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M Material yielding
(in-plane bending) MEd MEd
Wyfy
Lcr
Elastic member
buckling Mcr
Cross-section check
MEd Mc ,Rd (In-plane bending)
W pl f y
Bending Resistance M c, Rd M pl
M0
Due to the effect of LTB, the bending resistance of
cross section become less.
Comparsion
Lateral
Lateral Lateral restraint
restraint restraint
Lcr = 1.0 L
Beam on plan
Cross-section check
MEd Mc ,Rd (In-plane bending)
fy
Mb,Rd LT Wy
M1
Reduction factor for LTB
Lateral torsional buckling resistance:
LT Wy fy
Mb,Rd = Equation
M1 (6.55)
1
LT but LT 1.0
LT LT
2
2LT
Plateau length
Buckling curve a b c d
Imperfection
0.21 0.34 0.49 0.76
factor LT
Buckling curve selection
For the general case, refer to Table 6.4:
h/b ≤ 2 a
Rolled I-sections
h/b > 2 b
Welded I- h/b ≤ 2 c
sections h/b > 2 d
Other cross-
- d
sections
1.0 Curve a
Curve b
0.8
Curve c
Curve d
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
0.2 Non-dimensional slenderness LT
Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Unrestrained Beam 25
Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Unrestrained Beam 26
lateral torsional buckling slenderness
Wy f y
LT
Mcr
Wy f y
LT
Mcr
0.5
EIz
2
Iw Lcr GIT
2
Mcr ,0 2
Lcr
2
Iz EIz
G is the shear modulus
IT is the torsion constant
Iw is the warping constant
Iz is the minor axis second moment of area
Lcr is the buckling length of the beam
Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Unrestrained Beam 30
Mcr under non-uniform moment
Numerical solutions have been calculated for a
number of other loading conditions. For uniform
doubly-symmetric cross-sections, loaded through
the shear centre at the level of the centroidal axis,
and with the standard conditions of restraint
described, Mcr may be calculated by:
0.5
EIz 2
Iw Lcr GIT
2
Mcr C1 2
Lcr
2
Iz EIz
1.132
1.285
1.365
1.565
1.046
Wy fy
9. Design buckling resistance Mb,Rd LT
M1
MEd
10. Check 1.0 for each unrestrained portion
Mb,Rd
General arrangement
425.1 kN 319.6 kN
A D
B C
Loading
SF
477.6 kN
B C
A D
BM
1194 kNm 1362 kNm
b
z h = 762.2 mm
b = 266.7 mm
tw = 14.3 mm
tw tf = 21.6 mm
r = 16.5 mm
y y
h d A = 22000 mm2
Wy,pl = 6198×103 mm3
r Iz = 68.50×106 mm4
tf It = 2670×103 mm4
z Iw = 9390×109 mm6
cf = (b – tw – 2r) / 2 = 109.7 mm
Flange is Class 1
cw = h – 2tf – 2r = 686.0 mm
Web is Class 1
Wpl,y fy
Mc ,y,Rd for Class 1 and 2 sec tions
M0
fy
Mb ,Rd LT Wy
M1
where Wy = Wpl,y for Class 1 and 2 sections
0.5
EIz
2
Iw Lcr GIT
2
Mcr C1 2
Lcr
2
Iz EIz
Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Unrestrained Beam 45
LTB Example
For end moment loading C1 may be approximated from:
1194
y is the ratio of the end moments 0.88
1362
C1 1.05
0.5
2 210000 68.5 106 9390 109 32002 81000 2670 103
Mcr 1.05
32002 68 . 5 10 6
2 210000 68.5 106
1
LT but LT 1.0
LT 2
LT 2
LT
1
LT 0.87
0.70 0.70 0.54 2 2
fy 265
Mb,Rd LT Wy 0.87 6198 10
3
M1 1 .0
fy
Mb ,Rd LT Wy
M1
where Wy = Wpl,y for Class 1 and 2 sections
0
y is the ratio of the end moments 0
1362
C1 1.88
0.5
2 210000 68.5 106 9390 109 51002 81000 2670 103
Mcr 1.88
51002 68 . 5 10 6
2 210000 68.5 106
1
LT but LT 1.0
LT 2
LT 2
LT
1
LT 0.83
0.76 0.76 0.62 2 2
fy 265
Mb,Rd LT Wy 0.83 6198 10 3
M1 1.0
MEd 1362
1.00
Mb,Rd 1360
1 1 z
LT 0. 9 z 0.9
C1 C1 1
E
z L / iz ; 1
fy
As a further simplification, C1 may also be
conservatively taken = 1.0.
Simplified assessment of LT
1 L / iz 1 L / iz 1 L / iz
LT LT LT
C1 104 C1 96 C1 85
b b
Beam
Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Unrestrained Beam 58
General method (Cl. 6.3.4)
General method for lateral and lateral torsional
buckling of structural components
• Generally requires FE