PROGRESSIONS ax n +1

�
n
(b) ax dx = +c
n +1
Arithmetic Progression
1. Arithmetic Progression (AP) is a sequence of numbers (c) [ p( x) �q( x)] dx = �
� p ( x) dx ��
q ( x) dx
where each term (except the first term) is obtained by
adding a constant to the previous term. The constant (ax + b)n +1
denoted by letter d, is known as the common difference.
(d) � (ax + b) n dx =
a (n + 1)
+c
a, is known as the first term. 3. The function that is being integrated is known as
2. The nth term , Tn = a + (n - 1)d , where d = Tn +1 - Tn . integrand. The result of integration is known as the
n integral (indefinite integral).
3. The sum of the first n terms of AR is, S n = (a + l ) or 4. If given that the gradient function of a curve is
2
n dy
Sn = [2a + (n - 1)d ] , where l, is known as the last = f '( x) , then the equation of the curve is
2 dx
term.
4. The nth term also can be find by, Tn = S n - S n -1 .
y= �
f '( x) dx . �
f ( x) dx = y + c .
5. The laws of definite integrals are :
b
Geometric Progression
f ( x ) dx = [ g ( x) ]
b
1. Geometric Progression (GP) is a sequence of numbers (a) �
a
a
= g (b) - g (a )
where each term (except the first term) is obtained by
b a
multiplying the previous term by a constant. The
constant denoted by letter r, is known as the common (b) � �
f ( x) dx = - f ( x) dx
ratio. a b
b c c
Tn Second term
2. The common ratio, r = or r =
Tn -1 First term
and (c) �
f ( x) dx + �
a
f ( x) dx = �
b
f ( x) dx
a
etc. b b
3. The nth term, Tn = ar n -1 .
4. The sum of the first n terms of GP is
(d) �
kf ( x ) dx = k �
a
f ( x) dx
a
a(r n - 1) a(1 - r n ) 6. Area of the region.
Sn = ; r > 1 or Sn = ; r < 1 , note that b
r -1 1- r
r �0 or r �1 . (a) A = �
y dx
a
a
5. Sum to infinity is S� = .
1- r

LINEAR LAW

1. Line of best fit is a straight line which passes through as

b
many points as possible. For the points that do not lie
on the straight line, the number of the points which are
above and below the line must be the same.
(b) A = x dy �a

2. The following steps must be followed to find the values

of constant of non-linear equation.
a) Convert the non linear equation with variables x
and y to a linear equation, Y = mX + c .
b) Construct a table for the values of X and Y. 7. Area of the region between a curve and a straight line
b
c) Using the scale given to mark and label the both
axes.
a) �
A = ( f ( x) - g ( x)) dx
a
d) Plot the graph Y against X and draw a line of best
fit.
e) Determine the values of gradient, m, and the Y-
intercept, c, from the graph to find the values of
constant in the non-linear equation.

INTEGRATION b c

1. Integration is the inverse process of differentiation.

b) A= �
f ( x ) dx + �
a
g ( x ) dx
b
dy
dx �
= f ( x) then f ( x) dx = y + c .

2. The basic of integration are :

(a) �
k dx = kx + c
 b 2. Scalar is a quantity that has magnitude only. Examples
c) �
A = ( f ( y ) - g ( y )) dy
a
are distance, speed, area, volume and mass.
3. Vector can be represented by a line segment with
direction, known as a directed line segment. The length
of the line represents the magnitude of the vector and
the arrow represent the direction of the vector.
4. Vector from A to B can be denoted by a capital letters
uuur
as AB or AB or a small letter as a or a. Negative vector
is a vector that has the same magnitude but at the
opposite direction from the reference vector can be
b c uuur uuur
written as –AB, - AB , BA , or –a.
d) A= �
f ( y ) dy + �
a
g ( y ) dy
a
uuur
5. The magnitude of a vector AB or a is denoted by AB
uuuur

uuur
or a and read as modulus of vector AB or a.
6. Zero vector is a vector which has zero magnitude and is
uuur uuu r
denoted as 0 . Example AB + BA = 0 .
% %
7. Two vectors are equal if both of them have the same
uuur uuur
magnitude and direction. Example AB = XY .
8. Multiplication of a vector a by a scalar k is ka, where
k �0 .
8. Volume of the solid of revolution a) The magnitude of ka = k times the magnitude of a,
a) Area 360º about the x-axis. that is ka = k a .
b
b) The direction of ka is the same as a if k is positive.
�
Vx = p y 2 dx c) The direction of ka is opposite to a if k is negative.
a 9. Two vectors are parallel if one vector is a scalar
multiple of the other vector.
uuur uuur uuur uuur
a) If AB = k PQ , then AB and PQ are parallel.
uuur uuur
b) If AB = k BC , then points A, B and C are collinear.
c) If ha = kb where a and b are non zero vectors and
b) Area 360º about the y-axis. non parallel, then h=k=0.
b 10. Resultant vector is the sum of two vectors.
11. The sum of parallel vectors is obtained by adding the
�
V y = p x 2 dy
a
coefficients of the vectors. Example : 2 a + 3a = 5a .
12. The resultant vector for the addition of two or more
non-parallel vectors can be obtained by using.
a) Triangle law

uuu
r uuur uuur
AB + BC = AC
b) Parallelogram law
The area of the region above the x-axis is positive while the
area of the region below the x-axis is negative.

c) Polygon law

The area of the region to the right of the y-axis is positive

while the area of the region to the left of the y-axis is
negative.

