International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 12 Number 9 - Jun 2014

Harmonics Reduction in Cascade H-Bridge

Multilevel Inverters Using GA and PSO
Aman Parkash#1, S.L. Shimi#2, S. Chatterji#3
#1
M.E. (student), #2Assistant Professor, #3Professor & Head
Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technical Teachers’ Training and Research,
Chandigarh - 160019, India

Abstract— This paper presents the mitigation of total harmonic

carrier-based PWM [21], Periodic Carrier
distortions (THD) in cascade H-bridge multilevel inverter.
Selective harmonic elimination pulse width modulation (SHE-
frequency modulation (PCFM), random carrier
PWM) switching method is used to calculate the values of frequency modulation (RCFM) [22], and
switching angles from the solution of non-linear transcendental
switching through FPGA [23]. Disadvantages of
equations. These non-linear complex equations is minimized by
the using of particle swarm optimization (PSO) and genetic high frequency switching are produces the
algorithm (GA) techniques, and also have been compared the electromagnetic interferences, switching power
simulating and analyzing results related to harmonics. losses, The second category includes low frequency
switching which utilizes the fundamental
Keywords— Multilevel inverter, particle swarm optimization
(PSO), genetic algorithm (GA), SHE-PWM. component frequency and produce a staircase
voltage waveform besides reasonable sinusoidal.
I. INTRODUCTION In this paper, the investigators have performed
The multilevel inverters have received attention simulation for seven levels and eleven levels
in the area of high power rating and medium cascade H-bridge multilevel inverter, and used the
voltage applications. The multilevel inverter has selective harmonic elimination PWM switching
overcome the limitations of conventional two method PWM [24], [25].
voltage level converters. The advantages of Fundamental frequency is utilized in selective
multilevel inverter are low electromagnetic harmonic
interference, higher power quality, lower switching
losses and higher voltage capability [1]. Mainly the
three types of multilevel inverter topologies used
are diode clamp multilevel inverter, flying capacitor
multilevel inverter and cascade multilevel inverter
with separate dc sources [ 2], [3]. Among these
converter topologies, the cascade H-bridge
multilevel inverters has received special attention
due to its circuit layout modularity, packaging and
simplicity of switching control to avoids bulky and
lossy resistor-capacitor-diode snubbers. Switching
techniques in multilevel inverter can be used in
two categories: high frequency switching and low
frequencies switching. Low frequency switching
includes space vector control (SVC) [4], [5], and
selective harmonic elimination pulse width
modulation (SHE-PWM) [6], [7]. High frequencies
Fig. 1 Single phase cascade multilevel inverter
switching includes the space vector PWM [8]-[10],
[11]-[12], phase shifted PWM (PSPWM) [13], [14], In this paper, the investigators have performed
[15], level shifted PWM (LSPWM) [13], [16]-[19], simulation for seven levels and eleven levels
third harmonic injection PWM (TIPWM) [20],

ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 453

 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 12 Number 9 - Jun 2014

cascade H-bridge multilevel inverter, and used the

selective harmonic elimination PWM switching ( ) ( )) ( )
method PWM [24], [25].
Fundamental frequency is utilized in selective is given by:
harmonic elimination PWM switching method for
controlling the gate signals of switching device.
Switching angles are solved from the non-linear ∑ ( ( ) ( )
transcendental equations. For generating the
optimized staircase voltage waveform, the
optimized switching angles are obtained using by ( ) ( )) ( )
the particle swarm optimization (PSO) and genetic
algorithm (GA) techniques.

Where,
II. PROBLEM FORMULATION = …..=
By using Fourier series expansion and from Fig.2, L is the number of dc sources for each full H-bridge
the cascade multilevel staircase voltage waveform inverter cell,
is expended as below in equation Eq.1. N is the number of conducting angles,
n =1, 3, 5, … odd harmonics (2N-1).
( ) ∑ ( ) ( )
L numbers of variables (switching angles)
is given by: have constrains and bounds with
⁄ . A set of L+2 harmonics
equations and including one fundamental voltages
equation for equal and constant source is obtainable
from Eq.3. In three-phase power system, triplen
harmonics are automatically cancelled from line-to
line voltage.
In SHE-PWM, the desired value is assigned for
fundamental component and all other except triplen
harmonics components are equated to zero.

