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I. La derivada
En este capítulo vamos a estudiar uno de los procesos mas importantes de cálculo, la cual ha coadyuvado
superlativamente al avance de la ciencia y tecnología, “La derivda”, cuya aplicación como herramienta en la
investigación ha dado logros fascinantes en el análisis y formulación de los procesos microbiológicos, procesos
económicos (oferta - demanda) procesos productivos, maximización de producción, análisis de costos marginales
y utilidades, la razón de cambio en el movimiento de los cuerpos y partículas, también en la estática, la dinámica,
mecánica de fluidos, etc., que el campo de la ingeniería.
Se ha demostrado que la derivada está íntimamente relacionado a la naturaleza y características de la recta tangente a
la gráfica de una función en un punto que corresponde a su dominio. Por ello precisamente analizaremos la naturaleza
y características de la recta tangente, para definir luego la derivada.
L
P1(x1,y1)
α
y1
x- x1 x2 x+
y2 − y1
m = tan α = .............. (1)
x2 − x1
m = pendiente de la recta L.
Recta tangente
La pendiente de la recta tangente en un punto P(x0, y0) y otro punto cercano Q (x0, y0 ; y0+ ∆x) de la gráfica de la
función; tal como se muestra:
y Q0 ( x0 + ∆xKy0 + ∆y ) = ( x0 + ∆x; f ( x0 + ∆x ) )
LT
f ( x0 + ∆x ) f(x)
∆y = f ( x0 + ∆x ) − f ( x0 )
P0 ( x0 ; f ( x0 ) ) α
f ( x0 )
∆x
x
O x0 x0 + ∆x
Si P(x0, y0 ;f(x0) es un punto de tangencia y Q(x0+∆x; f (x0+ ∆x)) es otro punto de la gráfica de la función f(x), la
pendiente “m” de la recta secante PQ que pasa por ambos puntos, reemplazando en (1) está dado por:
f ( x0 + ∆x ) − f ( x0 ) f ( x0 + ∆x ) − f ( x0 )
mPQ = =
( x0 + ∆x ) − x0 x0 + ∆x − x0
f ( x0 + ∆x ) − f ( x0 )
mPQ = ..........................( 2 )
∆h
1
Razonamiento matemático
Gráficamente podemos observar que podemos encontrar una pendiente más precisa y aproximada tomando puntos
“Q” de la gráfica de la curva cada vez mas próximo al punto P(x0, y0 ;f(x0)) de tangencia, tal como se ilustra en la
siguiente figura:
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
P
y0 = f ( x0 )
x0 x4 x3 x2 x1 x
O
∆x2→0
∆x4
∆x3
∆x2
∆x1
L2 y
L1 y y L4
y L3 f(x)
Q1
Q2
f(x) Q3 f(x)
f(x) Q4
∆y2
∆y1 ∆y3 ∆y4
α2 y0 P
y0 P α1 y0 P y0 P
∆x1 ∆x2 ∆x3 x0 x4
O x
O x0 x1 x O x0 x2 x O x0 x3 x4
y L5
f(x)
y0 dy
O x
dx si ∆x → 0
2
Razonamiento matemático
Entonces las pendientes de las rectas secantes L1, L2, L3, L4, .... y de la recta tangente a la curva en el punto P “L1”
serán:
∆y 1
L1 : m 1 =
∆x 1
∆y 2
L2 : m2 =
∆x 2
∆y 3
L3 : m3 =
∆x 3
∆y 4
L4 : m4 =
∆x 4
dy
LTP : m P = ;
dx
Donde:
dy = una diferencial de y
dx = una diferencial de x
Osea si:
∆x → 0 ⇔ ∆x ≈ dx ≠ 0
e implica: ∆y ≈ dy ≠ 0
mp = Pendiente de la recta tanggente a la gráfica de
f ( x ) en el punto P.
∆y F ( x 0 + ∆x ) − f ( x 0 )
lim = lim = m( x 0 )
∆x → 0 ∆x ∆x → 0 ∆x
Entonces:
f ( x 0 + ∆x )
m ( x 0 ) = lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
Prosiguiendo con nuestro análisis; como la pendiente de la recta tangente a la gráfica de y = f(x), en el punto (x0; f(x0)),
está dado por:
f ( x 0 + ∆x ) − f ( x 0 )
m ( x 0 ) = lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
... si este límite existe. Entonces m(x0) es una nueva función en x0 denotaba por f ' ( x 0 ) y reconocida como la derivada
3
Razonamiento matemático
f ( x 0 + ∆x ) − f ( x 0 )
f ' ( x 0 ) = m ( x 0 ) = lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
Pero sabemos que x0 es un número particular en el dominio de f(x), entonces podemos generalizar para cualquier
x∈Dom f(x), mediante la siguiente definición:
Siempre que exista este límite, para todos los x ∈ Domf(x). f es una función de x, osea: f’(x).
Lectura:
f ' ( x ) se lee:
“y prima”
D x y se lee:
4
Razonamiento matemático
1. f ( x ) = 2 x + 1
Solución:
Dado: f ( x ) = 2 x + 1, entonces:
f ( x + h) − f (h)
f ' ( x ) = lim
h →0 h
f ' ( x ) = lim
( 2 ( x + h ) + 1) − ( 2 x + 1)
h →0 h
f ' ( x ) = lim
( 2 x + 2h + 1 − 2 x − 1) = lim
2h
h →0 h h →0 h
f ' ( x ) = lim 2 = 2 ⇒ f ' ( x ) = 2
h →0
2. f ( x ) = x 2 + 1
Solución:
f ( x ) = x 2 + 1, entonces:
5
Razonamiento matemático
f ( x + h) − f (h)
f ' ( x ) = lim
h →0 h
f ' ( x ) = lim
(( x + h ) + 1) − ( x 2 2
+h )
= lim
x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 + 1 − x 2 − 1
h →0 h h →0 h
f ' ( x ) = lim
( 2 x + h ) = lim 2 x + h = 2 x
h →0 h h →0
f ' ( x ) = 2x
x
3. f ( x ) =
a + x2
2
Solución:
x f ( x + h) − f (h)
Dado f ( x ) = ; entonces f ' ( x ) = lim
a −x2 2 h →0 h
x x
−
2
a − ( x − h)
2 a2 − x2
f ' ( x ) = liim
h →0 h
2
( x + h) a2 − x2 − x a 2 − ( x − h)
f ' ( x ) = lim
h →0 h
( x + h) 2 (a 2 − x 2 ) − x 2 (a 2 − ( x + h) 2 )
f ' ( x ) = lim
a 2 − x 2 ⋅ ( x + h ) a 2 − ( x + h )
h →0 2 2
h a 2 − ( x + h) ⋅ a2 − x2 + x
2 2 2
a 2 ( x + h) − x 2 ( x + h) − a 2x 2 + x 2 ( x + h)
f ' ( x ) = lim
a 2 − x 2 ⋅ ( x + h ) a 2 − ( x + h )
h →0 2 2
h a 2 − ( x + h) ⋅ a2 − x2 + x
Simplificando adecuadamente:
f ' ( x ) = lim
(
h 2a 2 x + a 2 h )
a − x ( x + h ) a 2 − ( x + h )
h →0 2 2
h a − ( x + h) ⋅
2 2 2
a2 − x2 + x
2a 2 x + a 2 ( 0 )
f '( x ) =
a 2 − x 2 ( x + 0 ) a 2 − ( x + 0)
2
a 2 − ( x + 0) ⋅ a2 − x2 + x
2a 2 x
f '( x ) =
a2 − x2 ⋅ a 2 − x 2 x a 2 − x 2 + x a2 − x2
2a 2 x 2a 2 x
f '( x ) = =
(a 2
− x 2 2x) a2 − x2
( )(
2x a 2 − x 2 a 2 − x 2 )
1
2
a 2x
f '( x ) = 3
(a − x ) 2 2
6
a2 − x2 ⋅ a 2 − x 2 x a2 − x2 + x a2 − x2
2a 2 x 2a 2 x
f '( x ) = = Razonamiento matemático
(a 2
− x 2 2x ) a2 − x2
( )(
2x a 2 − x 2 a 2 − x 2 )
1
2
a 2x
f '( x ) = 3
(a − x ) 2 2
a
4. f ( x ) = ax +
ax
Solución:
Dado:
a ax + a a x +1 x +1
f ( x) = ax + = = ⋅ = a ⋅
ax ax a x x
x +1
f ( x) = a , entonces:
x
f ( x + h) − f (h)
f ' ( x ) = lim
h →0 h
( x + h + 1) − x + 1
⇒ f '( x ) = a lim x+h x = a lim
( x + h + 1) x − ( x + 1) x+h
h →0 h h →0 h x+h⋅ x
f '( x ) = a lim
( x + h + 1) 2 x − ( x + 1) 2 ( x + h )
h →0 h x + h x ( x + h + 1) x + ( x + 1) x + h
f '( x ) = a lim
(x 2
) (
+ h 2 + 2 xh + 2h + 2 x x − x 2 + 2 x + 1 ( x + h ) )
h →0 h x+h x ( x + h + 1) x + ( x + 1) x + h
Simplificando x 3h 2 x + x + 2 x 2 h + 2 xh + 2 x 2 − x 3 − 2 x 2 − x − x 2 h − 2 xh − h
ordenadamente:
f ' ( x ) = a lim
h →0 h x + h x ( x + h + 1) x + ( x + 1) x + h
f ' ( x ) = a lim
h hx + x 2 − 1 ( )
h →0 h x + h x ( x + h + 1) x + ( x + 1) x + h
hx + x 2 − 1
f '( x ) = a lim
h →0 x+h x ( x + h + 1) x + ( x + 1) x + h
0( x) + x 2 −1
f '( x ) = a
x+0⋅ x ( x + 0 + 1) x + ( x + 1) x + 0
f '( x ) =
(
a x2 −1 ) =
(
a x2 −1 ) =
a ( x + 1) ( x − 1)
x x ( x + 1) x + ( x + 1) x x ⋅ 2 ( x + 1) x 2 x ( x + 1) x
a ( x − 1) a ( x − 1) a ( x − 1)
f '( x ) = = f '( x ) =
2x ⋅ x 2 2x 2 2x 2
7
Razonamiento matemático
5. f ( x ) = tan x
Solución:
f ( x + h) − f (h)
Dado f ( x ) = tan x, siendo f ' ( x ) = lim
h →0 h
tan x + tanh
− tan x
tan ( x + h ) − tan 1 − tan x ⋅ tan h
f ' ( x ) = lim = lim
h →0 h h →0 h
tan x + tan h − tan x + tan 2 x tan h
f ' ( x ) = lim
h →0 h (1 − tan x tan h )
f ' ( x ) = lim
tan h + tan 2 x ⋅ tan h
= lim
tan h 1 + tan 2 x ( )
h → 0 h (1 − tan x ⋅ tan h ) h → 0 h (1 − tan x tan h )
tan h 1 + tan 2 x
f ' ( x ) = lim ⋅ lim
h →0 h
h →0 1 − tan x tan h
1
1 + tan 2 x 1 + tan 2 x
f '( x ) = 1⋅ = = 1 + tan 2 x
1 − tan x ⋅ tan ( 0 ) 1− 0
f ' ( x ) = 1 + tan 2 x = 2
x ⇒ f (' x ) = 2
x
6. f ( x ) = x m
Solución:
f ( x + h) − f ( x)
Dado f ' ( x ) = x m , siendo f ' ( x ) = lim
h →0 h
f ' ( x ) = lim
( x + h ) n − x n ; de an − bn
= a n −1 + a n − 2 ⋅ b + .... + ab n − 2 + b n −1
h →0 h a−b
h
n −1 n−2
( x + h ) − h ( x + h ) + ( x + h ) + ... + ( x + h ) x n − 2 + x n −1
f ' ( x ) = lim
h →0 h
n −1 n−2
f ' ( x ) = lim ( x + h ) + ( x + h) + ... + ( x + h ) x n − 2 + x n −1
h →0
n −1 n−2
f '( x ) = ( x + 0) + ( x + 0) + ... + ( x + 0 ) x n − 2 + x n −1
f ' ( x ) = x n −1 + x n − 2 ⋅ x + ... + x ⋅ x n − 2 + x n −1
f '( x ) =
x n
−1
+ x n −1 + x n −1 + n n
...
