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DOI: 10.5923/j.cmaterials.20130304.04
1
Department of M echanical Engineering, Federal University of São João del-Rei (UFSJ), São João del-Rei, 36307-352, Brazil
2
Department ofStructural Engineering, Schoolof Engineeringof SãoCarlos (EESC/USP), São Carlos, 13566-590, Brazil
Abstract This research had as objective the development of particu late co mposite materials in epo xy matrix reinforced
with Corymbia citriodora sawdust. The evaluated properties were bending modulus of elasticity (MOE) and bendingstrength
(MOR). The resin volu met ric fraction over wood sawdust was the only variab le factor at experimental design, consisting 45%
and 65% in fractions. The thickness of specimens for the bending test was 4mm, defined at preliminary studies. Were
fabricated two panels by investigated fractions, with 200×200mm d imensions, under a press pressure of 3 MPa, and made at
amb ient temperature, in d ifferent t imes. Fro m these panels, were extracted the specimens test with dimensions and
specifications established by American Standard ASTM D790: 2010. Fro m results obtained from analysis of variance,
concluded that variation of sawdust fraction present a significant behavior at response-variables, presenting the best results
the materials manufactured with 45% of epo xy resin.
Keywords Particu late Co mposite, Sawdust, Mechanical Characterization
has a regular structure. Thermal properties were measured it’s already used a mixture of Eucalyptus with another wood
using thermogravimetry and differential calorimetry, and species to increase raw material. In this research, was
revealed that composites presented a little d ifference proposed to compare co mpensated PinusTaeda panels (1)
between fusion and degradation temperatures. and Pinus Taeda mixed with Eucalyptus Dunnii(2)
Machadoet al.[8] studied mechanical, thermal and performance. Each panel was composed by nine sheets, only
rheological properties of Poli-3-hydro xybutyrate (PBH), of Pinus Taeda, in case (1), and intercalated sheets of Pinus
consisting in a biodegradable thermoplastic, and PBH used Taedaand Eucalyptus Dunnii in case (2). In this last, the
as polymeric matrix with sawdust reinforcement. The central sheet was an E. Dunni sheet. Were performed
specimens were manufactured via casting injection process. bending tests at parallel and perpendicular direct ions and
Concluded that incorporation of sawdust increased the shear tests in glue lines.At shear tests, were used dry test
crystalinity degree, crystallization temperature and hardness specimens and also after two pretreatments, in hot water and
of co mposites. The best proportion found of PBH/Sawdust in cold water to verify the possibility of use in external areas.
among studied (90/ 10, 80/ 20, 70/ 30) was 70/30. In cold water treat ment, was lost 16% of (1) specimens
Vitoriano and Felipe[9] studied the influence of wood because they unbonded. In hot water treat ment, 26% of (1)
sawdust in mechanical properties of poly meric matrix specimens and 23% of (2) were discarded.With this research,
composites. Were used Jatobá Hymenaea SP wood sawdust, the authors concluded that mixture of Eucalyptus Dunnii
fro m sawmills. Was performed a granulo metriccharacterizat with Pinus Taeda decrease the performance of the materials
ion of particles. Sawdust was used as load in orthophthalic produced, and the panel wh ich was used just Pinus Taeda
polymeric matrix, accelerated and homogenized, then added showed higher bending modulus of elasticity and bending
to sawdust, and composite was leaked into a rectangular strength in both cut directions, however, the wood mixtu re
mo ld. Were manufactured four panels with different mass presented lower problems about panels swelling afterhaving
fractions. After cured, to density test, were extracted five been immersed in water.
specimens fro m each panel, totaling 20 samples and, for Najafiet al.[13] studied water absorption in p lastic-wood
bending test, were used 7 specimens, totalizing 28 samples to composites, made with sawdust and polymers (Po lyethylene
determinate bending strength, bending modulus of elasticity and Polypropylene) rawor recycled.Th is components were
and apparent density, in order to verify the influence of mixed in weight fract ion of 50%. The panels were fabricated
sawdust levels in these properties. Concluded that the using compressing casting, with 2mm thickness and 15 cm x
increase of mass level of sawdust resulted in reduced density 15cm casts using a hydraulic hot press at 170° and 190° for
and mechanical properties evaluated. polyethylene and polypropylene respectively. The water
Redigh ieri and Costa[10]p roposed utilizat ion of reforesta absorption was evaluated keeping the composite under water
tion wood sawdust (Eucalyptus) instead Pinus wood, for several weeks.Were concluded that maximu m water
traditionally used, andlow density polyethylene as matrix absorption is bigger for co mposite manufactured with
(LDPE) to manufactured composites. The LDPE, functionali recycled poly mers, and saturation time decreases when it’s
zed with maleic anhydride (PE-g-MA)was used at sawdust used.
treatment to improve adhesion between matrix and disperse Viannaet al.[14] verify that thin wood particles can be
phase. Were fabricated test specimens, using sawdust treated efficiently used to substitute minerals charges and glass
with PE-g-MA and without treatment. Then were perfo rmed fibers, showing mechanical properties appropriate to
bending and water absorption tests, concluding that PE-g- engineering applications. However, the interfase between
MA worked as compatibilizing agent, imp roving adhesion matrix and fiber consist in a problem to solve in the
between matrix and sawdust particles, optimizing its manufacture of th is kind of material.