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) (4)
:
:
( ) ( ) ( )

Fig. 2 Generated multilevel inverter staircase voltage waveform Where,

⁄( ⁄ ),
Modulation index, ,
L is the number of dc sources.

∑ ( ( ) ( ) The main challenge is that to solve non-linear

transcendental Eq. 4. Newton-Raphson method [26]

ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 454

 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 12 Number 9 - Jun 2014

have been used but this method have need to .Each particle refine its
require the best guess for variables, and takes more search through its present velocity, previous
time than artificial intelligence techniques .The experience and the neighboring particles. The best
objective function is important for optimizing the particle i is found so far is called personal best, best
conducting angles. Maintaining the fundamental particle vector denoted by vector
components at pre specified value and mitigating , and the best position in the
the selected order harmonics except triplen entire swarm is called global best and is denoted by
harmonics. Minimizing of objective function with . The updated
pre defined constraints to obtain the optimized velocities and positions are updated by using Eq. 7
conducting angles as given below: and Eq. 8 as given below:
( ) ( ) ( ( ))
( ) ( ( )) (7)
(| | | | | |)
| |
(5) ( ) ( ) ( ) (8)

⁄ Where, (6) is the inertia weight and are the

cognitive and social parameters, respectively.
Random values and are uniformly distributed
III. PSO TECHNIQUE within range [0, 1]. Moreover, if Eq 9. and Eq. 10
PSO was first introduced in 1995 [27], as are satisfied, then the system will be guaranteed to
described by James Kennedy and Russell Eberhart, converge to a stable equilibrium point [28], [29].
Particle swarm algorithm imitates humans (or
insects) behaviour. ( ) (9)
( )⁄ ) (10)

A. Solution Using PSO

Fig.3 Example of particle movements
. Individuals interact with another while learning
from their experience, and gradually the population
members moves into better regions of the problem
space. The individuals in the population space are
called particles. Each particle in the entire swarm
has velocity and acceleration. The sociological
behaviour, which modelled by PSO techniques is
used to guide the swarm, and finding the best
solution in the search space. Each particle is
determined by the two vectors in D-dimensional
search space: the position vector
and velocity vector
In proposed PSO technique, the main challenge is
that solving the non-linear transcendental equation
and finding the best -optimized solution by using
selective harmonic elimination pulse width
modulation (SHE-PWM) switching method. A set
of L+2 harmonics equation is reduced to zero and
including the one fundamental voltages equation at
pre-specified value. Where, L is number of dc
sources. Hence the objective function is minimized
by applying the proposed PSO technique. The
objectives function and constrains and bounds are
given in Eq. 5 and Eq.6. The procedure for solving
the problem using PSO is given in flow chart shown
in Fig. 4.
B.GA Technique
Genetic algorithm is a directed search algorithms
[30]. It was developed by John Holland; University
of Michigan in 1970.The basic philosophy of the
genetic algorithm theory was inspired by Darwin's

ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 455

 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 12 Number 9 - Jun 2014

theory of evolution which states that the survival of the best solution. Selected individuals are called the
an organism is affected by rule "the strongest parents that contribute to the population at the next
generation.
species that survives". Darwin also stated that the 3) Crossover: combination of two parents to form children
for the next generation. Crossover is controlled by
crossover rate.
4) Mutation: Random changes to individual parents to form
children. Mutation is controlled by mutation rate.

D. Solution Using GA

The procedure for solving the problem using GA is

given in flow chart of Fig.5.

