DATABASE

TOPIC 6

DATABASE

6.1 Introduction to Database

6.2 Basic Concept of Database
6.3 Database Object
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6.1 Introduction to Database

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this topic,

students should be able to:

1. Define
● Database
● Database Management System (DBMS)
2. Describe advantages and disadvantages of database
DATABASE

6.1 Introduction to Database

Database
● Can be define as ;
● An integrated collection of related data OR
● Collection of data organized in a manner that allows access,
retrieval, and use of that data – Shelly & Varmaat, 2012, OR
● A collection of data, manage and organized by a database
management system – Petersen, 2002
● Related data, e.g. : information stored in University
(students, courses, faculty, students taking
courses, faculty teaching courses … )
● Integrated: all data is stored in a uniform way on
secondary storage.
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6.1 Introduction to Database

Database Management System (DBMS)

● Can be define as ;
● A collection of programs that is used to create, maintain and
manipulate data in the database, OR
● Specific type of software for creating, storing, organizing and
accessing data from a database.
● Provide an interface between the database and its
users and other application programs
● DBA, a database administrator is the people
responsible for managing database, who sets up and
manage a database.
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6.1 Introduction to Database

DBMS’s example software

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6.1 Introduction to Database

File System versus Databases

Almost all application programs use either these two
approaches (in managing data and information);
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6.1 Introduction to Database

● Each department in an organization has its own set

of files.
● The records in one file may not relate to the records
in any other file.
● Organizations have used file processing systems
for many years.
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6.1 Introduction to Database

● Weakness 1 , redundancy of data

Each department in an organization has its own set
of files

● Weakness 2 , isolation of data

The records in one file may not relate to the records
in any other file.

● Weakness 3 , hard to maintain security of data and

information stored in files
Organizations have used file processing systems
for many years.
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6.1 Introduction to Database

● Database system
– many programs
and users share the
data in the database.
● Example 1: a school’s
database most likely at a
minimum contains data about
students, instructors, schedule
of classes, and student
schedules.
● Example 2: a library’s
database stored data about
book’s title, the author, ISBN
number.
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6.1 Introduction to Database

Database System,
graphical representation of a School Database
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6.1 Introduction to Database

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6.1 Introduction to Database

Advantages
1. Sharing data
- data in a database environment is shared over a
network.
2. Easier Access
- better data accessibility using standard data query
language (SQL). allows end-user to access and
maintain data.
3. Reduced data redundancy
- reduce data redundancy/duplication by improving
data sharing.
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6.1 Introduction to Database

Advantages (continued)
4. Security
- improved data security (backup recovery, concurrency, access control)
5. Reduced development time
- is easy and fast to develop programs
6. Higher data integrity
- increasing data integrity through data independence from applications
program
7. improve data quality
- reducing update errors (using same format) thus increasing data consistency
DATABASE

6.1 Introduction to Database

Disadvantages

1. Complex, difficult, and time consuming to design

2. Special training required for all programmers and users

3. Require more memory, storage and processing power

4. Expensive hardware and software cost to setup database

5. Extensive conversion costs in moving from a file-based
system to a database system
DATABASE

6.2 Basic Concept of Database

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this topic,

students should be able to:

1. Explain the basic concept of database

6.2 Basic Concept of Database
6.2 Basic Concept of Database
6.2 Basic Concept of Database

Data
Hierarchy
6.2 Basic Concept of Database

● Data Hierarchy
– refers to the organization of data in a database.
● table/s or file/s
● record/s (in rows)
● field/s (in columns)
● character
6.2 Basic Concept of Database
● Data Hierarchy
– a database contains one or more
tables. A table contains a number of
records. A record contains one or
more fields.
6.2 Basic Concept of Database

● Data Hierarchy
– a database files stored on disk (usually
stored in the form of tables) , each files
has its own records and each records
has its own fields.
 6.2 Basic Concept of Database

6.2 Basic Concept of Database

Adding new contact in

Samsung Galaxy S III
6.2 Basic Concept of Database

● touch on the Apps icon

– The one with rectangle grid
● touch on Contact icon
6.2 Basic Concept of Database

and user have

the option to
touch on plus add another
symbol field, such as
(+) to open up User will able to see the Mobile, Home,
a new Create Create contact screen, and fill Address,
contact screen in the Name’s field and etc Email’s field
and etc
6.2 Basic Concept of Database