+ −1
= nx n −1
n términos
f ' ( x ) = nx n −1
8
Razonamiento matemático
1
7. f ( x ) = x m
Solución:
f ( x + h) − f ( x)
1
Dado f ( x ) = x n , siendo: f ' ( x ) = lim
h →0 h
1 1
⇒ f ' ( x ) = lim
( x + h) n − xn
;
h →0 h
Haciendo:
1
a n = x + h ⇒ a = ( x + h) n
1
bn = x ⇒ b = x n
Como:
an − bn
= a n −1 + a n − 2b + ... + ab n − 2 + b n −1
a−b
( x + h) − x = ( x + h)
n −1
n + ( x + h)
n−2
n
1 1
x n + ... + ( x + h ) n ⋅ x
n−2
n +x
n −1
n
1 1
( x + h) n − xn
Luego:
1 1
( x + h) n − x n =
1
h n −1 n−2 1 1 n−2 n −1
( x + h ) n + ( x + h ) n nn + ... + ( x + h ) n ⋅ x n +x n
1 1
Con ello: ( x + h ) − x n n 1
f ' ( x ) = lim = lim
h →0 h 1
h → 0 n −1 n − 2 1 1 n−2
1
( x + h ) n + ( x + h ) n ⋅ x n + ... + ( x + h ) n ⋅ x n + x
n −1
f ' ( x ) = lim
( x + h) n − x n
= lim
1
h →0 h h →0 n −1 n−2 1 1 n−2
1 ( x + h ) n + ( x + h ) n ⋅ x n + ... + ( x + h ) n ⋅ x n + x n −1
f ' ( x ) = n −1 1
n−2 1
n−2
x n + x n ⋅ x n + ... + x n ⋅ x n + x n −1
1
f ' ( x ) = n −1 n−2 11 1 n−2 1 1
1− n
f ' ( x ) = nn−1 = n − 1 = ⋅ x n
x + x n −n1 ⋅ x n + ...n+−1x n ⋅ x n + x n −1 n
n + x n + .... + x n + x n −1
x nx n
1 1 1
1− n
f ' ( x ) = n −1 n −1
n veces
n −1
= n −1
= ⋅ x n
1 n
x n x n + 1....+ x n 1+ x n −1
1nxx n 1 n x
n1− + n
1 1 −1
1
f ' ( x ) = x n = x n nveces
= x n ⋅ x −1 = =
n n n n x1 n x
1− n 1 1
1 1− n 1 n −1 1 1 xn 1 n x
ff ' '((xx))== 1 xx nn == 1 x nx = x n ⋅ x −1 = =
nn nn x n n x n x
1− n
1 1 n x
f '( x ) = x n =
n n x
9
Razonamiento matemático
8. f ( x ) = L nx
Solución:
f ( x + h) − f ( x)
Dado f ( x ) = Lnx; siendo: f ' ( x ) = lim
h →0 h
Ln ( x + h ) − Lnx 1 x+h
f ' ( x ) = lim = lim ⋅ Ln
h →0 h h →0 h x
h 1
1 x x ⋅
h
x+ hh
hh
f ' ( x ) = lim Ln = lim Ln 1 +
h →0 x h →0 x
c
1
1 1
f '( x ) = lim Lnc x = lim =
h →0 h →0 x x
1
∴ Si f ( x ) = Lnx ⇒ f ' ( x ) =
x
9. f ( x ) = sen 2 x
Solución:
f ( x + h) − f ( x)
Dado: f ( x ) = sen 2 x; siendo f ' ( x ) = lim f ( x + h ) − f ( x )
Dado: f ( x ) = sen x; siendo f ' ( x ) = lim
2 h →0 h
h
( )
2 2 h →0
sen x + h − sen x ( sen x cos h + cos x sen h ) 2 − sen 2 x
f ' ( x ) = hlim
→0 ( )
f ' ( x ) = lim sen 2 x + h − sen 2 x = lim ( sen x cos h + cos x sen h ) 2 − sen 2 x
h = hlim
→0 h
h →0 h2 h →0 2h
sen x cos h + 2sen x cos x cos h sen h + cos x ⋅ sen 2 h − sen 2 x
2
f ' ( x ) = lim sen 2 x cos 2 h + 2sen x cos x cos h sen h + cos 2 x ⋅ sen 2 h − sen 2 x
f ' ( x ) = hlim
→0 h
h
( )
h →0
sen x cos h − 1 2 sen x cos h sen h
2 2
sen 2 h
→0
f ' ( x ) = hlim
2
(h
2
)
f ' ( x ) = lim sen x cos h − 1 + 2 sen x cos h sen h + cos 2 x sen 2 h
+ h + cos 2 x h
h →0 h h h
sen 2
h 2 sen x cos x cos h sen h sen 2 h
f ' ( x ) = lim −sen x sen 2 h + 2sen x cos x cos h senh + cos x sen 2 h
2 2
2
f ' ( x ) = hlim −sen x h + h + cos 2 x h
→0
h →0
h h h
1 1 1
sen
1 h sen
1 h 1 h
sen
f ' ( x ) = lim − sen 2 x − senh ⋅ senh + 2senx cos x cos h ⋅ senh + cos 2 x ⋅ senh ⋅ senh
f ' ( x ) = lim − sen x − h ⋅ senh + 2senx cos x cos h ⋅ h + cos x ⋅ senh ⋅ h
h →0 2 2
h →0
h h h
2
f ' ( x ) = −sen x ⋅ 1 ⋅ sen ( 0 ) + 2senx cos x ( 0 ) ⋅ 1 + cos x ⋅ sen ( 0 ) ⋅ 1
2
10
Razonamiento matemático
x2 −1
10. f ( x ) =
x2 +1
Solución:
x2 −1 f ( x + h) − f ( x)
Dado: f ( x ) = ; siendo: f ( x ) = lim
x2 +1 h →0 h
2
( x + h) − 1 − x 2 − 1 x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 − 1 x 2 − 1
2 2 − 2
f '( x ) = lim
( x + h) + 1 x + 1 2 2
= lim x + 2 xh + h + 1 x + 1
h →0 h h →0 h
f ' ( x ) = lim
( )(
x + 2 xh + h − 1 x + 1 − x 2 − 1 x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 + 1
2 2 2
) ( )( )
h →0
( 2
h x + 2 xh + h + 1 x + 1 2
)( 2
)
x 4 + 2 x 3h − x 2 h 2 − x 2 + x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 − 1 − x 4 − 2 x 3h − x 2 h 2 − x 2 + x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 + 1
f ' ( x ) = lim
h →0
(
h x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 + 1 x 2 + 1 )( )
Simplificando:
4 xh + h 2 h (4x + h)
f ' ( x ) = lim = lim
h →0
( 2
h x + 2 xh + h + 1 x + 1 2
)( 2
) h →0
( 2
)(
h x + 1 x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 + 1 )
4x + h 4x + 0
f ' ( x ) = lim =
h →0
(x 2
)( 2
+ 1 x + 2 xh + h + 1 2
) (x 2
)(
+ 1 x + 2x (0) + 0 2 + 1
2
)
4x 4x 4x
f '( x ) = = ⇒ f '( x ) =
( x2 +1 x2 +1 )( ) (x 2
+1 )
2
(x 2
+1 )
2
11. f ( x ) = 4 x
Solución:
f ( x + h) − f ( x)
Dado: f ( x ) = 4 x , siendo: f ( x ) = lim
h →0 h
x+h x h
4 −4 4 −1 4h −1
⇒ f ' ( x ) = lim = lim 4 x = 4 x lim
h →0 h h →0 h h →0 h
Ln 4
f ' ( x ) = 4 ⋅ Ln 4
x
11
Razonamiento matemático
1. f ( x ) = 2 x − 3
Solución:
f '( x ) = 2
2. f ( x ) = 2 x 3 − 12 x + 8
Solución:
Dado: f ( x ) = 2 x 3 − 12 x + 8
⇒ f ' ( x ) = 2 ( 3) x 3−1 − 12 (1) x 1−1
f ' ( x ) = 6 x 2 − 12 x 0 = 6 x 2 − 12 (1) = 6 x 2 − 12
f ' ( x ) = 6 x 2 − 12
3. f ( x ) = 6 x 5 − 10 x 3 + 2
Solución:
Dado: f ( x ) = 6 x 5 − 10 x 3 + 2
⇒ f ' ( x ) = 6 ( 5 ) x 5 −1 − 10 ( 3) x 3−1 + 0
f ' ( x ) = 30 x 4 − 30 x 2
12
Razonamiento matemático
4. f ( x ) = 4 + 2 x − 3 x 2 − 5 x 3 − 8 x 4 + 9 x 5 9. f ( x ) = x 2 ( x − 2 )
Solución: Solución:
Dado: f ( x ) = 4 + 2 x − 3 x − 5 x − 8 x + 9 x
2 3 4 5
Dado: f ( x ) = x 2 ( x − 2 ) = x 3 − 2 x 2
⇒ f ' ( x ) = 0 + 2 − 3 ( 2 ) x − 5 ( 3) x 2 − 8 ( 4 ) x 3 + 9 ( 5 ) x 4 ⇒ f ' ( x ) = 3x 2 − 2 ( 2 ) x = 3x 2 − 4 x
f ' ( x ) = 2 − 6 x − 15 x 2 − 32 x 3 + 45 x 4 ⇒ f ' ( x ) = 3x 2 − 4 x
x2 1
5. f ( x ) = 2ax 3 − +c 10. f ( x ) = + x2
b x
Solución: Solución:
x2 1
Dado: f ( x ) 2ax 3 − ( 2) + x Dado: f ( x ) = + x 2 = x −1 + x 2
b x
1 ⇒ f ' ( x ) = ( −1) x −1−1 + 2 x = − x −2 + 2 x
⇒ f ' ( x ) = 2a ( 3) x 2 − ( 2 ) x + 0
b 1
⇒ f '( x ) = − x 2 + 2x = − + 2x
2 x2
⇒ f ' ( x ) = 6ax 2 − x
b
1 1
6. f ( x ) = 3 x + x + 2 x − x
3 2 11. f ( x ) = 2 x 2 + 6 x 3 − x −1 + 2 x − 1
Solución: Solución:
1 1
Dado: f ( x ) = 3 x 3 + x 2 + 2 x − x −1 Dado: f ( x ) = 2 x 2 + 6 x 3 − x −1 + 2 x − 1
⇒ f ' ( x ) = 3 ( 3) x 2 + 2 x + 2 − ( −1) x −1−1 1 1
1 −1 1 −1
⇒ f ' ( x ) = 2 x 2 + 6 x 3 − ( −1) x −1−1 + 2 x 1−1
⇒ f ' ( x ) = 9 x 2 + 2 x + 2 + x −2 2
3
1 2
− −
3
x − x +1 2 f '( x ) = x 2 + 2x 3 + x −2 + 2 x 0 ; x 0 = 1
7. f ( x ) =
5 −
1
−
2
f '( x ) = x 2 + 2x 3 + x −2 + 2
Solución:
1 2 1
x3 − x2 +1 1 3 ó f '( x ) = + + +2
Dado: f ( x ) =
5
= x − x2 +1
5
( ) 1 2
x2
x2 x3
1 1
( ) (
⇒ f ' ( x ) = D x x 3 − x 2 + 1 = 3x 2 − 2 x + 0
5 5
) 1
12. f ( x ) = x 4 + 3 x 2 − 6 +