Fig.4 Flow chart proposed PSO technique

survival of an organism can be maintained through

the process of reproduction, crossover and mutation.
Darwin's concept of evolution is then adapted to
computational algorithm to find solution to a
problem called objective function in natural fashion.
A solution generated by genetic algorithm is called
a chromosome.
Population: collection of chromosome. Fig. 5 Flow chart proposed GA technique
Chromosome: It composed from genes, and its
value can be either, binary, numerical symbols or IV. SIMULATION RESULTS
characters. All simulating results and work is done on
MATLAB 2012b package. Selective harmonic
C. Genetic Algorithm process
elimination pulse width modulation (SHE-PWM)
1) Initial population: is generated by many individual switching method for controlling the cascade
solutions randomly. multilevel inverter, and the non-linear
2) Selection: Individual solutions are selected through a transcendental trigonometric Eq. 4 and objective
fitness based process. Certain selection methods rate the
fitness function are solved and minimized by
fitness function of each solution and preferentially select

ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 456

 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 12 Number 9 - Jun 2014

applying both of proposed PSO and GA techniques

respectively. The simulating results are discussed
for 7 levels and 11 level three-phase inverter with
separate constant dc sources ( =
…= ) .Each separate source has 12 volts ,
and two case ( for 7 and 11 level inverter) are
studied for modulation index range from 0.4 to 1.
TABLE I
VALUE OF MODULATION INDEX FOR BOTH 7 AND 11-LEVEL
INVERTER WHERE THE THD IS LOWEST

Modulation Index at where the THD is

Lowest. Fig.7 Convergence characteristics using GA technique
No. of Level
GA
PSO Technique
Technique
TABLE II.
7 0.4750 0.8500 BEST AND MEAN VALUES USING BY BOTH PSO AND GA
TECHNIQUES FOR BOTH 7 AND 11-LEVEL INVERTER
11 0.700 0.6250 RESPECTIVELY

No. PSO Technique GA Technique

of
A.7 Level Inverter Results Lev
el Modula Best Mean Modu Best Mean
1) Convergence Characteristics: Using proposed PSO and ting Fitness Fitness lating Fitnes Fitnes
GA techniques, the convergence characteristics of the fitness Index Value Value Index s s
function value is shown in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7. The result is Value Value
shown that the solution is converged in about 60 and 40
7 0.475 57.68 57.68 0.85 61.23 90.22
iterations respectively. The best score is approximately equal
to mean score in Fig.6. The best value and mean value are
given in table 2. 11 0.70 24.03 24.036 0.62 36.53 36.53

2) Modulation index versus switching angles: The values of

switching angles (degree) are displayed in Fig. 8 and 9 using
both PSO and GA techniques.

Fig.6 Convergence characteristics using PSO technique

Fig. 8 Modulation angles and switching angles using PSO technique

ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 457

 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 12 Number 9 - Jun 2014

Fig. 11 7-level phase-to-phase voltage (in volts) using GA technique

4) Line-to-voltages: Then line to line voltages are displayed in

Fig.12 and Fig.13, and peak voltage is calculated by Eq. 11.
Fig.9 Modulation angles and switching angles using GA technique Inner axis of Fig. 10 shows the 1 cycle portion for further
analyzing the produced harmonic components and also
calculates the total harmonic distortion (THD).
3) Phase-to-phase voltages: The phase-to-phase voltages
using both PSO and GA techniques are displayed in Fig. 10
and Fig.11. Peak voltage is calculated by Eq. 11.

( )
(11)

Fig. 12 7-level line-to-voltages (in volts) using PSO technique

Fig.10 7-level phase-to-phase voltage (in volts) using PSO technique

Fig.13 7-level line-to-line voltage (in volts) using GA technique

ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 458

 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 12 Number 9 - Jun 2014

5) Modulating index versus objective value: The 7) Modulating index versus THD: Fundamental components
characteristics of modulation index and objective values are and harmonics profile are displayed in Fig.16.
displayed in Fig. 14.

Fig. 16 Frequency versus Magnitude (in Percent)

Fig. 14 Modulating index versus objective value.

6) Modulating index versus THD: The characteristics of B.11-Level Inverter Results

modulation index and THD (%) are displayed in and Fig.15.
1) Convergence characteristics: Using proposed PSO and
GA techniques, the convergence characteristics of the fitness
function value is shown in Fig. 17 and Fig. 18. This result is
shown that the solution is converged about 60 and 40
iterations respectively. The best score is approximately equal
to mean score in Fig. 17. The best value and mean value are
given in table 1.