Explain:
• Contact Management features in any
mobile phone is an example of
touch on Save
database in your device (because it is
to keep the
an organized collection of data – your
new contact
friend’s contact number stored in your
(that you’ve
phone)
just added) in
• Create contact enable you to see many
your phone
field (NAME, MOBILE, HOME .. ) – in
that case it is a table with a lot of fields
(depends on user to add or to remove
fields)
• When you Save, you actually saving –
a record in your phone.
6.2 Basic Concept of Database

Contact Management features in any

mobile phone is an example of database
in your device (because it is an organized
collection of data – your friend’s contact
number stored in your phone)

Create contact enable you to see many

field (NAME, MOBILE, HOME .. ) – in that
case it is a table with a lot of fields
(depends on user to add or to remove
fields)

When you Save, you actually saving – a

record in your phone.
6.2 Basic Concept of Database
TABLE RECORD
• also known as database • also known as
file/s. rows/tuple.
• organized data in • Contains data values
rows and columns. (name for a person, of a
• contain fields (column) product, an ID for
and records (row). student).
• Data file – collection of • a collections of
related records, stored related fields in a
in any available storage database.
medium. • also represent a data
attributes (describing an
entity).
FIELD
• also known as a
columns
• contains a specific
category of data within
a record.
• single category of data
to be stored in
database.
• field name – uniquely
identifies each field.
• field size – defines the
maximum of characters
a field can contain.
6.2 Basic Concept of Database
6.2 Basic Concept of Database
6.2 Basic Concept of Database

Field
6.2 Basic Concept of Database

Data
Dictionary
and
Data Type
6.2 Basic Concept of Database

a *repository in database,
contains data about files in the
database and each field in those files
- Shelly & Vermaat, 2012
6.2 Basic Concept of Database

a *repository in the form

of book,
contains visual data and
information about certain
topics – SeAm 2014
6.2 Basic Concept of Database

List 3 - 4 examples of
data that can be extract
from student.

Imagine you are at the bus stop, suddenly

one female student that you’ve already
admire, walk to the bus stop and sit near
you. Ok man, what will you do ?
6.2 Basic Concept of Database
6.2 Basic Concept of Database

Data and for each

Dictionary Field Name Descriptions
has a field DBA need to is a brief
name for DBA set the type of information
to set a name data (data about field
for specific values) for the name
field field name
6.2 Basic Concept of Database

Data Type (in database) - specifies the

kind of data a field can contain and how
the field is used
6.2 Basic Concept of Database
DATA TYPE DESCRIPTIONS
Text store data that is not manipulated arithmetically
Number store numeric data, arithmetically can be manipulated (integer, decimal
– are available)
Currency special for numeric data that represents money (output with currency
signs, decimal points and commas.)
Yes/No store logical data, can only contains one from two-values (often appear
as checkboxes)
Date/Time store dates and times as values, can be sorted, added, or manipulated
(has several formats to choose from)
Memo store large block of text, can’t be arithmetically manipulated or
compared, but can be edited and displayed.
Hyperlink store hyperlinks to web pages, email addresses, or even a files.
Attachment contains images, documents, other types of files supported by the
DBMS program being used.
6.2 Basic Concept of Database

Primary Key
and
Foreign Key
6.2 Basic Concept of Database
6.2 Basic Concept of Database

Primary Key (in database) – a field,

uniquely identifies each record in a file.
• also known as a key field
• data (in the field) is unique.
• can be used to integrate data in database.
6.2 Basic Concept of Database

Primary Key (PK) (in database) – should

follow the listed rules (in order to use it in
database)
• PK must contain a value – that is must be
declared (NOT NULL).
• PK value must be unique for each record (row).
• PK value must no change or become NULL

Benefits of using primary key (in

database) ;
• ensuring there’s no duplicate records in
database.
• preventing a NULL value being entered in
unique field.
6.2 Basic Concept of Database

Foreign Key (in database) – a field in

relational table, that matches primary key
column of another table.

Explain:
1st Table

2nd Table

Relational /
Relationships
Line
Connecting 1st
and 2nd Table
6.2 Basic Concept of Database

Explain:

• From the image, there are 2 tables. 1

Contact_Samsun.. And #2 is Hostel
Info. Both has been connected, thus
makes the table is a relational table.

• In Table #1, Contact_Samsun… ,

field Matric_Num is the PK, and there
are not Foreign Key in table 1.

