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Fluids
Real Fluids
Real Fluids
Tangential or shearing forces always develop whenever
there is motion relative to a solid body creating fluid
friction
Friction forces gives rise to a fluid property called
viscosity
Compressible
Viscous in nature
Certain amount of resistance is always offered by these
fluids when they move
Ideal Fluids
Ideal Fluids
• A fluid with no friction
• Also referred to as an inviscid (zero viscosity)
fluid
• Internal forces at any section within are
normal (pressure forces)
• Practical application: many flows approximate
frictionless flow away from solid boundaries
Viscous Flow
“Viscous” is basically referring to internal friction in a
fluid.
A true “non-viscous” fluid would flow along a solid wall
without any slowing down because of friction.
A viscous fluid has a lot of friction, even parts of the fluid
itself, flowing at different rates, will have friction between
them.
If a viscous fluid were flowing past a wall, the friction at
the wall would be transmitted inward. The fluid right at
the wall would not be flowing at all, as you moved away
from the wall, the fluid would be flowing faster.
Ideal & real flow around a cylinder
Viscous Flow
In Fig 2, fluids are both sandwiched between a fixed solid surface
on one side and a movable belt on the other.
g 2 g g 2 g g 2 g
Therefore PB>PA. It can thus be reasoned
that the disturbance will produce a small
transverse resultant force acting from B
towards A. The lateral components of velocity
will also produce a corresponding component
of viscous shear force, which acts in the
opposite sense to the resultant disturbing
force.
As long as the fluid is moving slowly, the
resultant disturbing force tends to be
outweighed by the viscous force.
Disturbances are therefore damped out.
As the rate of shear increases, the effect of
the disturbance becomes more
pronounced:
1. The difference between uA and uB increases
2. The pressure differences (PA-PB) increases with
(uA2-uB2), so the deflection of the pathline
becomes more pronounced
3. The greater shear results in a deformation of
the crest of the pathline pattern. When the
shear is sufficiently great, the deformation is
carried beyond the point at which the rectilinear
pattern of pathlines can cohere. The flow
disintegrates into a disorderly pattern of eddies
in place of the orderly patterns of layers.
The Boundary Layer
When a fluid enters a pipe, viscous effects due to the
pipe wall will develop.
The region where viscous effects are important is
referred to as the boundary layer.
The Boundary Layer
The velocity profile will vary due to the growth of this
boundary layer.
When the velocity profile reaches a constant (i.e.,
velocity profile no longer changes along the pipe), the
flow is said to be fully developed.
The length required for the flow to reach fully developed
conditions is called the entrance length (Le), and can be
determined from the following empirical relations: