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INFORMATION GUIDE
SOG4242/2006/11
3D WATER-FOG v STRAIGHT STREAM
Date: 16 May 2006
SOG4242/2006/11
300
cooled and this
200 contraction will serve to
sponse to a structure fire. 100 counter the expansion of
FDIC ATLANTIC 2006
0
3D FIREFIGHTING
water vapour
Limited staffed crews achieve the following
• The humid environment
500o C SPIKES
performance gradings on the CTPI - created by a series of 3D
I N F OR MAT I ON G U I DE nozzle bursts serves to
‘inert’ the overhead just
• 5 Firefighters—63% effective prior to any venting
3 D FIREFIGHTING OF F E R S A S AF E A N D action
EFFECTIVE MEANS OF SECURING THE • 4 Firefighters—57% effective
700o to 200o C
O V E RH E A D D U RI N G T H E E N T R Y & APPROACH
8 00
T O A C O M P A R T M E N T F I R E — H O WE V E R I T
RE Q U I RE S T R A I N I N G B Y Q U A L I F I E D & • 3 Firefighters—47% effective
7 00
6 00
A P P RO V E D I N S T R U C T O RS 5 00
4 00
Targeted training may increase performance
3 00 Firetactics.com
2 00
300
practical method of cool-
ing gases in the overhead, 200
Learning Outcomes:
Special points of interest:
1 Straight stream versus 3D Fog in cooling
• 3D water-fog is NOT an alternative to direct
2 attack using straight streams
Gaseous phase versus Fuel phase cooling
• Appreciate at all times the objectives and
3 Avoiding Superheated Steam limitations of 3D water-fog tactics
• Whilst the basics of nozzle pulsing can be
4 Steam expansion versus fire gas contraction taught to firefighters in just 15 minutes, more
advanced compartment entry and approach
5 Compartment cooling gradients tactics will take several hours training.
6 Typical temperatures in the overhead • 3D Fog outperforms a straight stream when
cooling the overhead.
7 How the spikes can upset thermal balance
The Greatest Cooling Power of Water Exists at 100oC where
Liquid turns to Vapour - Will it Cause problems?
The cooling power of water is approxi-
mately the same per degree in both a liquid
or vapour state at around 4kJ/kgoC. In the
diagram (right) it can be seen that 0.34MJ of
heat is absorbed by water being heated from
18oC to 100oC. In it’s vapour (gaseous) state
approximately 0.8MJ of heat is absorbed
from 100oC to 300oC. However, the massive
cooling power of water during its transition
from liquid to vapour phase at 100oC is
around 2.3MJ.
200 - 300oC
FDIC ATLANTIC 2006 3D FIREFIGHTING FDIC ATLANTIC 2006 3D FIREFIGHTING FDIC ATLANTIC 2006 3D FIREFIGHTING
3 D F I RE FI G HT I N G Page 3
Activity 3D Fog Tactics
3D CFBT
Fire2000.com
Fire2000.com
FDIC ATLANTIC 2006 3D FIREFIGHTING
How the ‘spikes’ can Upset Thermal Balance & Lower the Smoke
The 3D water-fog operator will
It can be seen how repeated continue to add bursts in series
500 o C SPIKES 500 o C SPIKES
bursts from a straight stream will and with greater effect. The 700 o to 200 o C
room fire. The massive 500o C and the effect is one of controlled
spikes (top right) where water humidity rather than severe and
evaporates at the ceiling from a scalding steam.
800
700
5 00
4 00
3 00
0
F DIC ATLANTIC 2006 3D FIR EFIGHTING
FIREF IGHTING
600
burst one or two times and be- pulsing can be taught in 15 min- 500
lieve the effect is sufficient, be- utes and they serve to comple- 400
ing unable to add more bursts ment straight stream attack, not 300
200
due to the steam and smoke layer replace it. Several hours are 100