Remember !
• In Table #2, Hostel Info, field Room
Num is the PK (for that table), and
Matric_Num is the Foreign Key
(because it matches primary key form
Foreign Key (in database) – a field in another table ,Table #1).
relational table, that matches primary
key column of another table.
6.2 Basic Concept of Database

Conclusion:
A foreign key (sometimes called a
referencing key) is ;
• key used to link two tables
together.
• taking primary key field
from one table and insert it

Remember !
into the other table (where it
becomes a foreign key).

Foreign Key (in database) – a field in

relational table, that matches primary key
column of another table.
6.2 Basic Concept of Database
6.2 Basic Concept of Database
6.2 Basic Concept of Database

Primary Key & Foreign Key

Differences of primary key and foreign key;

- Primary can contain only unique value while foreign
key may contain duplicate value.
Importance of relationship between the Primary Key
and Foreign Key
- The primary key of one table becomes a foreign of
other table (by matching a foreign key with a primary
key, there is no need to enter data repeatedly)

- Making the process (query, form, reports) easier.

- Improves data performance by relating smaller tables

into meaningful databases.
6.2 Basic Concept of Database

Entity Relationship
- A data model that describes data and
information, implemented in a
relational database
6.2 Basic Concept of Database
Entity
Relationship
• Something of importance to the
• An association between data that's
organization.
stored in different record types.
• Entities that the organization
• Important because typically describes
wants to store data about typically
an association between two or more
becomes a database table.
entities.
• Person, place, object, event or
Cardinality
concept in the user environment
about which the organization • Important aspect of the relationship
wishes to maintain data. between record types.
• “thing” or object that contain • Number of associations that can exist
data. between two record types.
• Represented by a rectangle in E-R Attributes
(entity-relationship) diagrams • Characteristic of an entity.

• Property of an entity set

6.2 Basic Concept of Database

TERM EXAMPLES
Entity (a noun) Product, Name, Book, Student,
Model, Lecturer, Staff

Relationship (a verb) order, register, claim, enroll, pay.

Cardinality (type of relationship) One-to-One (1:1)
One-to-Many (1:M)
Many-to-One (M:1)
Many-to-Many (M:N)

Attribute (entity’s property) product_serial_num,

product_price,
product_name
6.2 Basic Concept of Database

TERM DIAGRAM SYMBOL

Entity (a noun)
rectangle/square

Relationship (a verb)
a diamond shape

Cardinality (type of writing type of relationship on each relationship

relationship) lines

Attribute (entity’s
property) an oval shape
6.2 Basic Concept of Database

Identify
• How many entity are
there in the
ER-diagram ?
• Which entity has the
most attributes ?
• List the attributes for
entity label Mark
• What is the
relationship
between Student
and Teacher ?

Example of ER-Diagram
(Entity-Relationship Diagram)
6.2 Basic Concept of Database

Types of Entity-relationships (Cardinality) in database

One-to-One (1:1) One-to-Many (1:M) Many-to-Many (M:N)
Many-to-One (M:1)
a record in one record
type is related to one
record in another record
type
6.2 Basic Concept of Database

Example 1
2 entity, Teacher and Subject, the
relationship is supervise,
Cardinality is 1:1

Example 2 2 entity, Student and Module, the

relationship is enroll,
Cardinality is 1:1
6.2 Basic Concept of Database

Example 1
2 entity, Football Team and Player,
the relationship is join,
Cardinality is 1:M

Example 2 2 entity, Person and Location,

the relationship is birthplace,
Cardinality is M:1
6.2 Basic Concept of Database

Example 1

Example 2 2 entity, Student and Course,

the relationship is register,
Cardinality is M:N
 DATABASE

6.3 Database Object

Learning Outcome:

At the end of this topic,

students should be able to:
1. Explain the functions of database object

1
 DATABASE

6.3 Database Object

What are Database objects?