1 3 2 2 x
⇒ f '( x ) =
5
(3x 2 − 2 x ) ó f '( x ) =
5
x − x
5 Solución:
x5 x2 1 1
8. f ( x ) = − −x Dado: f ( x ) = x 4 + 3 x 2 − 6 + = x 4 + 3x 2 − 6 + 1
a+b a−b x
x2
Solución: 1
f ( x ) = x 4 + 3x 2 − 6 + x 2
x5 x2
Dado: f ( x ) = − −x 1
a+b a−b 1 − −1
⇒ f '( x ) = 4 x 3 + 3( 2) x − 0 + − x 2
2
5x 4 x2
⇒ f '( x ) = − −1 3
a+b a−b 1 −2
f '( x ) = 4x 3 + 6x − x
2
1 13
f '( x ) = 4x 3 + 6x − 3
2x 2
1
f ( x ) = x 4 + 3x 2 − 6 + x 2
1
Razonamiento 3matemático 1 − 2 −1
⇒ f '( x ) = 4 x + 3( 2) x − 0 + − x
2
1 −2
3 1 3 2
f '( x ) = 4x 3 + 6x − x 15. f ( x ) = + +
2 x x2 x3
1 Solución:
f '( x ) = 4x 3 + 6x − 3
1 3 2
2x 2 Dado: f ( x ) = − + = x −1 − 3 x + 2 x −3
x x2 x3
1
ó f '( x ) = 4x 3 + 6x − ⇒ f ' ( x ) = ( −1) x −2 − 3 ( −2 ) x −3 + 2 ( −3) x −4
2 x3
f ' ( x ) = − x −2 + 6 x −3 − 6 x −4
1
13. f ( x ) = x 3 + + x + 2x 2 − x 1 6 6
x f '( x ) = − 2
+ 3
−
x x x4
Solución:
1 x3 +1
Dado: f ( x ) = x 3 + + x + 2x 2 − x 16. f ( x ) =
x x
1
Solución:
f ( x ) = x 3 + x −1 + x 2 + 2 x 2 − x
x3 +1 x3 1 1
1 −1
1
Dado: f ( x ) = = + = x 2 + = x 2 + x −1
⇒ f ' ( x ) = 3 x 2 + ( −1) x −2 + x 2 + 2 ( 2 ) x − 1 x x x x
2
1
1 −2
1 ⇒ f ' ( x ) = 2 x + ( −1) x −2 = 2 x − x −2 = 2 x − 2
f ' ( x ) = 3 x 2 − x −2 + x + 4x − 1 x
2
1
1 f '( x ) = 2x −
f ' ( x ) = 3 x 2 − x −2 + 1 + 4 x − 1 x2
2x 2
1
1 1 17. f ( x ) = 3x + 3
x+
f ' ( x ) = 3x −2
+ + 4x − 1 x
x2 2 x
Solución:
2 2
x m x m
14. f ( x ) = + + + Dado: f ( x ) = 3x + 3
x+
1
m x m2 x2 x
1 1 1
Solución
f ( x) = 3 x + x 3 + x −1 = 3 x 2 + x 3 + x −1
x m x2 m2
Dado: f ( x ) =
1 1
+ + + 1 −1 1 −1
m x m2 x2 ⇒ f '( x ) = 3 x 2 + x 3 + ( −1) x −1−1
2 3
x 1
f ' ( x ) = + mx −1 + 2 x 2 + m 2 x −2 3 −2 1 −3
1 2
m m f '( x ) = x + x − x −2
2 3
1 1
⇒ f '( x ) = + m ( −1) x −2 + 2 ( 2 ) x + m 2 ( −2 ) x −3 3 1 1
m m f '( x ) = + −
1 2
1 2 x2
f '( x ) = − mx −2 + 2 x − 2m 2 x −3 2x 2 3x 3
m m
3 1 1
f '( x ) = + −
1 m 2 2m 2 2 x 3 2 x2 x2
f '( x ) = − 2 + 2 x − 3
m x m x
14
Razonamiento matemático
2 6 2 4 2
18. f ( x ) = 1
+ 1
− 3
− 3 20. f ( x ) = 2x +
x
x2 x3 x2 x4
Solución:
Solución:
2 2
2 6 2 4 Dado: f ( x ) = 2x + = 2 x+
Dado: f ( x ) = 1
+ 1
− 3
− 3
x x
x2 x3 x2 x4 1
2
1
−
1
1 1 3 3 f ( x) = 2x 2 + 1
= 2x 2 + 2x 2
− − − −
f ( x) = 2x 2 + 6x 3 − 2x 2 − 4x 4 x2
1 1 1 3
1 − −1 1 − −1 1 − 1 −
⇒ f '( x ) = 2 − x 2 + 6 − x 3 − ⇒ f '( x ) = 2 x 2 + 2− x 2
2 3 2 2
3 − −1 3 − −1
3 3
2 − x 2 − 4 − x 4 2 1 2 1 2 1 1
f '( x ) = ⋅ 1 − ⋅ 3 = −
2 4 2 2 2 1 3
x2 x2 x2 x2
3 4 5 7
− − − −
f '( x ) = − x 2 − 2x 3 + 3x 2 + 3x 4 ó
2 x −1 2 2 x −1
f '( x ) = = ⋅
1 2 3 3 2 3 2 2 1
f '( x ) = − 3
− 4
+ 5
+ 7
x
2 x⋅x2
−
x2 x3 x2 x 4 2 x −1 x −1
f '( x ) = ⋅ =
2 2 x x x 2x
1
19. f ( x ) = 3
3x 2 − x −1
5x f '( x ) =
x 2x
Solución:
2 6
1
2
1 21. f ( t ) = +
Dado: f ( x ) = 3 2 3
3x − = 3
3x 3 − 1
t t
5x
5x 2 Solución:
1
2 − 2 1 1 1
x 2 1 − 2 6 2 6 − −
f ( x) = 3
3x 3 − = 3
3x 3 − x 2
Dado: f ( t ) = + = + = 2t 2 + 6t 3
5 5 t 3
t 1 1
1 1 3 t2 t3
2 −3 1 1 −2
⇒ f '( x ) = 33 x − − x 1 − 1 −
3 4
3 5 2 ⇒ f '(t ) = 2 − t 2 + 6 − t 3
1 3 2 3
2 − 1 −
f '( x ) = 1
x 3 x 2
−
3
−
4
1 2
− 2 5 f ' ( t ) = −t 2 − 2t 3 =− −
3 3 ⋅3 3 4
2 1 2 1 t 2 t3
f '( x ) = 2 1 3
=
3
32 ⋅ 3
x 2 5 x3 1 2
33 x 3 2 5x 2 f '(t ) = − −
3 3
t x4
2 1 2 1
f '( x ) = 3 3
= 3
x 2 5x 3 x 2 5x 3 2 2
1
22. f ( x ) = + x + 2 3 x + x 3 + xa 3
2 1 x
f '( x ) = 3
x 2 5x 3 Solución:
2 2
1
Dado: f ( x ) = + x + 2 3 x + x 3 + xa 3
x
1 1 2 2
f ( x ) = x −1 + x 2 + 2 x 3 + x 3 + xa 3
1 2 1 2
1 − 1 − 2 −3
⇒ f ' ( x ) = ( −1) x −2 + x 2 + 2 x 3 + x 15+a3
2 3 3
2
1 1 2 2
f '( x ) = − + + + +a3
2 2
1
Dado: f ( x ) =+ x + 2 3 x + x 3 + xa 3
x
Razonamiento matemático 1 1 2 2
f ( x ) = x −1 + x 2 + 2 x 3 + x 3 + xa 3
1 2 1 2
1 − 1 − 2 −
⇒ f ' ( x ) = ( −1) x −2 + x 2 + 2 x 3 + x 3 + a 3
2 3 3
2
1 1 2 2
f '( x ) = − + + + +a3
x2 1 2 1
2x 2 3x 3 3x 3
2
1 1 2 2
f '( x ) = − + + + +a3
x2 2 x 3 3 x2 33 x
1. y = 4 − 2 x − 3x 2 − 5 x 3 − 8 x 4 + 9 x 5
2. y = x 2 a 2
1 2
3. f ( x ) = x 3 + x − 5 x −1
4
5
4. f ( x ) = −33 x +5
x
1 1 1
5. f ( x ) = 1 + + 2 + 3
x x x
t 4 − 2t 3 + t 2 − 1
6. f ( x ) =
t3
3 1
7. y = 5 x 2 + −
x x
1 4
8. y = +
2x 2 x
2
9. f ( x ) = ( x + 2 ) − ( x + 1) ( x + 2 )
10. f ( x ) = ( x + 2 ) ( x − 2 )
11. f ( x ) = ( x + 2 )
3
(x x)
1
12. f ( x ) = x 2 + + x
x
x 3 + 2x 2 + x + 1
13. f ( x ) =
x2
14. y = x n +1 − x n + 2 + x n + 3
16
Razonamiento matemático
D x y = D x ( f o g ) = ( Df ( x ) o g ( x ) ) ⋅ D x g ( x )
D x y = D x ( f o g ) = D x f ( g ( x )) ⋅ D x g ( x )
Si hacemos g ( x ) = µ ⇒ y = ( f o g )( x ) = f ( g ( x ) ) = f ( µ ) .......( 2 )
d g ( x)
También: = g ' ( x ) = µ ' ( x ) ..............................................( 3)
dx
( ) ( )
4
1. f ( x ) = x 2 − 3 , µ = x 2 − 3
Solución:
( )
4
Dada: f ( x ) = x 2 − 3 y µ = x2 − 3 ⇒ f (µ ) = µ 4
( ) ⋅ d (x
d µ4 2
−3 ) = 4µ
f '( x ) =
dµ dx
3
( )
⋅ (2x) = 4 x 2 − 3 ⋅ 2x
(
f '( x ) = 8x x 2 − 3 )
17
Razonamiento matemático
6
2. f ( x ) = (1 − 5 x ) , µ = (1 − 5 x ) 11
d µ 22
Solución: f
df ( µ ) d µ d µ d 3 + 4 x − x 2
' ( x ) = df ( µ ) ⋅ d µ = ⋅ d 3 + 4 x − x
(( 2
))
f ' ( x ) = d µ ⋅ dx = d µ ⋅ dx
6 dµ dx dµ dx
Dada: f ( x ) = (1 − 5 x ) y µ = (1 − 5 x ) ⇒ f ( µ ) = µ 6 1 1
1 − 21 1
(( ))
− 1
f ' ( x ) = 1 µ − 2 ⋅ ( 4 − 2 x ) = 1 3 + 4 x − x 22 −22⋅ ( 4 − 2 x )
Aplicamos la regla de la cadena: f '( x ) = 2 µ ⋅ ( 4 − 2x ) = 2 3 + 4x − x ⋅ (4 − 2x)
2 2
1 2 (2 − x) 2− x
df ( µ ) d µ f '( x ) = 1 ⋅ 2 (2 − x) 1 = 2− x 1
f '( x ) = ⋅ f '( x ) = 2 ⋅ =
dµ dx ((
3 + 4x − x 2
)) ((
2 3 + 4 x − x 22 21 3 + 4 x − x 22 21
3 + 4x − x 2
))
f '( x ) =
( ) ⋅ d (1 − 5x ) = 6µ
d µ 6
5
⋅ ( −5 )
2− x
f '( x ) = 2− x
dµ dx f '( x ) = 3 + 4 x − x 22
5 3 + 4x − x
= 6 (1 − 5 x ) ⋅ ( −5 )
5
f ' ( x ) = −30 (1 − 5 x )
5 5. f ( x ) = ( 4 x + 3)
Solución:
( ) ( )
4
3. f ( x ) = 3 x − 3 x 3 + 1 , µ = 3 x − 3 x 3 + 1 5
Dada f ( x ) = ( 4 x + 3) , hacemos:
Solución: µ = 4x + 3 ⇒ f ( µ ) = µ 5
( ) ( )
4
Dada: f ( x ) = 3 x − 3 x 3 + 1 y µ = 3x − 3x 3 + 1 Aplicamos la regla de la cadena:
⇒ f (µ ) = µ 4
f '( x ) =
df ( µ ) d µ d µ
⋅ =
5
⋅
( )
d ( 4 x + 3)
( ) ⋅ d (1 − 5x ) = 6µ
d µ6
f '( x ) =
dµ dx
5
(
⋅ 3 − 9x 2 ) Nota: De aquí en adelante haremos
la derivación aplicando regla de la
( ) (3 − 9 x )
5
f ' ( x ) = 6 3x − 3x 3 + 1 2
cadena en forma directa haciendo el
cambio de variable f(a) mentalmente.
= 6 ( 3x − 3x + 1) ⋅ 3 (1 − 3 x )
3 5 2
( )( )
5
f ' ( x ) = 18 1 − 3 x 2 3 x − 3 x 3 + 1 6. f ( x ) = 1+ x
1
Solución:
(
4. f ( x ) = 3 + 4 x − x2 2 ) 1
Dada f ( x ) = 1 + x = (1 + x ) 2
Solución:
1 1
⇒ f '( x ) = (1 + x ) 2 −1 ⋅ D x (1 + x )
1 2
(
Dada: f ( x ) = 3 + 4 x − x2 2 ) , hacemos:
1 1
1 1
2
f '( x ) = (1 + x ) − 2 −1 ⋅ (1) = 1
=
µ = 3 + 4x − x 2 2 1+ x
2 (1 + x ) 2
1
⇒ f (µ ) = µ 2 1
f ' ( x ) ==
2 1+ x
Aplicando la regla de la cadena:
18
1 1
Dada: f ( x ) = x2 + a2 −
ax
(
= x2 + a2 ) 2 − 1
( ax ) 2
Razonamiento
1 1 matemático
( −
f ( x ) = x 2 + a 2 2 − ( ax ) 2 )
1
7. f ( x ) = x 2 − 3x + 5 1 2
( ) ( )
−
⇒ f '( x ) = x + a2 2 ⋅ Dx x 2 + a 2 −
2
Solución:
1 1
− −1
− ( ax ) 2
1
2
Dada f ( x ) = x 2 − 3x + 5 = x 2 − 3x + 5 ( ) 2
1 2
1
1 3
( )
−
1 2
1 f '( x ) = x + a2 2 ⋅ (2x) + ( ax ) − 2
( ) ( ) 2 2
−
⇒ f '( x ) = x − 3x + 5 2 ⋅ D x x 2 − 3x + 5
2 2x 1
1 f '( x ) = +
1 1 3
( )
−
f ' ( x ) = x 2 − 3x + 5
2
2 ⋅ ( 2 x − 3) (
2 x2 + a2 2 ) 2 ( ax ) 2
2x − 3 x 1
= 1 f '( x ) = +
( )
2 2
2 x 2 − 3x + 5 2 x +a 2 ( ax ) 3
2x − 3
f '( x ) = 1
2 x 2 − 3x + 5 10. f ( x ) =
2
x − 2x + 1
Solución:
8. f ( x ) = 3
x 2 + 12 x + 8 + 5
x2
1 1
Solución: Dada: f ( x ) = = 1
x 2 − 2x + 1
Dada: f ( x ) = 3
x 2 + 12 x + 8 + 5
x2
(x 2
− 2x + 1 ) 2
( )
2 −
1
= x 2 − 2x + 1 2
( 2
= x + 12 x + 8 ) 3 + x5
1
1 2
( ) (x )
− −1
1
1
⇒ f '( x ) = − x − 2x + 1 2 ⋅D 2
− 2x + 1
( ) (x )
−1
⇒ f ' ( x ) = x 2 + 12 x + 8 3 ⋅D 2 x
x + 12 x + 8 2
3 3
1 2
( )
−
2 −1
2
f '( x ) = − x − 2x + 1 2 ⋅ ( 2x − 2)
+ x5 2
5
2 3 f '( x ) = −
( 2x − 2) =−
2 ( x − 1)
1 2
( )
− 3 3
f ' ( x ) = x 2 + 12 x + 8 ⋅ ( 2 x + 12 ) + x 5
( ) (( x − 1) )
3
3 5 2 x 2 − 2x + 1 2
2
2 2
3
2 x + 12 2
f '( x ) = 2
+ x5
f '( x ) = −
( x − 1) = − 1
3
( 2
3 x + 12 x + 8 ) 3 ( x − 1) 3 ( x − 1) 2
3 1
2 x + 12 2 5 f '( x ) = −
f '( x ) = + x ( x − 1) 2
5
( )
2
3 3 x 2 + 12 x + 8
12
(x )
5
1 11. f ( x ) = 4
−3 +
9. f ( x ) = x2 + a2 − x−3
ax
Solución:
Solución:
1
1 1
Dada: f ( x ) = x2 + a2 −
ax
(
= x2 + a2 ) 2 − 1
( ax ) 2
1 1
(
f ( x) = x 2 + a 2 ) 2 − ( ax )
−
2
1
1 2
( ) ( )
−
⇒ f '( x ) = x + a2 2 ⋅ Dx x 2 + a 2 −
2
19
1
1 − −1
− ( ax ) 2
2
1
Razonamiento matemático
5
12 1
(x ) ( )
5 −
Dada: f ( x ) = 4
−3 + = x4 − 3 2 + 12 ( x − 3) 2
x−3
5
5 4 1 1
( ) (x )
−1 − −1
⇒ f '( x ) = x −3 2 ⋅D
x
4
− 3 + 12 − ( x − 3) 2 ⋅ D x ( x − 3)
2 2
3
5 4 3
f '( x ) =
2
(x −3 ) 2 ⋅ 4 x 3 − 6 ( x − 3)
−
2 ⋅1
3
20 4 6
f '( x ) =
2
(
x −3 ) 2 ⋅ x3 − 3
( x − 3) 2
6
(x )
3
f ' ( x ) = 10 x 3 4
−3 −
( x − 3) 3
3
2 2 2
12. f ( x ) = a 3 − x 3
Solución:
3
2
2 32
Dada: f ( x ) = a 32 − x 32 2
Dada: f ( x ) = a 3 − x 3
3
2 2 32 −1
3 −1 2 2
⇒ f ' ( x ) = 3 a 23 − x 23 2 ⋅ D x a 23 − x 23
⇒ f ' ( x ) = 2 a 3 − x 3 ⋅ D x a 3 − x 3
2
1
3 23
2 2 12
2 2 −1
f ' ( x ) = 3 a − x 23 2 ⋅ − 2 x 23 −1
f ' ( x ) = 2 a 3 − x 3 ⋅ − 3 x 3
2 3
1
3
2 2 12
2 −1
f ' ( x ) = 3 a 23 − x 23 2 ⋅ − 2 x − 13
f ' ( x ) = 2 a 3 − x 3 ⋅ − 3 x 3
2 3
1 1
2 2 12
2 2
12
a 23 − x 23 2 a 23 − x 23 2
3 2 a 3 − x 3 a 3 − x3
f ' ( x ) = 3 − 2 = −
f ' ( x ) = 2 − 3 = −
1 1
2 3 x 13 x 13
x3 x3
2 2
a 23 − x 23
f '( x ) = − a 33 − x 3
f '( x ) = − 3
x
x
20
Razonamiento matemático
3
ax + b 1
13. f ( x ) = +
3
a + bx 3 +
c 3
a + bx 3
Solución:
3
ax + b 1
Dada: f ( x ) = +
3
a + bx 3 +
c 3
a + bx 3
( ax + b ) 3 + 1 1
f ( x) =
c3
( a + bx ) + ( a + bx )
3 3 3 −3
2
2 ( ax + b )
2 1
1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( a + bx )
− − −1
⇒ f '( x ) = 3
⋅ D x ( ax + b ) + a + bx 3 3 D x a + bx 3 + − a + bx 3 3 ⋅D
x
3
c 3 3
2
3 ( ax + b )
2 4
1 1
( ) ( )
− −
f '( x ) = 3
⋅a + a + bx 3 3 ⋅ 3bx 2 − a + bx 3 3 ⋅ 3bx 2
c 3 3
2
3 ( ax + b )
2 4
( ) ( )
− −
f '( x ) = ⋅ a + bx 2 a + bx 3 3 − bx 2 a + bx 3 3
c
2
3a ( ax + b ) bx 2 bx 2
f '( x ) = + 2
− 4
c
( a + bx ) 3 ( a + bx ) 3 3
2
3a ( ax + b ) bx 2 bx 2
f'( x ) = 3
+ −
c 3
( a + bx ) 3 2 3
( a + bx ) 3 4
1
14. f ( x ) = 2 + ( x − 3) 3
Solución:
1
Dada: f ( x ) = 2 + ( x − 3) 3
1 2
⇒ f '( x ) = 0 + ( x − 3) − 3 − D x ( x − 3)
3
1 1
f '( x ) = 2
⋅1 ⇒ f '( x ) = 2
3 ( x − 3) 3 3 ( x − 3) 3
( )
2
15. f ( x ) = 2 x 2 − 3 + 3
2x + 3
Solución:
1
( ) ( )
2 2
Dada: f ( x ) = 2 x 2 − 3 + 3
2x + 3 = 2x 2 − 3 + ( 2 x + 3) 3
2
1
(
⇒ f '( x ) = 2 2x 2 − 3 ⋅ D x 2x 2 − 3 + ) ( ) 3
( 2 x + 3) − 3 ⋅ D x ( 2 x + 3)
1 2
(
f '( x ) = 2 2x 2 − 3 ⋅ 4x + ) 3
( 2 x + 3) − 3 ⋅ 2
2
(
f '( x ) = 8x 2x 2 − 3 + ) 2
3 ( 2 x + 3) 3
2 21
f ' ( x ) = 16 x 3 − 24 x +
3 3
( 2 x + 3) 2
2
1
(
f '( x ) = 2 2x 2 − 3 ⋅ 4x +
3
)
( 2 x + 3) − 3 ⋅ 2
2
Razonamiento (
f ' ( x ) = 8 x matemático
2x 2 − 3 + 2)
3 ( 2 x + 3) 3
2
f ' ( x ) = 16 x 3 − 24 x +
3 3
( 2 x + 3) 2
8 5
1 1
16. f ( x ) =
8
(1+ x3 ) 3 −
5
(
1+ x3 ) 3
Solución:
8 5
1 1
Dada: f ( x ) =
8
(
1+ x3 ) 3 −
5
(
1+ x3 ) 3
8 5
18
( ) (1 + x ) − 15 53 (1 + x ) (1 + x )
−1 3 3 −1
⇒ f '( x ) = 1 + x 3 3 ⋅D
x
3
⋅D x
3
8 3
5 2
1 1
f '( x ) =
3
(1+ x3 ) 3 ⋅ 3x 2 −
3
(
1+ x3 ) 3 ⋅ 3x 2
5 2
(
f '( x ) = x 2 1 + x 3 ) 3 − x2 1+ x3 ( ) 3
2
Factorizandoo: x 2 1 + x 3 ( ) 3
2 2
(
f '( x ) = x 2 1 + x 3 ) ⋅ ((1 + x ) − 1) = x (1 + x ) (1 + x
3 3 2 3 3 3
)
−1
(
f '( x ) = x 5 1 + x 3 ) 3
17. f ( x ) = 1+ x
Solución:
1
1
1 12
Dada: f ( x ) = 1+ x = 1+ ( x ) 12
= 1 + x 12 2
Dada: f ( x ) = 1+ x = 1+ ( x ) 2 = 1 + x 2
1
−
1
1 12
− 1
⇒ f ' ( x ) = 1 1 + x 12 2 ⋅ D x 1 + x 12
⇒ f ' ( x ) = 2 1 + x 2 ⋅ D x 1 + x 2
2
1
−
1
1 12 1
− 1 −
f ' ( x ) = 1 1 + x 12 2 ⋅ 1 x − 12
f ' ( x ) = 1 + x ⋅ 2 x 2
2 2
2
2
1 1 1 1
f '( x ) = 1 ⋅ ⋅ 11 =
1 1 1 1
f '( x ) = 2
1 12 ⋅ ⋅ 12 = 1 12 1
2 x
2 1 + x 12 2 x 2 4 1 + x 12 2 ⋅ x 12
2 1 + x 2 4 1 + x 2 ⋅ x 2
1 1
f '( x ) = 1 1 = 1
f '( x ) = 1 = 4 x + x
1 12
4 x + x
4 1 + x 12 2 ⋅ x 12
4 1 + x 2 ⋅ x 2
22
Razonamiento matemático
2
18. f ( x ) = −3e 3 x +5
Solución:
2
Dada: f ( x ) = −3e 3 x +5
( )
2 2
⇒ f ' ( x ) = −3 ⋅ e 3 x +5
⋅ D x 3 x 2 + 5 = −3e 3 x +5
⋅ 3( 2) x
2
f ' ( x ) = −18 xe 3 x +5
( )
4
19. f ( x ) = x +1 + x −1
Solución:
4
1 1
( )
4
Dada: f ( x ) = x +1 + x −1 = ( x + 1) 2 + ( x − 1) 2
3
1 1
1 1
⇒ f ' ( x ) = 4 ( x + 1) 2 + ( x − 1) 2 ⋅ D x ( x + 1) 2 + ( x − 1) 2
3
1 1
1 −
1
1 −
1
f ' ( x ) = 4 ( x + 1) 2 + ( x − 1) 2 ⋅ ( x + 1) 2 ⋅ 1 + ( x − 1) 2 ⋅ 1
2 2
1 3
1
1 1 1
f ' ( x ) = 4 ( x + 1) 2 + ( x − 1) 2 ⋅ 1
+ 1
2 ( x + 1) 2 ( x − 1) 2
1 3
1 1
1
1 ( x − 1) 2 + ( x + 1) 2
f ' ( x ) = 4 ( x + 1) + ( x − 1) ⋅
2 2
1 1
2 ( x + 1) 2 ⋅ ( x − 1) 2
3
1 1
1 1
2 ( x + 1) 2 + ( x − 1) 2 ⋅ ( x + 1) 2 + ( x − 1) 2
f '( x ) =
1
( x + 1) ( x − 1) 2
4
1 1
2 ( x + 1) 2 + ( x − 1) 2
f '( x ) = 1
(x 2
)
−1 2
( )
4
2 x +1 + x −1
f '( x ) =
x2 −1
20. f ( x ) = Ln x + ( a2 + x2 )
Solución:
( )
1
Dada: f ( x ) = Ln x + a 2 + x 2 = Ln x + a 2 + x 2
( ) 2
⇒ f '( x ) =
x+
1
a2 + x2
(
⋅ Dx x + a2 + x2 )
1 1 1
( )
−
f '( x ) = ⋅ 1 + a 2 + x 2 2 ⋅ 23
x+ a + x 2
2 2
(
Dx a 2 + x 2
)
( )
1
Dada: f ( x ) = Ln x + a 2 + x 2 = Ln x + a 2 + x 2
( ) 2
∴ f ( x) =
A
+
B
=
1
−
1
x − 1 x + 1 2 ( x − 1) 2 ( x + 1)
1
Razonamiento matemático
⇒ f '( x ) =
x + a2 + x2
⋅ Dx x + ( a2 + x2 ) f ( x) =
1
2
1
( x − 1) −1 − ( x + 1) −1
2
1 1 1 1
( )
−2
f '( x ) = ⋅ 1 + a 2 + x 2
−
2 ⋅ ⇒ f ' ( x ) = ( −1) ( x − 1) ⋅ D x ( x − 1) −
2
x+ a 2 + x 2 2
1
(
Dx a 2 + x 2 ) ( −1) ( x + 1) −2 ⋅ D x ( x + 1)
2
1 −2 1 −2
f ' ( x ) = − ( x − 1) ⋅ 1 + ( x + 1) ⋅ 1
1 1 2 2
f '( x ) = 1 + 1
⋅ 2 x
x+ 2 2
a +x 1 1
2 a2 + x2 ( ) 2
f '( x ) = −
2 ( x − 1)
2
+
2 ( x + 1)
2
2 1
(
a + x2
) 2 + x
1
f '( x ) = ⋅ 1
x+ a2 + x2
(a 2
+ x2 ) 2 22. f ( x ) = 3
1+ 3
1+ 3
x
1 Solución:
f '( x ) = 1
(a 2
+ x2 2) 1 3
1
1 3
Dado: f ( x ) = 3
1+ 3
1+ 3
x = 1 + 1 + x 3
21. f ( x ) =
1
=
A
+
B
, calculando
( x − 1) ( x + 1) x − 1 x + 1
2
previamente los valores de A y B. 1
−
3 1
1
1 3
1 3
Solución: ⇒ f ' ( x ) = 1 + 1 + x
3 ⋅ D 1 + 1 + x
3
3
1 A B
Dada f ( x ) = = +
( x − 1) ( x + 1) x −1 x +1
1
−
2
3 2
−
1
1 3
1
1
3
Calculando previamente los valores de A y B. f ' ( x ) = 1 + 1 + x
3 ⋅ 1 + x 3 ⋅
3
3
1 A ( x + 1) + B ( x − 1)
Operando: =
( x − 1) ( x + 1) ( x − 1) ( x + 1) 1
D x 1 + x 3
Ax + A + Bx − B
=
( x −11) ( x + 1) 2
− 2
igualando el coeficiente de numeradores: 1
3 −
1
1 3
1
1
3
1 −
2
f ' ( x ) = 1 + 1 + x 3 ⋅ + 1 + x 3 ⋅ x 3
1 = ( A + B) x + A − B A + B = 0 3
3
3
( 0 ) x + 1 = ( A + B ) x + A − B A − B = 1
1 1 1 1
1 f '( x ) = ⋅ 2
⋅ 2
⋅ 2
2A = 1 ⇒ A = 2
2 1 3
1 3
x3
1 3
1 + x3
1 1 + 1 + x3
B=−
2
A B 1 1
∴ f ( x) = + = − f '( x ) =
1
⋅
1
x − 1 x + 1 2 ( x − 1) 2 ( x + 1) 2 2
1
2
1 −1 1 −1 1 3
1
f ( x ) = ( x − 1) − ( x + 1) 3
1 + 1 + x 3 ⋅ 3 1 + x 3 ⋅ 3
x2
2 2
1 −2
⇒ f ' ( x ) = ( −1) ( x − 1) ⋅ D x ( x − 1) −
2 1
1 f '( x ) =
( −1) ( x + 1) −2 ⋅ D x ( x + 1)
( 1+ )
2
(1 + x )
2 3
3
2 2 3 1+ 3
x ⋅ 3 3
⋅ x2
24
1 −2 1 −2
f ' ( x ) = − ( x − 1) ⋅ 1 + ( x + 1) ⋅ 1
2 2
f '( x ) = ⋅
2 1
2
2
1 3
1
3
3
1 + 1 + x 3 ⋅ 3 1 + x 3 ⋅ x2
Razonamiento matemático
1
f '( x ) =
( 1+ )
2
(1 + x )
2 3
3
2 3 1+ 3
x ⋅ 3 3
⋅ x2
23. y =
a2 3
3
Ln x + ( x2 + a2 )
Solución:
Dada: y =
a2 3
3
Ln x + ( )
x 2 + a 2 ; sucesivas cadenas:
y' =
a2
3
( 3) Ln 2 x + ( )
x 2 + a 2 ⋅ D x Ln x + ( x2 + a2 )
(
y ' = a 2 Ln 2 x + x2 + a2 ⋅ ) x + x1 + a D x + x + a 2 2
x
2 2
a Ln ( x +
2 2
x2 +a ) 12
1
y' = ⋅ 1 + ( x + a ) ⋅ D ( x + a ) 2 2 −2
x
2 2
x+ x +a2 2
2
y' =
a 2 Ln 2 x + ( x2 + a2 ) ⋅ 1 + 1 ( x 2
+ a2 )
−
1
2
⋅ 2 x
x+ x +a2 2
2
y' =
a 2 Ln 2 x + ( x2 + a2 ) ⋅ 1 + x
1
x+ x2 + a2
(x 2
+ a2 ) 2
y' =
a 2 Ln 2 x + ( x2 + a2 )⋅ ( x2 + a2 + x )
x+ x2 + a2 x2 + a2
y' =
a 2 Ln 2 x + ( x2 + a2 )
2 2
x +a
2 (1) + 4 6 3 3
y ' (1) = = = = 5
2 (1) 2
+ 4 (1) 2 1+ 4 5 5
3 3
y ' (1) = 5=
5 5
25
Razonamiento matemático
(
Dada: f ( x ) = Ln 4 x 4 − 8 ; f ' ( 2 ) = ? )
( 2
)
25. y = f x − 4 , hallar y ' ⇒ f '( x ) =
1
(
⋅ Dx 4x 4 − 8 = ) 1
⋅ 16 x 3
4x 4 − 8 4x 4 − 8
Solución: 4x 3
=
(
Dada: y = f x 2 − 4 ; hallar y ' ) x4 − 2
4x 3
d 2 f '( x ) =
(
⇒ y' = f ' x − 4 ⋅ 2
dx
)
x − 4 = f ' x 2 − 4 ⋅ 2x ( ) ( ) x4 − 2
3
4 ( 2)
(
y ' = f ' x 2 − 4 ⋅ 2x ) En x = 2 ⇒ f ' ( x ) =
( 2) 4 − 2
4 16
26. f ( x ) = ( x + 4 x − 3) , hallar f ' (1) f '( x ) =
7
Solución:
III.2.2. Ejercicios propuestos
( )
4
Dada: f ( x ) = x 2 + 4 x − 3 ; f ' ( x ) = ?
