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A Research Paper
Presented to
City of Talisay
In Partial Fulfillment
by
December 2017
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS
City of Talisay , Negros Occidental
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The proponents express their warmest gratitude to the Heavenly Father who
always been a provider and served them as a guide in completing the research paper.
her relentless efforts and support in making this research paper into reality.
which gives the proponents room of ideas for improvement of the research project.
The respondents of the study for providing the proponents a reliable and honest
survey results and also their time and patience alloted in answering survey
questionnaires.
Our primary mentors, our parents, and other family members which supported us
emotionally and financially all throughout until the completion of the research paper.
The proponents dedicate this research study to the Heavenly Father for giving
them the strength and wisdom to apply their skills and widen their knowledge for
The families of the proponents which this work might be a fruit of their
competent engineers came from and source of knowledge of the students aiming to
( ongoing editing)
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
making any apparatus, a process, or a system operate automatically”. It also takes place the
human labor.
needs and purposes. There are several reason why most industrial companies implement
methods of automation for increase in profitability and productivity, decrease of labor cost,
automation system. Specifically, the area where the automated machines are to be installed,
system. It refers to the process of moving, transporting and as well as the loading and
In this study, Automated Guided Vehicle System (AGV) as one of the component
Automatic Guided Vehicles are used for horizontal movement of materials without an
onboard operator or driver. Moreover, its movement is controlled by a host computer and
The first Automated Guided Vehicle was brought to market in the year one
thousand fifty, by Barett Electoronics of Northbook, Illinois, and at the time it was simply
a few truck that followed a wire in the floor instead of a rail. It was developed and came a
new type of Automated Guided Vehicle, where invisible UV markers are installed on the
floor instead of pulled by a chain. Over the years, this technology is rapidly improving,
more sophisticated and more flexible wherein todays have automated vehicles that are
mainly laser managed (Laser Guided Vehicle). Today, the Automated Guided Vehicle
Today in the Twenty First century, the said equipment are becomingly used by
implementation of automated guided vehicles are preferred than the old material handling
production lines, warehouses and etc. Also, A useful equipment for multi-tasking purposes.
This study primarily aims to determine the effeciency of the material handling
of the electronic companies located in Laguna, as basis in determining the efficient and
technology. It played a vital role for more than fifty years. In a year nineteen fifty three,
the automated guided vehicle was first built and introduced. It is a modified vehicle with
rope or chain used to pull a trailer in a grocery warehouse. The technology was
introduced in many types of factories and warehouses in the late nineteen fifty to early
nineteen sixty. In the following years, it gains acceptance in the market where widely
used by manufacturing companies wherein it has several functions that is very helpful to
many companies. It evolves also into complex material handling system which later used
Efficiency of Machines
Simple machines are evaluated on the basis of efficiency and mechanical advantage. While
it is possible to obtain a larger force from a machine than the force exerted upon it, this
refers only to force and not energy; according to the law of conservation of energy, “more
work cannot be obtained from a machine than the energy supplied to it”.
Because Work = Force * Distance, for a machine to exert a larger force than its initiating
force or operator, that larger force must be exerted through a correspondingly shorter
distance. As a result of friction in all moving machinery, the energy produced by a machine
is less than that applied to it. Consequently, by interpreting the law of conservation of
energy, it follows that:
This statement is true over any period of time, so it applies to any unit of time; because
power is work or energy per unit of time, the following statement is also true:
The efficiency of a machine is the ratio of its output to its input, if both input and output
are expressed in the same units of energy or power. This ratio is always less than unity, and
it is usually expressed in percent by multiplying the ratio by 100.
Percent Efficiency = (output energy / input energy) * 100
Percent Efficiency = (output power / input power) * 100
Brute force approach is a universal algorithm which is considers every possible answer in
solving difficult computational problems. Bruth Force could be inefficient in other ways
for example representing otherwise compressible text strings by specifying every symbol.
the size of the problem is considered in determining the bounding function. and also require
memory locations bounded by some polynomial funtion. The size of the problem instance
could be improved at the cost of solution quality. This often happens in cases where
get away from the Brute Force in terms of finding quick algorithms for difficult problems
studied in Complexity Theory (Leonid Levin , Stephen Cook ,Richard M. Karp , etc.) as
Industrial Efficiency
Supervisors
a. Input
a) Experience
1. Human labor
b) Skills
2. Equipment
c) Expertise
3. Facilities
Production
Technician b. Output
a) Experience 1. Realibility
b) Skills 2. Safety
c) Expertise 3. Accuracy
` 4. Timeliness
5. Service courtesy
c. Productivity
1. Cost
2. Unit of Output
`
The findings of this study are of value to the following institutions and
individuals:
Manufacturing Companies Owners. This study may serve as their reference for
the planning of improved material handling system to meet the company goals and
objectives.