VECTORS

1. Vector is a quantity which has both magnitude and 13. The subtraction of vector q from vector p is the addition
direction. Examples are displacement, velocity, of vector p and the negative vector of q. Example :
acceleration, force and momentum. p - q = p + (- q ) .
14. Vectors in the Cartesian coordinates denoted by i if
along the positive direction of the x-axis and j if along
the positive direction of the y-axis. Unit vector is a
vector whose magnitude is 1 unit.
�x �
a) r = x i + yj = � �
�y �
b) The magnitude of r is r = x 2 + y 2
8. Three basic trigonometric identities are:
�x � sin 2 q + cos 2 q = 1
c) The unit vector of the vector r = x i + yj = � �is
�y � tan 2 q + 1 = sec2 q
r
given by rˆ = r =
1
( x i + yj ) . 1 + cot 2 q = cosec2 q
x2 + y 2 9. The adding (or compound angle) formulae are:
sin( A �B ) = sin A cos B �cos A sin B
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS cos( A �B) = cos A cos B msin A sin B
1. The definition of tangent, cotangent, secant and tan A �tan B
tan( A �B ) =
cosecant. 1 mtan A tan B
sin q 1 cos q 10. The double angle formulae are :
tan q = cot q = =
cos q tan q sin q sin 2 A = 2sin A cos A
1 1 cos 2 A = cos 2 A - sin 2 A
sec q = co sec q =
cos q sin q = 2 cos 2 A - 1
2. The relation of the trigonometric ratio of the angle q
= 1 - 2sin 2 A
with its complimentary angle (90�- q ) are : 2 tan A
sin q = cos(90�- q ) cos q = sin(90�- q ) tan 2 A =
1 - tan 2 A
tan q = cot(90�- q ) cot q = tan(90�- q ) 11. The half angle formulae are
sec q = cosec(90�- q ) cosec q = sec(90�- q ) A A
sin A = 2sin cos
3. The trigonometric ratios of any negative angle (-q ) 2 2
are: 2 A A
cos A = cos - sin 2
sin(-q ) = - sin q cos(-q ) = - cos q 2 2
tan(-q ) = - tan q A
= 2 cos 2 - 1
4. The values of the trigonometric ratios of the special 2
angles 30�, 45�and 60�are as follows: A
= 1 - 2sin 2
1 1 2
sin 30�= 3 sin 45�= A
2 sin 60�= 2 2 tan
2 2
3 1 tan A =
cos 30�= 1 cos 45�= 2 A
2 cos 60�= 2 1 - tan
2 2
1 1
tan 30�= tan 60�= 3 tan 45�=
3 2 PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS
5. The graph for y = sin x as follow
rs multiplication principle/rule
1. If event A occurs in r ways and event B occurs in s
ways, then the number of ways for the occurrence of
event A followed by event B is r x s.

A. Permutation
1. The number of permutation of n different objects is n!,
where
6. The graph for y = cos x as follow n ! = n( n - 1)( n - 2)...3 �2 �1
0! = 1
2. n! is read as n factorial.
3. The number of permutations of n difference objects
taken r at a time is.
n n!
Pr =
(n - r )!
4. A permutation of n different objects, taken r at a time, is
7. The graph for y = tan x as follow an arrangement of set of r objects chosen from n
objects. The order of the objects in the chosen set is
taken into consideration.
5. The number of permutation of n different objects, taken p = probability of success
all at a time, is : q = probability of failure (1 - p)
n n! n! n! 3. If X is binomial discrete random variable such that
Pr = = = = n! X~B(n,p), then
(n - n)! 0! 1
Mean of X = np
Variance of X = npq
B. Combinations
1. The number of combinations of r objects chosen from n Standard deviation of X = npq
different objects is given by:
n n! B. Normal Distribution
Cr = 1. The normal continuous random variable has two
(n - r )! r !
parameters, i.e. mean, μ and variance σ². The notation
2. A combination of r objects chosen from n different of X being normally distributed with a mean, μ and
objects is a selection of a set of r objects chosen from n variance σ² is
objects. The order of the objects in the chosen set is not X ~ N(μ , σ²).
taken into consideration. 2. If a normal random variable, X, has a mean, μ=0 and a
3. There is a relation between permutation and standard deviation, σ = 1, then X follows a standard
combination. normal distribution, i.e.
n
Cr �r ! = n Pr X ~ N(0 , 1).
3. A normal distribution can be converted to the standard
The key word for problems that involve permutation ( n Pr ) ,
normal distribution using the formula:
is “arrange” or “formed” while the key word for problems X -m
that involve combination ( nCr ) is “select” or “choose” Z=
s
Z = standard score or z~score
PROBABILITY X = value of the normal random variable
μ = mean of the normal distribution
1. The probability for the occurrence of an event A in the σ = standard deviation of the normal distribution
sample space S is 4. The curve of the standard normal distribution has the
n( A) following properties.
P( A) =
n( S )  Its curve is symmetrical at the vertical line that
where passes through the mean, μ=0 and has a standard
n(A) = number of outcomes of event A deviation, σ = 1.
n(S) = number of outcomes of sample space S  Its curve has a maximum value at Z = 0
 The area enclosed by the standard normal curve
2. The probability for the occurrence of events A or B or and the z-axis is 1.
both is �a - m b-m �
5. P(a < X < b) = P � <Z<
P ( A �B ) = P ( A) + P ( B ) - P( A �B) �s s � �

3. If the events A and B are mutually exclusive, (cannot MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE
occur at the same time) then A �B = � and
P ( A �B ) = 0 A. DISPLACEMENT
P( A �B) = P( A) + P( B) 1. Displacement is the distance traveled by a particle from
a fixed point 0 over a time interval, t s.
4. The probability of the combination pf two or
2. Displacement, s = f(t) is a vector quantity. It has
independent events (event A do not influence event B),
magnitude and direction.
A and B, is given by
P ( A �B ) = P ( A) �P ( B ) Negative Positive
displacement O displacement
5. A tree diagram can be constructed to show all the
possible outcomes of an experiment.
Zero displacement
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION 3. When a particle is at the fixed point O or passes through
the fixed point O again, s = 0.
A. Binomial Distribution 4. Total distance traveled in the first n second is the total
1. A binomial distribution is a distribution of discrete distance traveled by the particle from time t=0 to t=n.
random variables. It is a probability of Bernoulli’s 5. Distance traveled during the nth second is the distance
experiments with only two possible outcomes that is traveled by the particle from the t=(n-1) to t=n. =
success or failure.
S n - Sn -1
2. The probability to obtaining r successes in a binomial
distribution is given by
B. VELOCITY
P ( X = r ) = nCr p r q n - r
ds
P = probability
X = binomial discrete random variable
1. Velocity, v =
dt �
and s = v dt .

r = number of successes 2. Velocity is a vector quantity.

n = number of trials
 Negative Positive e) If a condition is given, draw the relevant graph and
velocity O velocity determine the value of the other variables
accordingly.
5. The main key word.
3. Zero velocity, v = 0 occurs when y less than x y<x
a) the particle is at rest or stops instantaneously. y not less than x y �x
b) The particle changes the direction of motion.
y more than 2x y>x
4. Displacement is a maximum or minimum when
ds y not more than 2x y �2 x
v= =0. y not less than 3 times x y �3 x
dt
Total distance y at least 3 times x y �3x
5. Average speed = y not more than 3 times x y �3 x
Total time
y is more than x by 5 or less y - x �5
C. ACCELERATION The sum of x and y is not less than a x + y �a
dv d 2 s The sum of x and y is not more than a x + y �a
1. Acceleration, a = =
dt dt 2 �
and v = a dt .
The maximum value of x is r x �r
2. Positive acceleration means the velocity of the particle The minimum value of y is s y �s
is increasing with respect to time The ratio between y and x is not less than 2 : y 2
3. Negative acceleration means the velocity of the particle 3 �
x 3
decreasing with respect to time.
4. Zero acceleration, a = 0 occurs during
a) the uniform velocity,
b) the maximum or minimum velocity.

LINEAR PROGRAMMING

1. If a given inequality is ‘greater than or equal to’ (

ax + by + c �0 ) or ‘greater than’ ( ax + by + c > 0 ) the
region above the straight line ax + by + c = 0 has to be
shaded. One condition that has to be taken into
consideration is that the coefficient of y on the left-hand
side of the inequality must be positive. A solid line is
used for �and a dashed line is used for > .
2. If a given inequality is ‘less than or equal to’ (
ax + by + c �0 ) or ‘less than’ ( ax + by + c < 0 ), the
region below the straight line ax + by + c = 0 has to be
shaded. One condition that has to be taken into
consideration is that the coefficient of y on the left-hand
side of the inequality must be positive. A solid line is
used for �and a dashed line is used for < .
3. If the coefficient of y on the left-hand side of the
inequality is negative, it has to be made positive first.
4. In linear programming, the steps in the process of
solving through graphical methods are.
a) Identify the two variables namely x and y.
b) Form the inequalities based on the given conditions
or constraints in addition to x �0 and y �0 .
c) Construct and shade the region that satisfies all the
inequalities.
d) In determining the optimum value of k = ax + by
(in which k can be a maximum value or minimum
value). First construct a line k1 = ax + by where k1
is an assumed value of a function. Then the line
which is parallel to k1 = ax + by and passing
through the shaded region with the smallest y-
intercept will give a minimum value of k and the
same parallel line which passes through the shaded
region with the greatest y-intercept will be give a
maximum value of k.