- Several tools that allow

users and program to
retrieve and maintain
data in a database

2
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6.3 Database Object

Definition : T
● A collection of records that identify a
category of data, such as Students, A
Lecturers or Academic
● A collection of computer data that is
B
organized, defined and stored as rows and column L
● Functions :
○ To arrange data in rows and columns. E
○ To describe the characteristics of data

3
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6.3 Database Object

Example : An Employer Table T
EmployerID

10122
EmployerNameEmployerAddress PhoneNumber

Bean Town Tours 105 State Street, Boston, MA 617-451-1970

A
02109

10125 Boston Harbor 75 Atlantic Avenue, Boston,

Excursions MA 02110
617-235-1800 B
10126 BaySide Inn &
Country Club
354 Oceanside Drive,
Brewster, MA 02631
508-283-5775
L
10190 The Briar Rose 105 Queen Street, 902-626-1595

10191
Inn

Windsor Alpine
Charlottetown PE C1A 8R4
14 Longmeadow Road, 603-266-9233
E
Tours Laconia, NH 03246

10198 Trudel Spa & 40 Rue Rivard, North Hatley 819-842-7783

4 Resort QC JOB 2C0
DATABASE

6.3 Database Object

Fields
T
EmployerID
10122
EmployerNameEmployerAddress PhoneNumber
Bean Town Tours 105 State Street, Boston, MA 617-451-1970
A
02109
10125 Boston Harbor
Excursions
75 Atlantic Avenue, Boston,
MA 02110
617-235-1800
B
10126 BaySide Inn & 354 Oceanside Drive, 508-283-5775

10190
Country Club
The Briar Rose
Brewster, MA 02631
105 Queen Street, 902-626-1595
L
Inn Charlottetown PE C1A 8R4
10191 Windsor Alpine
Tours
14 Longmeadow Road,
Laconia, NH 03246
603-266-9233 E
10198 Trudel Spa & 40 Rue Rivard, North Hatley 819-842-7783
Resort QC JOB 2C0
Field - A single characteristic or attribute of a person, place, object,event or idea
DATABASE

6.3 Database Object

Relational Table
T
Relationships are links that associate a field in one table with a field in
another. An example in a school database with two tables:
A
Student
Maths Class
StudentID ClassID
IDStudent
B
StudentName ClassName
Address
L
Students Table Math Class Table
The Students table holds students' names and addresses:
E
The Math Class table holds information about the students in math class:
Both tables have a Student ID field. By linking the Student ID fields,
you make sure that John in the Students. table is the same John listed in the
Math Class table:
 DATABASE

6.3 Database Object

Relational Table
T
A
B
1 Parent have many children (twin student)
Supplier
L
Product
SupplierID
SupplierName
ProductID
ProductName
E
Notel ProductCost
ProductID

Supplier Table Product Table

7 1 Supplier supply many product
 DATABASE

6.3 Database Object

Relational Table
T
A
B
L
E
8
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6.3 Database Object

•
Refer to the Employer table below:
- How many fields are there?
T
EmployerID EmployerName EmployerAddress PhoneNumber A
10122 Bean Town Tours 105 State Street, Boston, MA 617-451-1970

10125 Boston Harbor

02109
75 Atlantic Avenue, Boston, 617-235-1800
B
Excursions MA 02110
10126 BaySide Inn &
Country Club
354 Oceanside Drive,
Brewster, MA 02631
508-283-5775 L
10190 The Briar Rose
Inn
105 Queen Street, 902-626-1595
Charlottetown PE C1A 8R4
E
10191 Windsor Alpine 14 Longmeadow Road, 603-266-9233
Tours Laconia, NH 03246
10198 Trudel Spa & 40 Rue Rivard, North Hatley 819-842-7783
9
Resort QC JOB 2C0
 DATABASE

6.3 Database Object

T
Based on table above: A
A. How many fields are there? B
B. List all the fields.
L
E
10
 DATABASE

6.3 Database Object

Eg: An Employer Table

T
EmployerID EmployerName
10122 Bean Town Tours
EmployerAddress PhoneNumber
105 State Street, Boston, MA 617-451-1970
A
02109

R
10125 Boston Harbor 75 Atlantic Avenue, Boston,
Excursions MA 02110
617-235-1800
B
e 10126 BaySide Inn & 354 Oceanside Drive, 508-283-5775

c
10190
Country Club
The Briar Rose
Brewster, MA 02631
105 Queen Street, 902-626-1595
L
o Inn Charlottetown PE C1A 8R4
r
d
10191 Windsor Alpine
Tours
14 Longmeadow Road,
Laconia, NH 03246
603-266-9233 E
s 10198 Trudel Spa & 40 Rue Rivard, North Hatley 819-842-7783
Resort QC JOB 2C0
11 Record - A set of related field values.
 DATABASE

6.3 Database Object

How many records are shown in the Employer table below ?
T
EmployerID EmployerName EmployerAddress PhoneNumber
A
10122