Production Operators. This study can improve the production operators’ safety
of automated guided vehicle. It may equip them with valuable knowledge and practical
experiences and also they may be motivated to contribute more in the world that could
automated guided vehicle. The respondents are from NIDEC Philippines, Inc., an
electronic company in Laguna Technopark Economic Zone, Biñan, Laguna which main
company product is spindle motor in hard disk drives. It only limits to selected
employees from the said company which is two production/industrial supervisors, five
production technicians and five production operators limiting only on two specific
departments which are Parts and Components Departments and Die-Cast Deaprtments.
The automated guided vehicles used in this study are intended only for
two industrial supervisors, the five production and five technicians, and the five
3. The automated guided vehicles used in this study are intended only for small capacity.
DEFINITIONS OF TERMS
different manufacturing and warehouse stations without a driver. These systems are
used to increase efficiency, decrease damage to goods and reduce overhead by limiting
control system.
Efficiency. The word means the ability to do something or produce without wasting
machines indicates how well its input energy is converted into useful output energy or
work.
Handling System. The term is used similarly with the conceptual definition as the
system of transporting, moving, loading and unloading of any type of a material within
or out the manufacturing cells such as warehouses, production lines and machines.
Material handlimg system as used in the study the system which involves the
equipment and systems and supports logistics and make the supply chain work.
associated activities regarding the employees in their departments. This term as used
in this study refers to the person responsible for establishing production standards
process to determine the main problem and solutions when there are issues
encountered.
Input. The word refers to Item external to a system (such as a process) that is
transformed by the system (usually together with one or more other items) to become
an output. As used in this study, input refers to the resources used to produced outputs.
Material. The matter from which something can be made. Material can include but is
not limited to raw and processed material, components, parts, assemblies, sub-
assemblies, fuels, lubricants, coolants, cleaning agents, and small tools and accessories
that may be consumed directly or indirectly. Materials as used in this study are used in
the production and manufacturing processes. They are maybe a raw material,
Output- the term means the amount something produced by a person, machine, or
industry. Operationally, the term is used as goods and services to meet customer’s
needs including the quantity ( amount, volume or number of outputs produced) and
quality outputs( various attributes such as reliability, accuracy, safety, comfort, service
Production Operator. The word means person that works in the manufacturing industry
where they set up and control equipment used in the manufacturing process. Although
these operators are often based in specific workstations along an assembly line, they
electronics and shoes. Operationally, this term refers to person that can work for a wide
variety of companies, the job itself usually involves some aspect of the manufacturing
in order to safely and efficiently operate the machinery. A production operator may
also be asked to keep records of their output and compare it with a production schedule.
Production Technician. Refers to the professionals who are involved in both the
assembly and the testing of various goods or services before they are implemented for
internal use or marketed to the general public. Their is to make sure the product is
working exactly as it was envisioned, and is free of any defects or other factors that
could cause distress for any consumer purchasing the finished product. Production
technicians are likely to work as part of a team, and may also interact
with personnel who are involved in the manufacturing and Quality Assurance (QA)
output per period by the total costs incurred or resources (capital, energy, material,
efficiency.
CHAPTER TWO
technology. It played a vital role for more than fifty years. In a year nineteen fifty three,
the automated guided vehicle was first built and introduced. It is a modified vehicle with
rope or chain used to pull a trailer in a grocery warehouse. The technology was
introduced in many types of factories and warehouses in the late nineteen fifty to early
nineteen sixty. In the following years, it gains acceptance in the market where widely
used by manufacturing companies wherein it has several functions that is very helpful to
many companies. It evolves also into complex material handling system which later used
Basnet and Mize and Rachamadugu and Stecke are currently providing the latest
comprehensive reviews in this area. Schriber and Stecke shown additional considerations
and limited buffers affects the performance of the material handling system; Han and
of material handling and they compared several automated guided vehicle dispatching
rules. They have also shown how the buffer capacity can affect the performance of the
system. Routing flexibility (i.e., alternative machines and processing routes) has been
considered by Wilhelm and Shin , Chen and Chung , and Khoshnevis and Chen. These
studies have indicated that dynamic routing (i.e., a path determined dynamically during
schedule generation) performs better than a preplanned routing. Rachamadugu et al. have
proposed a quantitative measure of sequence flexibility and have shown that perfect
sequence Flexibility improves system performance. Similar observations have been made
by Lin and Solberg . In most work to date, tools, pallets/fixtures and their availability are
not modeled adequately. A static allocation of tools is usually assumed in these studies.