1. y = 5 ( x + 3) ( x − 1)
( ) ( )
3
⇒ f '( x ) = 4 x 2 + 4x − 3 D x x 2 + 4x − 3 2. y = ( x + 3) ( 2 x − 1)
(
f '( x ) = 4 x 2 + 4x − 3 )
3
( 2x + 4) (
3. y = Ln 2 x 2 − 7 x )
En x = 1 ⇒ f ' (1) = 4 12 + 4 (1) − 3 ( ) ( 2 (1) + 4)
3 4. y = Lnx + 1 + Ln ( x +1 )
f ' (1) = 4 ( 2 ) ( 6 ) = 192
3
(
5. y = Ln 3 x 2 + 9x 4 + 1 )
f ' (1) = 192 6. y = Ln ( x2 −1 + x )
( )
4
7. f ( x ) = 6 x 3 − x 2
( )
−2
27. f ( x ) = x 2 + 4 , hallar f ' ( 2 )
8. f ( x) = ( x 3
+ 5x 2 + 5 )
Solución:
n
9. f ( x ) = ( a + bx )
( )
−2
Dada: f ( x ) = x 2 + 4 ; f '( 2) = ?
( ) ;x =2
10
10. f ( x ) = x 2 + 5 x
( ) ( )
−3 0
⇒ f ' ( x ) = −2 x + 4 2
⋅ Dx x + 4 2
11. f ( x ) = ( 2 − 3 x + x ) 1 − x en x 2 2
=0
f ' ( x ) = −2 ( x + 4)
−3 0
2
⋅ 2x
12. f ( x ) = ( x − 2 x − 5 ) ( 2 x + 1)
2
4
f '( x ) = −
13. f ( x ) =
(x )
4
2
+4
3
x2 x +1
4 4 1 14. f ( x ) = x+ x+ x
En x = 2 ⇒ − =− =−
(2 )
3 3
2
+4 (8) 128 1
15. f ( x ) = x2 + 2 3 x4 −1 +
x
1
f '( 2) = −
128 16. f ( x ) = 3
6+ x+2
(
28. f ( x ) = Ln 4 x 4 − 8 , halla f ' ( 2 ) ) 17. f ( x2 +1 = ) x2 +1 + 6
(
16 x 2 + 1 )
Solución: (
f x2 − 2 = ) ( x + 1) 2
( 5)
(
Dada: f ( x ) = Ln 4 x 4 − 8 ; f ' ( 2 ) = ? ) 3
18. f ( x ) = ( 2 x + 1) f (1) =
1 1
⇒ f '( x ) = 4
4x − 8
⋅ Dx 4x − 8 = 4
4x − 8
⋅ 16 x ( 4
) 3
26
4x 3
= 4
x −2
Razonamiento matemático
f ' ( x ) = d ( µυ ) = µ dυ + υ d µ ∀ x∈I ⊂
f ' ( x ) = µ ( x ) D xυ ( x ) + υ ( x ) D x µ ( x )
O del formulario:
f ' ( x ) = d ( µυ ) = µ dυ + υ d µ
1. f ( x ) = x 2 (1 − 2 x )
Solución:
Dada: f ( x ) = x 2 (1 − 2 x ) , donde µ = x 2 ∧ υ = 1 − 2 x
f ( x ) = µ ⋅υ
Aplicamos la regla:
f ' ( x ) = µ ( x )υ ' ( x ) + υ ( x ) µ ' ( x )
f ' ( x ) = x 2 ⋅ D x (1 − 2 x ) + (1 − 2 x ) D x x 2
f ' ( x ) = x 2 ( −2 ) + (1 − 2 x ) 2 x
f ' ( x ) = −2 x 2 − 2 x − 4 x 2 = −6 x 2 − 2 x
f ' ( x ) = −6 x 2 − 2 x
x3 +1
2. f ( x ) =
x
(
+ x 2 − 1 x 3 + 2x )( )
Solución:
x3 +1
Dada: f ( x ) =
x
(
+ x 2 − 1 x 3 + 2x )( )
( ) (
f ( x ) = x 3 + 1 x −1 + x 2 − 1 x 3 + 2 x )( ) 27
3 2
Si µ = x + 1 h = x −1
−1 3
υ=x g = x + 2x
x3 +1
Razonamiento matemático
Dada: f ( x ) =
x
+ x 2 − 1 x 3 + 2x ( )( )
( )
f ( x ) = x 3 + 1 x −1 + x 2 − 1 x 3 + 2 x ( )( )
Si µ = x 3 + 1 h = x2 −1
υ = x −1 g = x 3 + 2 x
f ( x ) = µυ + hg
Aplicamos la regla:
f ' ( x ) = µ ( x )υ ' ( x ) + υ ( x ) µ ' ( x ) + h ( x ) g ' ( x ) + g ( x ) h ' ( x )
( ) ( ) (
f ' ( x ) = x 3 − 1 ( −1) x −2 + x −1 3 x 2 + x 2 − 1 3 x 2 + 2 + x 3 + 2 x 2 x )( ) ( )
f '( x ) = −
(x 3
+1 )
+ 3x + 3x 4 + 2 x 2 − 3x 2 − 2 + 2 x 4 + 4 x 2
x2
1
f ' ( x ) = − x − 2 + 3x + 3x 4 + 2 x 2 3x 2 − 2 + 2 x 4 + 4 x 2
x
1
f ' ( x ) = 5 x 4 + 3x 2 + 2 x − −2
x2
( )(
3. f ( x ) = x 4 − 5 x 8 + 6 x 5 − 3 )
Solución:
( )(
Dada: f ( x ) = x 4 − 5 x 8 + 6 x 5 − 3 , donde: µ = x 4 − 5 ∧ υ = x 8 + 6 x 5 − 3 ) ( )
f ( x ) = ( µυ )( x )
Aplicando la regla:
f ' ( x ) = µ ( x )υ ' ( x ) + υ ( x ) µ ' ( x )
( ) ( ) (
f '( x ) = x 4 − 5 D x x 8 + 6x 5 − 3 + x 8 + 6x 5 − 3 D x x 4 − 5 ) ( )
f '( x ) = ( x 4
− 5 ) ( 8 x + 30 x ) + ( x + 6 x
7 4 8 5
− 3)( 4 x ) 3
f ' ( x ) = 8 x 13 + 4 x 11 + 54 x 8 − 40 x 7 − 150 x 4 − 12 x 3
( ) (x )
2 4
4. f ( x ) = x 2 − 1 2
+4
Solución:
( ) (x ) ( ) ( )
2 4 2 4
Dada: f ( x ) = x 2 − 1 2
+ 4 , si µ = x 2 − 1 ∧υ = x2 + 4
f ( x ) = ( µυ )( x ) ⇒ f ' ( x ) = µ ( x )υ ' ( x ) + υ ( x ) µ ( x )
( ) ( ) + ( x + 4) D ( x − 1)
2 4 4 2
f '( x ) = x 2 − 1 D x x 2 + 4 2
x
2
f '( x ) = ( x − 1)
( 4 ) ( x + 4 ) ⋅ D ( x − 1) + ( x + 4 ) ( 2 ) ( x − 1) D ( x )
2 2 2 3 2 2 4 2 2
x x −1
f '( x ) = ( x − 1)
( 4 ) ( x + 4 ) ⋅ 2 x + ( x + 4 ) ( 2 ) ( x − 1) ⋅ 2 x
2 2 2 3 2 4 2
f ' ( x ) = 8 x ( x − 1) ( x + 4 ) + ( x + 4 ) ( x − 1) 4 x
2 2 2 3 2 4 2
f ' ( x ) = 4 x ( x − 1) ( x + 4 ) ( 2 ( x − 1) + x + 4 )
2 2 3 2 2
( )( ) ( 3x )
3
28 f ' ( x ) = 4 x x − 1 x + 4
2 2 2
+2
(
f '( x ) = x − 1 ) ) ( 4) ( x
( ) ( 2) ( x
+ 4 ⋅ 2x + x + 4 )
− 1 ⋅ 2x
f ' ( x ) = 8 x ( x − 1) ( x + 4 ) + ( x + 4 ) ( x − 1) 4 x
2 2 2 3 2 4 2
Razonamiento matemático
f ' ( x ) = 4 x ( x − 1) ( x + 4 ) ( 2 ( x − 1) + x + 4 )
2 2 3 2 2
( )( ) ( 3x )
3
f '( x ) = 4x x 2 − 1 x 2 + 4 2
+2
x8
5. f ( x ) = 3
(1 − x )2 2
Solución:
3
x8
( )
−
Dada: f ( x ) = 3
= x8 ⋅ 1 − x 2 2
(1 − x ) 2 2
( )
−
µ = x8 ∧υ = 1 − x 2 2 ; f ( x ) = ( µυ )( x )
(1 − x ) (1 − x )2 2 2 2
2
6. f ( x ) = ( x − 1) ( x + 2) 3 + x 4 ( x − 2) 3
Solución:
2
Dada: f ( x ) = ( x − 1) ( x + 2) 3 + x 4 ( x − 2) 3
2
Si µ = ( x − 1) h = x4
3 3
υ = ( x + 2) g = ( x − 2)
f ( x ) = ( µυ )( x ) + ( hg )( x )
f ' ( x ) = µ ( x )υ ' ( x ) + υ ( x ) µ ' ( x ) + h ( x ) g ' ( x ) + g ( x ) h ' ( x )
2 3 3 2 3 3
f ' ( x ) = ( x − 1) D x ( x + 2 ) + ( x + 2 ) D x ( x − 1) + x 4 D x ( x − 2 ) + ( x − 2 ) D x x 4
2 2 3 2 3
f ' ( x ) = ( x − 1) ( 3) ( x + 2 ) D x ( x + 2 ) + ( x + 2 ) ( 2 ) ( x − 1) D x ( x − 1) + x 4 ( 3) ( x − 2 ) D x ( x − 2 ) + ( x − 2 ) 4 x 3
2
f ' ( x ) = 3 ( x − 1) ( x + 2 ) 2 (1) + 2 ( x + 2 ) 3 ( x − 1)(1) + 3x 4 ( x − 2 ) 2 (1) + 4 x 3 ( x − 2 ) 3
2
f ' ( x ) = 3 ( x − 1) ( x + 2 ) 2 + 2 ( x + 2 ) 3 ( x − 1) + 3x 4 ( x − 2 ) 2 + 4 x 3 ( x − 2 ) 3
2 2
f ' ( x ) = ( x − 1) ( x + 2 ) 3 ( x − 1) + 2 ( x + 2 ) + x 3 ( x − 2 ) 3x + 4 ( x − 2 )
2 2
f ' ( x ) = ( x − 1) ( x + 2 ) ( x + 1) + x 3 ( x − 2 ) ( x− )
29
Razonamiento matemático
7. f ( x ) = 4 − x2 ⋅ 4x 2 − x 3
Solución:
1 1
Dada: f ( x ) = 4 − x2 ⋅ 4x 2 − x 3 = 4 − x 2 ( ) ⋅ (4
2 x −x )
2
3 2
υ
1 1 1 1
(
f '( x ) = 4 − x2 2 ) ⋅ Dx 4x 2 −( x3 2) + (4x 2
− x3 2 ) (
⋅ Dx 4 − x 2 ) 2
1 1 1
1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