Fig.15 Modulating index versus thd .

Fig. 17 Convergence characteristics using PSO technique

ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 459

 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 12 Number 9 - Jun 2014

3) Phase-to-phase voltages: The phase-to-phase voltages

using both PSO and GA techniques are displayed in Fig. 21
and Fig. 22. Peak voltage is calculated by Eq. 11.

Fig.18 Convergence characteristics using GA technique

2) Modulation index versus switching angles: The values of

switching angles (degree) are displayed in Fig. 19 and 20
using both PSO and GA techniques.

Fig.21 11-level phase-to-phase voltage (in volts) using PSO technique

Fig.19 Modulation angles and switching angles using PSO technique

Fig.22 11-level phase-to-phase voltage (in volts) using GA technique

4) Line-to-voltages: Then line to line voltages are displayed in

Fig.23 and Fig.24, and peak voltage is calculated by Eq. 11.
Inner axis of Fig. 23 shows that 1 cycle portion for further
analyzing the produced harmonic components and also for
Fig. 20 Modulation angles and switching angles using GA technique calculating the total harmonic distortion (THD).

ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 460

 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 12 Number 9 - Jun 2014

Fig. 25 Modulating index versus objective value

Fig.23 11-level line-to-line voltages (in volts) using PSO technique
6) Modulating index versus THD: Fundamental components
and harmonics profile are displayed in Fig.26.

Fig.24 11-level line-to-line voltages (in volts) using GA technique

5) Modulating index versus objective value: The

characteristics of modulation index and objective values are Fig. 26 Modulating index versus THD
displayed in Fig. 25.

ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 461

 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 12 Number 9 - Jun 2014

TABLE III
HARMONICS PROFILE FOR 7 AND 11-LEVEL INVERTER USING BOTH PSO AND GA TECHNIQUES

Magnitude of harmonic(%) up to 19 th order for 7- Magnitude of harmonic (%)up to 19 th order for 11-
Level Inverter (modulating Index, ma= 0.475) Level Inverter (modulating Index, ma= 0.7)
AI
Harmonics Profile Harmonics Profile
Techniqu
e Even Odd Even Odd
Harmoni Harmoni Harmoni Harmoni
Harmonic Harmonic Harmonic Harmonic
c orders c orders c orders c orders
Magnitude Magnitude Magnitude Magnitude
dc Fundamental dc Fundamental
0th Component 1st component 0th Component 1st component
(2.0924) (100) (2.0981) (100)

2nd 1.17 3rd 0.48 2nd 1.73 3rd 0.59

th th th th
4 0.33 5 0.21 4 0.22 5 1.36
6th 0.20 7th 0.79 6th 0.34 7th 0.18
th th th th
8 0.06 9 0.15 8 0.16 9 0.07
th th th th
10 0.26 11 1.43 10 0.08 11 0.94
th th th th
12 0.49 13 0.23 12 0.43 13 0.24
th th th th
14 0.15 15 0.17 14 0.22 15 0.20
th th th th
16 0.18 17 0.23 16 0.28 17 0.37
th th th th
18 0.37 19 1.32 18 0.62 19 2.20
dc Fundamental dc Fundamental
0th Component 1st component 0th Component 1st component
(2.0604) (100) (2.1124) (100)
2nd 1.16 3rd 0.48 2nd 1.99 3rd 0.81

4th 0.25 5th 0.12 4th 0.43 5th 0.10

th th th th
6 0.31 7 0.96 6 0.70 7 2.83
GA 8 th
0.03 9 th
0.14 8 th
0.36 9 th
0.04
th th th th
10 0.25 11 1.35 10 0.12 11 1.04
th th th th
12 0.52 13 0.23 12 0.33 13 0.24
th th th th
14 0.19 15 0.15 14 0.14 15 0.10
th th th th
16 0.17 17 0.26 16 0.09 17 0.03
th th th th
18 0.27 19 1.25 18 0.30 19 0.87

