Table 1.

Effect of hydrothermal severity (temperature, pressure) on product distribution of

hydrothermal treatment of empty fruit bunch.
Feed Treatment Product distribution Remark Ref.
Condition (P [bar]
and T (oC)
EFB 390oC, 35 MPa, 37,35%-w bio-oil, major The major [1]
biomass to water component is phenol and component in bio-
ratio is 1:10 and minor component is alcohols, oil is phenol
reaction time is 1 h ketones, aromatic (38,95%-peak area)
hydrocarbons, and esters

EFB 180-280oC, 5 ml of Oil, sugar, and tar The highest yield of [2]
water with 1 g sugar was 0.2 g-
crushed EFB, and 5 sugar/g-dry EFB
minutes, obtain at 220oC.
The highest yield of
oil was 0.075 g-
oil/g-dry EFB
obtain at 240oC.

EFB 240 bar, 380oC, 8 Gas (H2, CO2, CH4, CO) Concentration of [3]
ml of water, 0,3 H2, CO2, CH4, CO
gram feedstock, in gas product is 50
and 8 minutes. mmol/ml, 13
mmol/ml, 1
mmol/ml, and 3
mmol/ml
EFB 250 bar, 390oC Bio-oil and toluene the bio-oil yield [4]
from EFB is
about 37.4 wt %.

EFB 20 bar, 270oC, 5 g 68%-w liquid 60,08% of liquid is [5]

of EFB, 25 ml of phenol, 39,92% of
water, 1.0 M of liquid is methyl
catalyst, 20 minutes ester

EFB 250oC, 22 bar, Biochar [6]

 EFB 25 MPa, 390oC, Bio-oil (phenol and its Maximum relative [7]
water and EFB derivatives, ketone, other yield of bio-oil at
rasio is 10:1, 1 %-w aromatic compounds and about 1.40 times
of catalyst ( CeO2), carboxylic acid) that without catalyst
1h

oil palm fruit High Pressure and Without catalyst : the liquid When 10% [8]
press fiber T = 290oC products yield, heavy oil and Na2CO3 were
water soluble products of FPF added
decomposition 49 %, 34%, independently, the
and 15%, respectively. solid conversion
With 10% Na2CO3 : yield, increased to almost
heavy oil and water soluble 90%. With the
products 71,3%, 43,3%, 28% presence of catalyst,
the liquid products
were mainly bio-oil
compounds

References :
[1] Chan, Yi Herng, et al. "Bio-oil production from oil palm biomass via subcritical and
supercritical hydrothermal liquefaction." The Journal of Supercritical Fluids 95 (2014): 407-412.
[2] Kurnin, Nor Azrin Ahmad, et al. "Recovery of palm oil and valuable material from oil palm
empty fruit bunch by sub-critical water." Journal of oleo science 65.4 (2016): 283-289.
[3] Sivasangar, S., et al. "Supercritical water gasification of empty fruit bunches from oil palm
for hydrogen production." Fuel 143 (2015): 563-569.
[4] Chan, Yi Herng, et al. "Bio-Oil Production under Sub-and Supercritical Hydrothermal
Liquefaction of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch and Kernel Shell." Applied Mechanics and Materials.
Vol. 625. Trans Tech Publications, 2014.
[5] Akhtar, Javaid, Soo Kim Kuang, and NorAishah Saidina Amin. "Liquefaction of empty palm
fruit bunch (EPFB) in alkaline hot compressed water." Renewable Energy 35.6 (2010): 1220-
1227.
[6] Parshetti, Ganesh K., S. Kent Hoekman, and Rajasekhar Balasubramanian. "Chemical,
structural and combustion characteristics of carbonaceous products obtained by hydrothermal
carbonization of palm empty fruit bunches." Bioresource technology 135 (2013): 683-689.
[7] Yim, See Cheng, et al. "Metal oxide-catalyzed hydrothermal liquefaction of Malaysian oil
palm biomass to bio-oil under supercritical condition." The Journal of Supercritical Fluids 120
(2017): 384-394.
[8] Mazaheri, Hossein, et al. "Subcritical water liquefaction of oil palm fruit press fiber for the
production of bio-oil: effect of catalysts." Bioresource technology 101.2 (2010): 745-751.