10125
Bean Town Tours 105 State Street, Boston, MA 617-451-1970
02109
Boston Harbor 75 Atlantic Avenue, Boston, 617-235-1800
B
10126
Excursions MA 02110
BaySide Inn & 354 Oceanside Drive,
Country Club Brewster, MA 02631
508-283-5775 L
10190 The Briar Rose 105 Queen Street,
Inn Charlottetown PE C1A 8R4
902-626-1595
E
10191 Windsor Alpine 14 Longmeadow Road, 603-266-9233
Tours Laconia, NH 03246
10198 Trudel Spa & 40 Rue Rivard, North Hatley 819-842-7783
Resort QC JOB 2C0
12
DATABASE

6.3 Database Object

Description characteristic of data T
•
● Table is also used to describe the A
characteristics of data (data definition)
● During data definition, each field is assigned B
with :
○ Name L
○ Data type
○ Description
E
○ Properties
•
 DATABASE

6.3 Database Object

Definition:
•
F
O
● A window on the screen that provides areas
for entering or modifying data in a database R
● Functions
• :
○ To retrieve and maintaining, viewing and M
printing records in a database.
○ Present a friendlier interface than a table.
○ Allows viewing data one record at a time
15
 DATABASE

6.3 Database Object

Horizon Travel & Tour

F
Eg: A simple
Employer Information System
O
Employer ID:
form to view
Employers Name:
R
data Address: M
Phone Number:

First Record Add Record Next Record Previous

Last Record Delete Record

16
 DATABASE

Eg: An e-form (electronic form) to register

as an online student
F
O
R
M

17
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6.3 Database Object

Definition Q
- A request for specific data from the database (retrieve
data) such as display the Employer which located in
U
Boston.
E
A query is essentialy a question. For example, you
might ask, “Which records in the Student table live R
in Ipoh?”the DBMS will look for the records in the
tables you have specified, find those that match Y
the criteria you have defined, and displays them in
a datasheet
18
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6.3 Database Object

Functions:
•

- Specifies which records should be retrieved by

Q
specifying criteria.
eg: Display the Employer which
U
located in Boston. E
- Can specify the fields to be displayed.
R
eg: User only want to know the
Employer Name and Phone Y
Number, so query will select ONLY
the EmployerName and
19
PhoneNumber fields to be displayed.
 DATABASE

6.3 Database Object

Function: Q
- A query is a way to get specific information from
the database.
U
- A means of asking questions (querying) of your E
data
- Can look across a number of Tables and other R
Queries
- Can perform calculations and Combine fields
Y
20
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6.3 Database Object

•

➢ User request for Employer which located in Boston.

•
Q
What will be displayed in the Query?
EmployerID EmployerName EmployerAddress PhoneNumber
U
10122 Bean Town Tours 105 State Street, Boston, MA 617-451-1970

10125 Boston Harbor

Excursions
02109
75 Atlantic Avenue, Boston,
MA 02110
617-235-1800 E
10126 BaySide Inn &
Country Club
354 Oceanside Drive,
Brewster, MA 02631
508-283-5775
R
10190 The Briar Rose 105 Queen Street, 902-626-1595

10191
Inn
Windsor Alpine
Charlottetown PE C1A 8R4
14 Longmeadow Road, 603-266-9233
Y
Tours Laconia, NH 03246
10198 Trudel Spa & 40 Rue Rivard, North Hatley 819-842-7783
Resort QC JOB 2C0
21
 DATABASE

6.3 Database Object

Answer: Query for Boston Employer

Q
EmployerID EmployerName EmployerAddress PhoneNumber U
10122 Bean Town Tours 105 State Street, Boston, MA
02109
617-451-1970 E
10125 Boston Harbor 75 Atlantic Avenue, Boston, 617-235-1800
R
Excursions MA 02110
Y
22
 DATABASE

•
➢ User
•
request for Employer’s Name and
Phone Number. Q
What
• will be displayed in the Query?
EmployerID EmployerName EmployerAddress PhoneNumber
U
10122 Bean Town Tours 105 State Street, Boston, MA 617-451-1970

10125 Boston Harbor

Excursions
02109
75 Atlantic Avenue, Boston,
MA 02110
617-235-1800 E
10126 BaySide Inn &
Country Club
354 Oceanside Drive,
Brewster, MA 02631
508-283-5775
R
10190 The Briar Rose 105 Queen Street, 902-626-1595