7) Frequency versus Magnitude: Fundamental components V. COMPARISION BETWEEN 7 AND 11-LEVEL

and harmonics profile are displayed in Fig.27. INVERTER REGARDING HARMONIC PROFILE
A. Comparison of both 7 and 11-level cascade multilevel
inverters using proposed PSO technique
The Fig. 28, is displayed the 7-level and 11-level
inverters harmonic profile for line-to-line voltage
with fundamental magnitude (in percent) , and inner
axis bar figure displays clearly the harmonic profile
up 19th order harmonics and mitigated the total
harmonic distance (THD) down to 6.6273% and
4.9210 % for 7-level and 11-level inverter
Fig.27 Frequency versus magnitude (in percent)

ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 462

 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 12 Number 9 - Jun 2014

respectively. The comparative results of all

harmonic contents have been tabulated in table III.
The conclusion from observing the results and
table III shows that, percentage of 3rd , 5th, 13th,
17th, and 19th order harmonics are well reduced in
7-level inverter in comparison to 11-level inverter,
while 7th , 9th, 11th, 15th order harmonics are well
reduced in 11-level converter in comparison to 7-
level inverter.

Fig.29 Comparison of harmonic contents using GA technique.

VI.COMPARISION BETWEEN PROPOSED PSO AND GA

TECHNIQUE REGARDING COMPUTATIONAL TIME

The computational time for each modulating

index for solving and optimizing the objective
function have been displayed in Fig. 30 and Fig. 31
using PSO and GA techniques for both 7-level and
11-level inverter respectively .The computational
Fig.28 Comparison harmonic contents using PSO technique
results shows that the speed performance of PSO is
3.207 times faster than GA techniques for 7-level
B.Comparison of both 7 and 11-level cascade multilevel Inverter and 3.024 times faster than GA techniques
inverter using proposed GA technique for 11-level Inverter.
The Fig. 29, is displayed the 7-level and 11-level
inverters harmonic profile for line-to-line voltage
with fundamental magnitude (in percent), and inner
axis bar figure displays clearly the harmonic profile
up 19th order harmonics and mitigated the total
harmonic distance (THD) down to 6.6082% and
4.9081 % for 7-level and 11-level inverter
respectively. The comparative results of all
harmonic contents have been tabulated in table III.
The conclusion of observing the results and
table III is show that, percentage of 3rd , 7th, and 13th
order are well reduced in 7-level inverter in
contrast to 11-level inverter, while 5th , 9th, 11th, 15th
, 17th ,and 19th order harmonics are well reduced by
11-level converter in contrast to 7-level inverter. Fig.30 Computational time for 7 level inverter

ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 463

 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 12 Number 9 - Jun 2014

TABLE IV
COMPARISON OF CALCULATED THD BY REAL CODE, OBTAINED THD FROM MATLAB FFT ANALYSIS TOOL, AND
COMPUTATIONAL TIME

Obtained THD by MATLB FFT

Tool , Calculated THD by Real
Switching Angles (degree)
Time Code, and Computational
Modulating Time
Index
Computati
By FFT By Real
onal Time
Tool Code
(secs)

0.475 (PSO 7-level ) 4.17 17.40 34.13 - - 6.62 6.52 0.2520

0.85 (GA 7 level) 4.45 17.64 34.08 - - 6.60 6.55 0.8082

0.700 (PSO 11-level 5.42 10.48 21.32 28.88 45.04 4.92 4.82 0.2491

0.6250 (GA 11-

2.79 11.07 18.04 26.02 36.17 4.90 4.83 0.7534
level)

