EXPERIMENT 4: STEEL TENSILE TEST

THEORY

A. Stress- strain relationship

Tensile loading on material causes the material to undergo deformations. The kind of deformation can either
be elastic or plastic deformation. The elastic deformation is characterised by linear relationship between the
extension and applied load. Engineering stress 𝜎 is given by the ratio of load applied to the original cross
sectional area, while engineering strain 𝜀 is given by change in length (extension) ∆𝐿 over the original length L.
(G & Barry, 2012)

Hence;

𝑃
𝜎= and (1)
𝐴𝑜

∆L
𝜀= (2)
𝐿𝑜

Where,

𝜎 is engineering stress

𝑃 is the applied axial load

𝐴𝑜 is the original cross sectional area

𝜀 is the engineering strain

∆L is the extension

𝐿𝑜 is the original length

B. Young’s modulus

The engineering stress- strain relationship for elastic deformation is based on Hooke’s law. The gradient
on this curve gives a modulus of elasticity called The Young’s Modulus E.

𝜎
𝐸= , (3)
𝜀

Where:

𝐸 is Youngs modulus

𝜎 is engineering stress and 𝜀 is the engineering strain.

In engineering applications of materials/ metals that are subjected to deflections, Young’s modulus is of critical
importance. (Richard Budynas, 2014)

Figure 1: stress- strain relationship under uniaxial loading. Source (Richard Budynas, 2014)

OBJECTIVES

To determine:

1. Tensile strength

2. Yield strength

3. Elastic coefficient
4. Strain
APPARATUS
1. Universal testing machine

2. Calliper

3. Sample

PROCEDURE
1. The machine is switched on
2. Create a new method
3. A new test is opened
4. The thickness, width and gauge length are measured and recorded for each sample
5. The crosshead by the button is moved on the control panel and find tune by rotary
knob to grip the sample
6. Click start from the trapezium 2 software
7. Sample will break
8. The data is saved and you may process for further data analysis by reanalysis mode