𝟒𝐠 𝑵 𝑵
N = no. of holes in plane failure 𝑻ӯ ̅
𝑻𝒙
𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
S = horizontal spacing between two fasteners 𝑹𝒕𝒙 = ∑ 𝑹𝒕𝒚 = ∑ 𝑓=
𝒙2 +𝒚2 𝒙2 +𝒚2 𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠45
g = vertical spacing between two fasteners
t = thickness of plate 𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = √𝑅𝑣 2 + 𝑅𝑡 2
𝑹𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = √(𝑹𝒅𝒚 + 𝑹𝒕𝒚 )² + (𝑹𝒅𝒙 + 𝑹𝒕𝒙 )²
Note: Always consider the longest path 𝑷
2. Due to Shear (fv ≤ Fv) 𝑹𝒗 = (in terms of line load N/mm)
𝑳𝒆
𝑹 T = Pe
𝒇𝒗 = 𝑴
𝑨𝒃 𝒏 𝑹𝒕 =
Rdx or Rdy = Direct shear 𝑺
Fv = Allowable shear stress for fasteners
Ab = Area of fastener Rtx or Rty = torsional shear M = Pe
n = No. of shear plane (single – 1, double – 2)
𝑃 ӯ = vert.distance from the most stressed fastener S = section modulus
𝑅=
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟
𝒙̅ = hor. distance from the most stressed fastener S = d²/6
3. Due to Bearing (fp ≤ Fp)
𝑹 x = hor. distance from centroid to each fastener S = bd
𝒇𝒑 =
𝑨𝒄
𝑃 y = vert. distance from centroid to each fastener
𝑅=
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟
Ac = dt P = working load/actual load S = (4bd+d²)/6
Fp = 1.2Fu E = eccentricity S = πr²
A = Area of contact
d = diameter of fastener Note: Always consider the orientation of load
t = thickness of plate
4. Due to Block Shear 𝑅𝑑 𝑃
𝑃 = 0.3𝐹𝑢𝐴𝑣 + 0.5𝐹𝑢𝐴𝑡 Due to Direct Shear: 𝑓𝑑 = : 𝑅𝑑 =
𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠45 𝐿𝑒
Av = Area at plane of failure parallel to working load 𝑅𝑡 𝑇𝑦 𝑇𝑥
At = Area at plane perpendicular to working load Due to Torsional Shear: 𝑓𝑡 = : 𝑅𝑡𝑥 = 𝐿2
: 𝑅𝑡𝑦 = 𝐿2
𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠45 ∑ +𝑥.𝑔.2 +𝑦.𝑔.2 ∑ +𝑥.𝑔.2 +𝑦.𝑔.2
For Angles: 12 12

Wg = H + B – t
Wg = Gross width: t = thickness of angle 𝑅𝑡 = √𝑅𝑡𝑥 ² + 𝑅𝑡𝑦 ² : Due to Combined: 𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = √𝑅𝑡𝑥 ² +(𝑅𝑡𝑦 + 𝑅𝑑 )²