10191
Inn
Windsor Alpine
Charlottetown PE C1A 8R4
14 Longmeadow Road, 603-266-9233
Y
Tours Laconia, NH 03246
10198 Trudel Spa & 40 Rue Rivard, North Hatley 819-842-7783
Resort QC JOB 2C0
23
 DATABASE

6.3 Database Object

Answer : Query for Employer’s name and phone number Q
EmployerName PhoneNumber

Bean Town Tours 617-451-1970

U
Boston Harbor Excursions
617-235-1800 E
BaySide Inn & Country 508-283-5775 R
Club
The Briar Rose Inn 902-626-1595 Y
Windsor Alpine Tours 603-266-9233

24 Trudel Spa & Resort 819-842-7783

 DATABASE

6.3 Database Object

•
R
Definition:
E
A report generator allow users to design a
report, retrieve data into the report design P
and then display the information from tables
in nicely formatted, easily accessible ways on O
computer screen or print the report on paper.
• R
T
25
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6.3 Database Object

R
Functions:
- Provides presentation-quality output E
- May be based on either a table or a query
- Allows you to group and summarize data
- Can perform calculations and combine fields
P
- Cannot edit data
- Can make labels
O
- To design a report on the screen
- To retrieve data into the report design
R
- To display or print the data in the database T
26
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6.3 Database Object

Sources to create a Report
R
- A report can be formatted according to any
specifications.
E
- The data in the report can consist of data from a P
single table or multiple tables.

- The report can be based on a table or it can be

O
based on a query. R
- If the report is based on a query, it will contain the
same fields that were selected for the query
T
27
 DATABASE

Example: A Report based on Employer table

REPORT : Employer List

R
ID: 10122
E
Name: Bean Town Tours
Address: 105 State Street, Boston, MA 02109
Phone Number: 617-451-1970
P
ID: 10125
Name: Boston Harbor Excursions
O
Address: 75 Atlantic Avenue, Boston, MA 02110
Phone Number: 617-235-1800 R
ID: 10126
Name: BaySide Inn & Country Club
Address: 354 Oceanside Drive, Brewster, MA 02631
T
Phone Number: 508-283-5775
28
 DATABASE

Example: A Report based on Employer Table

REPORT : Employer List

R
ID: 10190
E
Name: The Briar Rose Inn
Address: 105 Queen Street, Charlottetown PE C1A 8R4
Phone Number: 902-626-1595
P
ID: 10191
Name: Windsor Alpine Tours
O
Address: 14 Longmeadow Road, Laconia, NH 03246
Phone Number: 603-266-9233 R
ID: 10198
Name: Trudel Spa & Resort
Address: 40 Rue Rivard, North Hatley QC JOB 2C0
T
Phone Number: 819-842-7783
29
 DATABASE

Example:
A Report based on Query for Employers which located in Boston.
R
REPORT : Employer List based in Boston E
ID: 10122
Name: Bean Town Tours
Address: 105 State Street, Boston, MA 02109
P
Phone Number: 617-451-1970
O
ID: 10125
Name: Boston Harbor Excursions
Address: 75 Atlantic Avenue, Boston, MA 02110
R
Phone Number: 617-235-1800
T
30
 DATABASE

Example:
A Report based on Query for Employer’s name and phone number

Employer’s name and phone number

R
E
Name: Bean Town Tours
Phone Number: 617-451-1970
P
Name: Boston Harbor Excursions O
Phone Number: 617-235-1800
R
Name: BaySide Inn & Country Club
Phone Number: 508-283-5775 T
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 DATABASE

6.3 Database Object S

Functions of Database Object
U
To arrange To retrieve and Specify which To design a
M
maintaining, record should report on the
data in rows
and columns viewing and
printing recors
in adatabase
be retrieve by
specifying
criteria
screen
M
data in rows

To describe the
and columns

Allows viewing Can specify the To display or

A
characteristics of
data
one record at a
time
fields to be
displayed
print the data in
the database R
33
Y
 Tips !!!
Database
 DATABASE

REFERENCES

Petersen, J. V. (2002). Absolute Beginner's Guide to

Databases. Indianapolis, IN: Que.

Shelly, G.B., & Vermaat, M. (2012). Discovering computers:

Your interactive guide to the digital world. Boston, MA:
Course Technology/ Cengage Learning.
Vaughan, T. (2011). Multimedia: Making it work. New York:
McGraw-Hill.

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