− −
f '( x ) = 4 − x 2 2 ⋅ 4x 2 − x 3 2 Dx 4x 2 − x 3 + 4x 2 − x 3 2 ⋅ Dx 4 − x 2
2
1 1
( 4 − x ) ⋅ 8 x − 3x + ( 4 x − x )
2 2 2 3 2
f '( x ) = ( ) 1
2
1
⋅ ( −2 x )
2(4x − x ) 2
2(4 − x )
3 2 2 2
4 − x ⋅ (8 x − 3x ) 2 x 4 x − x
2 2 2 3
f '( x ) = −
2 4x 2 − x 3 2 4 − x2
f '( x ) =
( 4 − x ) (8 x − 3x ) − 2 x ( 4 x
2 2 2
− x3 )
2 2 2
2 4x − x 4− x
x 4 − 1 x 3 − 12 x 2 + 32 x
f '( x ) =
2 4x 2 − x 3 4 − x2
2
8. f ( x ) = 5 ( x + 3) ( 2 x − 1) 5
Solución:
2
Dada: f ( x ) = 5 ( x + 3) ( 2 x − 1) 5 = 5 ( x + 3) 2 ( 2 x − 1) 5
f ' ( x ) = 5 ( x + 3) D x ( 2 x − 1) + ( 2 x − 1) D x ( x + 3)
2 5 5 2
f ' ( x ) = 5 ( x + 3) ( 5 ) ( 2 x − 1) D x ( 2 x − 1) + ( 2 x − 1) ( 2 ) ( x + 3) D x ( x + 3)
2 4 5
f ' ( x ) = 5 ( x + 3) ( 5 ) ( 2 x − 1) ⋅ 2 + ( 2 x − 1) ( 2 ) ( x + 3) ⋅ 1
2 4 5
2
f ' ( x ) = 50 ( x + 3) ( 2 x − 1) 4 + 10 ( 2 x − 1) 5 ( x + 3)
4
f ' ( x ) = 10 ( x + 3) ( 2 x − 1) 5 ( x + 3) + 2 x − 1
4
f ' ( x ) = 70 ( x + 3) ( 2 x − 1) ( x + 2)
4
9. f ( x ) = x 3 ( x − 4 )
Solución:
4
Dada: f ( x ) = x 3 ( x − 4 )
4 4
⇒ f '( x ) = x 3D x ( x − 4) + ( x − 4) D x x 3
3 4
f ' ( x ) = x 3 ( 4 ) ( x − 4 ) (1) + ( x − 4 ) ⋅ ( 3) x 2
Ordenando:
30
3 4
f ' ( x ) = 4 x 3 ( x − 4 ) + 3x 2 ( x − 4 )
4
Dada: f ( x ) = x 3 ( x − 4 )
4 4
⇒ f '( x ) = x 3D x ( x − 4) + ( x − 4) D x x 3
Razonamiento matemático
3 4
f ' ( x ) = x 3 ( 4 ) ( x − 4 ) (1) + ( x − 4 ) ⋅ ( 3) x 2
Ordenando:
3 4
f ' ( x ) = 4 x 3 ( x − 4 ) + 3x 2 ( x − 4 )
( ) (2x )
2 3
10. f ( x ) = x 2 + 4 3
−1
Solución:
(
) ( 2 x − 1)
2 3
Dada: f ( x ) = x 2 + 4 3
⇒ f ' ( x ) = ( x + 4 ) D ( 2 x − 1) + ( 2 x − 1) D ( x + 4 )
2 2 3 3 3 3 2 2
x x
f ' ( x ) = ( x + 4 ) ( 3) ( 2 x − 1) D ( 2 x − 1) + ( 2 x − 1) ⋅ ( 2 ) ( x ) ( )
2 2 3 2 3 3 3 2
x + 4 Dx x 2 + 4
f ' ( x ) = 3 ( x + 4 ) ( 2 x − 1) ⋅ 6 x + 2 ( 2 x − 1) ( x + 4 ) ⋅ 2 x
2 2 3 2 3 2 2
( ) ( 2x ) ( ) (x )
2 3
f ' ( x ) = 18 x x 2 + 4 3
− 1 + 4x 2x 3 − 1 2
+4
Factorizando y ordando:
( )( ) (4x )
2
f '( x ) = 2x x 2 + 4 2x 3 − 1 3
+ 9 x 2 + 34
3x + 2
11. f ( x ) =
2x + 3
Solución:
3x + 2 −1
Dada: f ( x ) = = ( 3 x + 2 ) ( 2 x + 3)
2x + 3
−1 −1
⇒ f ' ( x ) = ( 3 x + 2 ) D x ( 2 x + 3) + ( 2 x + 3) D x ( 3 x + 2 )
−2 −1
f ' ( x ) = ( 3 x + 2 ) ( −1) ( 2 x + 3) + ( 2 x + 3) 3
3x + 2 3 − ( 3 x + 2 ) + 3 ( 2 x + 3)
f '( x ) = − + =
( 2 x + 3) 2
( 2 x + 3) ( 2 x + 3) 2
−3x − 2 + 6 x + 9 3x + 7
f '( x ) = 2
= 2
( 2 x + 3) ( 2 x + 3)
3x + 7
f '( x ) =
( 2 x + 3) 2
12. f ( x ) = 3 x 1 − 2 x 2
Solución:
1
Dada: f ( x ) = 3 x 1 − 2 x 2 = 3 x 1 − 2 x 2 ( ) 2
1 1
⇒ f ' ( x ) = 3 xD x 1 − 2 x 2 ( ) + (1 − 2 x )
2 2 2
⋅ D x ( 3x )
1 1
1
( ) ( ) ( )
−
f ' ( x ) = 3x 1 − 2 x 2 2 ⋅ Dx 1 − 2x 2 + 1 − 2x 2 2 ⋅3
2
1 1 31
3x
( ) ( )
−
f '( x ) = 1 − 2x 2 2 ⋅ ( −4 x ) + 3 1 − 2 x 2 2
2
2 1 2
1
Dada: f ( x ) = 3 x 1 − 2 x 2 = 3 x 1 − 2 x 2 ( ) 2
Razonamiento matemático 1 1
(
⇒ f ' ( x ) = 3 xD x 1 − 2 x 2 2 + 1 − 2 x 2 ) ( ) 2 ⋅ D x ( 3x )
1 1
1
( ) ( ) ( )
−
f ' ( x ) = 3x 1 − 2 x 2 2 ⋅ Dx 1 − 2x 2 + 1 − 2x 2 2 ⋅3
2
1 1
3x
( ) ( )
−
f '( x ) = 1 − 2x 2 2 ⋅ ( −4 x ) + 3 1 − 2 x 2 2
2
−6 x 2
1
(
−6 x + 3 1 − 2 x 2 )
f '( x ) = 1
+ 3 1 − 2x 2( ) 2 = 1
(1 − 2x 2 2 ) (1 − )
2x 2 2
3 − 12 x 2
f '( x ) =
1 − 2x 2
( )
2
13. f ( x ) = 4 − x 2 x2
Solución:
Dada: f ( x ) = 4 − x 2 x 2 ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
⇒ f '( x ) = 4 − x 2 Dx x 2 + x 2Dx 4 − x 2
( ) ( ) ( )
2
f '( x ) = 2x 4 − x 2 + x 2 ( 2) 4 − x 2 D x 4 − x 2
f '( x ) = 2x ( 4 − x ) 2 2
(
+ 2 x 2 4 − x 2 ( −2 x ) )
( ) ( )
2
f '( x ) = 2x 4 − x 2 − 4x 3 4 − x 2
Desarrollando y ordenando:
(
f ' ( x ) = 2 x 16 − 8 x 2 + x 4 − 16 x 3 − 4 x 5 )
f ' ( x ) = 32 x − 32 x 3 + 6 x 5
14. f ( x ) = x x3 − ( x +1 )
Solución:
1 1
Dada: f ( x ) = (
x x3 − )
x + 1 = x 2 x 3 − x 2 + 1
1 1 1 1
⇒ f ' ( x ) = x 2 D x x 3 − x 2 + 1 + x 3 − x 2 + 1 D x x 2
1
1 − 1 −1
1 1
f ' ( x ) = x 2 3 x 2 − x 2 + x 3 − x 2 + 1 x 2
2 2
5 5 1
1 1 2 1 1 −2
f ' ( x ) = 3x 2 − + x − + x
2 2 2 2
5 1 5
7 2 1 −2 7 1
f '( x ) = x + x −1 = x 2 + 1 −1
2 2 2
2x 2
7 1
f '( x ) = x5 + −1
32 2 2 x
1 1 2 1 1 −2
f ' ( x ) = 3x 2 − + x − + x
2 2 2 2
5 1 5
7 2 1 −2 7 1
f '( x ) = x + x −1 = x 2 + 1 −1 Razonamiento matemático
2 2 2
2x 2
7 1
f '( x ) = x5 + −1
2 2 x
3
15. f ( x ) =
( )(
1 − x 2 1 − 2x 3 )
Solución:
3
( ) (1 − 2 x )
−1 3 −1
Dada: f ( x ) = 3 1− x2
(1 − x ) (1 − 2 x )
2 3
(
⇒ f ' ( x ) = 3 1 − x 2 ) ( ) ( ) ( )
−1 −1 −1 −1
Dx 1 − 2x 3 + 1 − 2x 3 Dx 1 − x 2
(
f ' ( x ) = 3 1 − x 2 ) ( −1) (1 − 2 x 3 ) ( ) ( ) ( −1) (1 − x 2 ) ( )
−1 −2 −1 −2
Dx 1 − 2x 3 + 1 − 2x 3 D x 1 − x 2
(
f ' ( x ) = 3 − 1 − x 2 ) (1 − 2 x ) ( −6 x ) − (1 − 2 x ) (1 − x )
−1 3 −2 3 −1 2 −2
2
⋅ ( −2 x )
6x 2 2x
f '( x ) = 3 +
2
( )( ) (1 − 2 x ) (1 − x )
2 3 2 3 2
1 − x 1 − 2 x
(
6x 2 1 − x 2 + 2x 1 − 2x 3
f '( x ) = 2
) ( )
( )( )
2 2
1 − x 2 1 − 2x 3
6x 2 − 6x + 2x 1 − 2x 3
f '( x ) = 3
( ) = 3 2x + 6x 2 − 1 x
3 2
( )( ) ( )( )
2 2 2
1 − x 2 1 − 2x 3 1 − x
2
1 − 2x
6x + 1 x 2 − 3 x
f '( x ) =
(1 − x ) (1 − 2 x )
2 2 3 2
16. f ( x ) = 3
x 2 − 2x ⋅ x3
Solución:
1 3
Dada: f ( x ) = 3
x 2 − 2x ⋅ x 3 = x 2 − 2x ( ) 3 ⋅x2
1 3 3 1
(
⇒ f '( x ) = x 2 − 2x ) 3 ⋅ Dx x2 + x 2D x (x 2
− 2x ) 3
1 1 3
3 1 2
(
f '( x ) = x 2 − 2x ) 3 ⋅
2
x2 + x2 ( 2
x − 2x Dx x − 2x
3
) ( )
1 1 3 2
3 2 2 1
( ) ( )
−
f '( x ) = x x − 2x 3 + x 2 x 2 − 2x 3 ⋅ ( 2x − 2)
2 3
3
x 2 ( 2 x − 2)
1 1
3
f '( x ) = x 2 x 2 − 2x
2
( ) 3 + 2
(
3 x 2 − 2x ) 3
33
Razonamiento matemático
Simplificando:
x 2 + 2x
19. f ( x ) = , en x = 1
1 3
x +1
f '( x ) =