mechanical properties and decreasing water absorption. According Correa and Fonseca[15],wood composite
Pedieu e Ried l[11] evaluated the use of outer bark of wh ite preparationisnot a recentpractice. Since the 70’s, automobili
birch in external surfaces of a 3-layers composite panel,due stic industry uses wood sawdust as charges in thermoplastic,
its hydrophobic characteristics to decrease water absorption. using this composite of polypropylene with wood part icles to
External layers were made with these particles, vary ing its produce a material co mmercially known by wodstock®.
fraction in three levels and, at internal layer, were used Maldas and Kokta[16] observed the recyclable behavior of
coarse wood particles orfibers. Were manufactured four composites made with wood sawdust and polystyrene,
panels for each evaluated condition, amounting 24 panels. measuring its mechanical p roperties and its dimensional
Panels with wood particles in its core showed improvements stability under normal conditions (room temperature) and
in mechanical and physical properties, satisfying internal use under extreme conditions, exposure to room temperature,
requirements for particu late panels. The best condition was water and boiling water, and in temperatures above 150°C
obtained from panel with 45% of outer bark particles and and below -20°C. Results from untreated composites and
55% of wood particles in core, due the best dimensional after the several t reatments were co mpared. The recycled
stability. composites did not change significantly. Under all extreme
According Jaeger and Ziger[12], due shortage of conditions, thermoplastic co mposites presented superior
traditional raw materials like Pinus, has been occurring a mechanical p roperties and dimensional stability, even after
growing Eucalyptus consumption. Therefore, at some p laces recycling.
110 Hélder Rafael Santos Pascoal et al.: Bending Strength and Stiffness of a Particulate Composite
M aterial M anufactured with Epoxy M atrix and Corymbia Citriodora Sawdust
Due the good properties presented at previous studies and in smaller proportions the composites presented weak
possibility of reutilize wood sawdust, whichis incorrectly adhesion between phases.
discarded, this researchaimed to the evaluate thebending Initially, was necessary to define the mass of resin and
modulus of elasticity (MOE) and bending Strength (MOR), sawdust for each fraction. Fro m total, resin mass was used
of particulate composite materials with epoxy matrix 20% of hardener, as specified by manufacturer. After this,
reinforced Corymbia Citriodora sawdust,allowing evaluate resin and hardener were mixed for about 5 minutes and then
the influence of the volumetric fraction of resin (45% and sawdust was added. Sawdust and resin were mixed until it
65%) in the mechanicalpropert ies. was reached a homogeneous appearance(Figure 2).
Figure 3. Mold
For mat rix was used epoxy resin and hardener fro m
Resiqualy®, co mpany located at São Paulo city (Brazil-SP).
According to manufacturer information, resin density is
nearly 1,13 g/cm³.
dismounted to extract the panel. Figure 4 shows one of of the analysis of variance model.
manufactured panels.
Table 2. P-Valuesfrom the response-variables evaluated
2.3. Bending Tests P-Values
Experimental factor
After the panels manufacture, specimens were p repared MOE MOR
for bending test (Figure 5) toevaluate the MOE and MOR, Resinfraction 0,003 0,007
R² (Adj)[%] 89,15 83,01
cut using an electric saw, and dimensions and
standardizations of test preconized by American standard Figure 6 and 7 show the main effects plots for the resin
ASTM D790[18]. After cut, was necessary rigging the fraction on MOE and M OR, respectively.
specimens to achieve exact dimensions. At the end of this
process, dimensions of specimens to tests were 76,8 1600
mm×12,7 mm×4 mm. Of each manufactured panel, were
1500
40
Mean of MOR (MPa)
35
3. Results and Conclusions As presented on Table 2, the variat ion of resin fraction
was significant in both response-variables evaluated.
Table 1. Valuesofthe response-variablesevaluated Co mparing the results, it can be noted that in composites that
Experimental condition MOE (MPa) MOR (MPa) used 45% of resin, the values of the bending modulus of
CE1 (45%) 1578 ± 18 37,87± 4,6 elasticity and bending strength modulus were 93,54% and
CE2 (65%) 815± 13 20,10 ± 3,1 88,60% respectively bigger than composites manufactured
with 65% of resin content, as shown in Figure 6 and 7.
The mediu mvaluesand standard deviationsobtained for Figure 8 and 9 show images obtained using SEM, fro m
each response-variable per experimental conditionevaluated samples of composites with 45% and 65% of resin content,
are presented in Table 1. respectively, where can be noted the homogeneous
Table 2 presents P-Values and R² coefficient for the distribution of particles, in both cases.
response-variablese valuated. According Werkema and After analyze the results, was possible to conclude that
Aguiar[19], P-values smaller or equals 0,05 (95% of volumetric resin fraction presented significant variations in
confidence) are significant. the bending modulus of elasticity and in the bending strength
The Anderson-Darling normality testwas utilized to modulus. The best results were obtained using 45% of resin
analyze residuals distribution obtained from ANOVA for content. In this way, it can be concluded that sawdust works
each response-variableevaluated, being found P-values 0,71 as a good reinforce for epo xy resin, since that be respected a
and 0,36 for MOE and MOR, respectively, validating the use minimu m limit , appro ximately 35% of resin content,
112 Hélder Rafael Santos Pascoal et al.: Bending Strength and Stiffness of a Particulate Composite
M aterial M anufactured with Epoxy M atrix and Corymbia Citriodora Sawdust
Experimentos: Como Identificar e Avaliar as Principais Fundação Christiano Ottoni, Escola de Engenharia da UFMG.
Variáveis Influentes em um Processo”, Belo Horizonte: 1996.