Fig. 31 Computational time for 11-level inverter
VI. CONCLUSION
The PSO and GA techniques for harmonics
elimination have been compared for 7 and 11-level
constant dc source cascade H-bridge inverter
respectively. Optimized angles have been obtained
by solving the SHE problem .The total harmonic
distortion (THD) for line-to-line voltages have been
reduced more by using GA techniques rather than
PSO for both 7 and 11-level inverter respectively,
but PSO is converged much faster than GA. At
some modulation index, the value of harmonics
generated is more in GA rather than using PSO.
REFERENCES
[1] Leon M. Tolbert, Fang Zheng Peng , and Thomas G. Habetler,
“Multilevel Converters for Large Electric Drives” , IEEE
Transactions on Industrial Applications, Vol. 35, pp. 36-44,
January/Fabruary 1999.
[2] Jih-Sheng Lai, and Fang Zheng Peng, “Multilevel Converters-A
New Breed of Power Converters”, IEEE Transactions on Industrial
Applications. Vol. 32, pp. 509-517, May/June 1996.
[3] Jose Rodriguez, Jih-Sheng Lai, and Fang Zheng Peng, “Miltilevel
Inverters: A Survey of Topologies Controls , and Applications”,
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Applications, Vol. 49, pp. 724-
738, August 2002.
[4] J. Rodriguez, L. Morán, P. Correa, C. Silva, “A Vector Control
Technique for Medium-Voltage Multilevel Inverters”, IEEE Trans.
on Ind. Elect., Vol. 49, Num. 4, pp. 882-888, Aug. 2002.
[5] R. Abe, Y. Nagai, K. Tsuyki, K. Nishikawa, T. Shimamura, A.
Kawaguchi, K. Shimada,“Development of Multiple Space Vector
Control for Direct Connected Parallel CurrentSource Power
Converters”, Proc. On Power Conversion Conference, 3-6 Vol. 1,
pp. 283-288, Nagaoka. Aug 1997.
[6] L. Li, D. Czarkowski, Y. Liu, P. Pillay, “Multilevel Selective
Harmonic Elimination PWM technique in Series-Connected
Voltage Inverters”, Conf. Rec. IEEE-IAS Annu. Meeting, pp1454-
1461, Oct. 1998.
[7] S. Sirisukprasert, J. S. Lai, T. H. Liu, “Optimum harmonic
Reduction with a Wide Range of Modulation Indexes for
Multilevel Converters”, Conf. Rec. IEEE-IAS Annu. Meeting,
Rome, pp. 2094-2099, Italy, Oct. 2000.
[8] Dorin O. Neacsu, “SPACE VECTOR MODULATION –An
Introduction”, IECON'01: The 27th Annual Conference of the
IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, 2001.
[9] Keliang Zhou and Danwei Wang, “Relationship Between Space-
Vector Modulation and Three-Phase Carrier-Based PWM: A
Comprehensive Analysis”, IEEE Transactions on Industrial
Applications, Vol. 49, 186-196, Fabruary 2000.
[10] Subrata K. Mondal, Bimal K. Bose, Valentin Oleschuk, and Joao
O. P. Pinto, “Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation Three-Level
Inverter Extending Operation Into Overmodulation Region”,
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Applications, Vol. 18, pp. 604-
611, March 2003.

ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 464

 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 12 Number 9 - Jun 2014

[11] S. Wei, B. Wu, W. Qianghua, “An Improved Space Vector PWM [28] R. E. Perez, and K Behdinan, “Particle Swarm Approach for
Control Algorithm for Multilevel Inverters”, IEEE International Structral Design”, Computer and Structures, Vol. 85, pp. 1579-88,
Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference IPEMC 2004, 2007.
Vol. 3, pp. 1124-1129, 14-16 August 2004. [29] Xiufen Li, Hongjie Fu, Changsheng Zhang, “A Self-Adaptive
[12] S. Wei, B. Wu, F. Li, C. Liu, “A General Space Vector PWM Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm” , Computer Science and
Control Algorithm for Multilevel Inverters”, IEEE Applied Power Software Engineering, International Conference, Vol. 4, pp. 186-
Electronics Conference and Exposition APEC, Vol. 1, pp. 562- 189, 2008.
568, 9-13 February 2003. [30] Murthy, C.A. , “Genetic Algorithms: Basic Principles and
[13] B. P. McGrath, D. G. Holmes, “Multicarrier PWM Strategies for Applications”, Computational Intelligence and Signal Processing
Multilevel Inverters”, IEEE Trans. on Ind. Elect., Vol. 49, Num. 4, (CISP), 2nd National Conference, pp.22, 2012.
pp.858-867, Aug. 2002.
[14] S. Wei, B. Wu, W. Qianghua, “An Improved Space Vector PWM
Control Algorithm for Multilevel Inverters”, IEEE International
Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference IPEMC 2004,
Vol. 3, pp. 1124-1129, 14-16 August 2004.
[15] M. Calais, L. J. Borle, V. G. Agelidis, “Analysis of Multicarrier
PWM Methods for Single- Phase Five Level Inverter”, Power
Electronics Specialists Conference PESC 2001, Vol. 3, pp. 1351-
1356, 17-21 June 2001.
[16] B. Mwinyiwiwa, Z. Wolanski, B. T. Ooi, “Microprocessor-
Implemented SPWM for Multiconverters with Phase-Shifted
Triangle Carriers”, IEEE Trans. on Ind. Appl., Vol. 34, Num. 3, pp
487-494, May/Jun. 1998.
[17] L. M. Tolbert, T. G. Hebetler, “Novel Multilevel Inverter Carrier-
Based PWM Method”, IEEE Trans. on Ind. Appl., Vol. 35, Num.
5, pp.1098-1107, Sep. 1999.
[18] G. Carrara, S. Gardella, M. Marchesini, R. Salutari, G. Sciutto, “A
New Multilevel PWM Method: A Theoretical Analysis”, IEEE
Trans. on Power Elect., VOl. 7, Num. 3, pp. 497-505, Jul. 1992.
[19] J. Rodríguez, L Morán, J. Pontt, J. L. Hernández, L. Silva, C.
Silva, P. Lezana, “High- Voltage Multilevel Converter With
Regeneration Capability”, IEEE Trans. on Ind. Elect., Vol. 49,
Num. 4, pp.839-846, Aug. 2002.
[20] Ilhami Colak, Ramazan Bayindir, and Ersan Kabalci, “A Modified
Harmonic Mitigation Analysis Using Third Harmonic Injection
PWM in a Multilevel Inverter Control”, 14th International Power
Electronics and Motion Control Conference (EPE-PEMC) , pp.
T2-215 - T2-220, 2010.
[21] Leon M. Tolbert, and Thomas G. Habetler, “Novel Multilevel
Inverter Carrier-Based PWM Method”, IEEE Transactions on
Industrial Applications, Vol. 35, pp. 1098-1107,
September/October 1999.
[22] K. K. Tse, Henry Shu-Hung Chung, S. Y. Ron Hui, and H. C. So,
“A Comparative Study of Carrier-Frequency Modulation
Techniques for Conducted EMI Suppression in PWM Converters”,
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Applications, Vol. 49, pp. 253-
263, June 2002.
[23] F. Salim, and N.A. Azli, “Implementation of The HEPWM
Technique on a Multilevel Inverter Using FPGA” Australasian
Universities Power Engineering Conference ,(AUPEC 2004) 26-
29 September 2004, Brisbane, Australia.
[24] P. K. Dhal, and C. Christober Asir Rajan, “Elimination Of
Selective Harmonics In A Multi-Level Inverter”, 7th IEEE
International Conference on Intelligent Systems and Control
(ISCO) , pp. 20-25. 2013.
[25] Concettina Buccella, Carlo Cecati, and Maria Gabriella Cimoroni,
“Harmonics Elimination in 5-Level Converters Operating at Very
Low Switching Frequency”, IEEE International Symposium on
Industrial Electronics (ISIE), pp. 1-6, 2013.
[26] Hossam, R.M. ; Hashem, G.M. ; Marei, M.I, “Optimized harmonic
elimination for cascaded multilevel inverter” , Power Engineering
Conference (UPEC) 48th International Universities, pp. 1-6, 2013.
[27] James Kennedy, and Russell Eberhart, “Particle Swarm
Optimization”, IEEE International Conference on Neural
Networks, Proceedings, Vol. 4, pp. 142-1948, 1995.

ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 465