Brute force approach is a universal algorithm which is considers every possible answer in
solving difficult computational problems. Bruth Force could be inefficient in other ways
for example representing otherwise compressible text strings by specifying every symbol.
the size of the problem is considered in determining the bounding function. and also require
1. Inputs- the resources used to produced outputs ( for example: human, equipment,
2. Outputs- are goods and services to meet customer’s needs including the quantity (
amount, volume or number of outputs produced) and quality outputs( various attributes
3. Productivity- is expressed in the form of ratio such as cost or time per unit of output
Based on the Rule One Thousand One Hundred Fifty ( Materials handling and
storage)
safe clearance shall be allowed for aisles, at loading docks, through doorways and wherever
turns a passage must be made. Aisles and passageways shall be kept clear and in good
repair, with no obstruction across or in aisles that could create a hazard. Permanent aisles
and planning for contingencies by a planning team with the use of data gathered from
consultants, suppliers and from the consideration of different sections such as the
equipment, controls, and software into conformity with a standard and able to perform a
productivity.
4. Ergonomics- simply concerned with the proper arrangement of the certain working
area or conditions that should be adapted by the worker to minimize repetitive work and it
5. Unit load- to lessen the effort and work (transporting items one at time) unit loads
such as pallets, forklifts, and containers are used to move many individual items that be
6. Space Utilization- to utilize the space in the workplace for example in the
production line, it is important to have organized work areas and free from scattered or
coordinated, organized and monitored all through out the process from the initial to the
final process.
8. Environment- when designing such a system, always consider environmental
impact with the reduce, reuse and recycle process implemented when possible and safe
10. Life Cycle Cost- introduction of equipments should undergone analysis of life cycle
cost which includes the set up costs, maintenance, investment, system testing, reuse value
there is a certain degree of flexibility that allows the system to react in the case of
at which a system can react to and accommodate change. To be considered flexible, the
flexibility must exist during the entire life cycle of a product, from design to
system that can produce a variety of parts or products in any order, without the time-
consuming task of changing machine setups. The flexible manufacturing system can be
broadly classified into two types, depending on the nature of flexibility present in the
process, Machine Flexibility and Routing Flexibility.A key feature is the automated flow
of materials to the cell and the automated removal of the finish item. Several cells are
process is initiated.
A. SYNTHESIZING
Generally, efficiency refers to the extent of time, space, energy or other resources
are well used intended for the task or purpose. Thus, efficiency is interpreted to mean
how far can it get away from the Brute force approach in terms of finding quick algorithms
output quantity, output quality and level service with the target or standard to determine
As stated above, There are ten principles in material handling which is used as basis
in our studies that concerns effeciency of the system. Under this, there are specific
governmental law which supports the material handling system which serves also as basis
in this research.
Systems (FMS). The most important advantage of the system is that it provides for
From journal titled Research on the AGV( automated guided vehicle)Based Robot
System Used in Substation Inspection, written by Shengfang. It was stated that they used
laser to guide the automated guided vehicle. For efficient and accurate operation, they used
monitoring devices instead of manual inspection and operation. But, this automated guided
vehicle requires established exact standards of accuracy into the ground. For the equipment
security measures, barrier detection, emergency stop protection and alarm are installed on
the automated guided vehicles but it encounters some problems like weight issues which
affects the operation, maneuverability and flexibility of the automated guided vehicle. The
equipment requires wireless connection to answer limited range issues and the automated
Kim et al. proposed a deadlock detection and prevention algorithms for automated
guided vehicle. It was assumed that vehicles reserve grid blocks in advance to prevent
method, called the "reservation graph," was proposed to express a reservation schedule in
such a form that the possibility of a deadlock can be easily detected. A method to detect
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