(
9x 2 x 2 − 2x + 2 x 2 ( 2x − 2) )
2 Solución:
(
6 x 2 − 2x ) 3
x 2 + 2x
5 3 5 3 5 3 Dada: f ( x ) =
x +1
( −1
= x 2 + 2 x ( x + 1) ; )
9x 2 − 18 x 2 + 4x 2 − 4x 2 13 x 2 − 22 x 2
f '( x ) = 2
= 2
en x = 1
(
6 x 2 − 2x ) 3
(
6 x 2 − 2x ) 3
(
⇒ f ' ( x ) = x 2 + 2 x D x ( x + 1) ) −1
+
3
x2 (13x − 22 ) ⇒ x 3 (13 x − 22 ) ( x + 1) −1 D x ( x 2 + 2 x )
f '( x ) = 2
f '( x ) =
( ) ( )
2
( )
−2
6 x 2 − 2x 3 6 3 x 2 − 2x f ' ( x ) = x 2 + 2 x ( −1) ( x + 1) ⋅1 +
( x + 1) −1 ( 2 x + 2 )
(
17. f ( x ) = x 2 + x − 1 ) x +1
x 2 + 2x 2 ( x + 1) x 2 + 2x
f '( x ) = − + =− +2
Solución: ( x + 1) 2 x +1 ( x + 1) 2
1
x 2 + 2x
Dada: f ( x ) = x 2 + x + 1 ( ) (
x + 1 = x 2 + x + 1 ( x + 1) 2 ) f '( x ) = − +2
1 1
( x + 1) 2
(
⇒ f '( x ) = x 2 + x + 1 ) 12 ( x + 1) −
2 ⋅ 1 + ( x + 1) 2 ⋅ ( 2 x + 1) 12 + 2 (1) 3
x = 1 : f ' (1) = − 2
+2=− +2=
2
x + x +1 1 (1 + 1) 4 4
f '( x ) = 1
+ ( − x + 1) ⋅ ( 2 x + 1) 2
2 ( x + 1) 2
f ' (1) =
4
x 2 + x + 1 + 2 ( x + 1) ( 2 x + 1)
f '( x ) = 1
2 ( x + 1) 2 20. f ( x ) = x 2e −3 x
x 2 + x + 1 + x 2 + 2x + 4x + 2 5x 2 + 7 x + 1 Solución:
f '( x ) = 1
= 1
2 ( x + 1) 2 2 ( x + 1) 2
Dada: f ( x ) = x 2e −3 x
2
5x + 7 x + 1 ⇒ f ' ( x ) = x 2e −3 x ⋅ D x ( −3 x ) + e −3 x D x x 2
f '( x ) =
2 x +1
f ' ( x ) = x 2e −3 x ⋅ ( −3) + e −3 x ⋅ 2 x
(
18. f ( x ) = x 2 + 4 x + 2 ( 2 x + 1) , en x = 1 ) 2
f ' ( x ) = −3 x 2e −3 x + 2 xe −3 x
Solución: Factorizando:
(
Dada: f ( x ) = x 2 + 4 x + 2 ( 2 x + 1) ; en x = 1 ) 2 f ' ( x ) = xe −3 x ( 2 − 3 x )
( )
f ' ( x ) = x 2 + 4 x + 2 ( 2 ) ( 2 x + 1) ⋅ 2 + ( 2 x + 1) ⋅ ( 2 x + 4 )
2
( )
21. f ( x ) = Ln x 2 Lnx ; hallar f ' ( e )
( )
f ' ( x ) = 4 x + 4 x + 2 ( 2 x + 1) + ( 2 x + 1) ( 2 x + 4 )
2 2
Solución:
Enn x = 1
(
Dada: f ( x ) = Ln x 2 Lnx ; hallar f ' ( e ) )
( )
f ' (1) = 4 12 + 4 (1) + 2 ( 2 (1) + 1) + ( 2 (1) + 1) ( 2 (1) + 4 )
2
1
2
f ' (1) = 4 ( 7 )( 3) + ( 3) ( 6 ) = 138 ⇒ f ' ( x ) = 138
⇒ f '( x ) = 2
x Lnx
(
⋅ D x x 2 Lnx )
1
f '( x ) = x 2 D x Lnx + LnxD x x 2
x 2 Lnx
1 2 1
f '( x ) = x ⋅ x + Lnx ⋅ 2 x
34 x 2 Lnx
1 x + 2 xLnx
f '( x ) = 2 [ x + 2 xLnx ] =
x Lnx x 2 Lnx
(1 − x ) 2
1
⇒ f '( x ) = (
⋅ D x x 2 Lnx ) 3
x 2 Lnx
( )
−
3x 3 1 − x 2 2 3
1 ó f '( x ) = Razonamiento
= matemático
f '( x ) = x 2 D x Lnx + LnxD x x 2
x 2 Lnx x 1− x 2
(x 1− x2 ) ( )
1 2 1 3
f '( x ) = x ⋅ x + Lnx ⋅ 2 x ⇒ f '( x ) =
x 2 Lnx (
x 1− x2 )
1 x + 2 xLnx
f '( x ) = [ x + 2 xLnx ] =
x 2 Lnx x 2 Lnx
III.3.2. Ejercicios propuestos
1 + 2 Lnx
f '( x ) = Hallar la derivada de las siguientes funciones:
xLnx
1 + 2 Ln ( e ) 1+ 2 1. f ( x ) = ( x − 1) x 2 − 2x + 2
Si: x = e ⇒ f ' ( e ) = = ;
eLne e
OjO: Lne = 1 2. f ( x ) = x 3 − 2 x 2
3 1
f '(e) = 3. y = e 2 x + 3 ⋅ x 2 − x +
e 2
x2
4. f ( x ) = 2 a2
x e
(
22. f ( x ) = e x 1 − x 5 )
5. f ( x ) = 2 x 3 − 3x 2 − 1 ⋅ 1− x2
Solución:
6. f ( x ) = (
x x2 + x )
( )
Dada: f ( x ) = e 1 − x x 5
3 2
7. f ( x ) = ( x + 1) ⋅ (1 − x ) 5
⇒ f ' ( x ) = e D (1 − x ) + (1 − x ) D e
x 5 5 x 5
x x
8. f ( x ) = 2 x 2 2− x
f ' ( x ) = e ( −5 x ) + (1 − x ) e = e ( −5 x
x 4 5 x x 4
− x5 +1 )
(
9. y = 1 + )( x )
x 1−
f ' ( x ) = e ( − x − 5 x + 1)
x 5 4
y = (3 + 2x ) ( x + 2)
2 3
10.
3
( )
−
23. f ( x ) = x 3 1 − x 2 2 11. y = x3 ⋅ 3
x
12. y =
( x − 3)
Solución:
( x + 3)
3 2
Dada: f ( x ) = x 3 1 − x 2 ( )
−
2 13. y = ( x − 3) ( x + 2 ) −3
3
5 3 14. y = 3
(
x 1+ x )
( ) ( )
− −
⇒ f '( x ) = x 3 ⋅ − 1 − x 2 2 ⋅ ( −2 x ) + 1 − x 2 2
2
2
15. y = 14 x 2 ( 1− x2 )
⋅ 3x
3x 4 3x 2
f '( x ) = 5
+ 3
(1 − ) (1 − x ) x2 2 2 2
3 x + 3 x (1 − x ) 3 x + 3 x − 3 x
4 2 2 4 2 4
f '( x ) = = 5 5
(1 − x ) (1 − x ) 2 2 2 2
3x 2
f '( x ) = 5
(1 − x ) 2 2
( )
−
3x 3 1 − x 2 2
3
ó f '( x ) = =
x (1 − x ) 2
(
x 1− x2 )
3
⇒ f '( x ) = 35
x 1− x2 ( )
Razonamiento matemático
u v ( x ) D xu ( x ) − u ( x ) D x v ( x )
Dx ( y ) = Dx f ( x) = Dx = 2
v
( x) v
( x)
'
u v ( x )u ' ( x ) − u ( x ) v ' ( x )
y ' = f '( x ) = = 2
v
( x) v
( x)
Como formulario:
u udv − vdu
d =
v v2
Teorema (2):
Si v es diferenciable sobre I y si v(x) ≠ 0, en I, entonces:
1
y = f ( x) =
v ( x)
1 − D xv( x)
Dx y = Dx f ( x) = Dx = 2
v ( x ) v
( x)
v '( x )
'
1
f '( x ) = = − 2
v ( x) v ( x )
Como formulario:
1 v'
d =− 2
v v
u
y = f ( x) =
v ( x)
36
Razonamiento matemático
u
'
v ( x ) ⋅ u (' x ) − u ( x )v (' x )
f '( x ) = = 2
v ( x) v
( x)
x2 +1
1. f ( x ) =
x
Solución:
x2 +1
Dada: f ( x ) = ; u = x2 +1 ∧ v = x
x
u v ( x ) ⋅ u '( x ) − u ( x ) ⋅ v '( x )
f ( x ) = ( x ) ⇒ f '( x ) = 2
v v ( x )
⇒ f '( x ) =
(
x ⋅ Dx x 2 + 1 − x 2 + 1 Dx x) ( ) =
( )
x ⋅ 2x − x 2 + 1 1
x2 x2
2x 2 − x 2 − 1 x2 −1
f '( x ) = 2
=
x x2
x2 −1
f '( x ) =
x2
x
2. f ( x ) =
1+ x2
Solución:
x
Dada: f ( x ) = ; u = x ∧v =1+ x2
1+ x2
u v ( x ) u '( x ) − u ( x ) v '( x )
f ( x ) = ( x ) ⇒ f '( x ) = 2
v
v ( x )
⇒ f '( x ) =
(1 + x ) D x − xD (1 + x ) = (1 + x )1 − x ( 2 x )
2
x x
2 2
(1 + x ) (1 + x )
2 2 2 2
1 + x 2 − 2x 2 1− x2
f '( x ) = =
(1 + x ) 2 2
(1 + x ) 2 2
1− x2
f '( x ) =
(1 + x ) 2 2
x3
3. f ( x ) =
x2 − 9
Solución:
x3
Dada: f ( x ) = 2
, u = x3 ∧ v = x2 − 9
x −9
u v ( x ) u '( x ) − u ( x ) ⋅ v '( x )
f ( x ) = ⇒ f '( x ) = 2
v
( x) v ( x )
⇒ f '( x ) =
(x 2
)
− 9 D x x 3 − x 3D x x 2 − 9 ( ) 37
( )
2 2
x −9
2 2 3
x − 9 ⋅ 3x − x ⋅ 2 x 4 2 4
x3
Dada: f ( x ) = 2
, u = x3 ∧ v = x2 − 9
x −9
⇒ f '( x ) =
(x 2
)
− 9 D x x 3 − x 3D x x 2 − 9 ( )
(x )
2 2
−9
f '( x ) =
(x 2
)
− 9 ⋅ 3x − x ⋅ 2 x 2 3
=
3 x 4 − 27 x 2 − 2 x 4
(x ) (x )
2 2 2 2
−9 −9
x 4 − 27 x 2
f '( x ) =
(x )
2 2
−9
1+ x a − x
4. f ( x ) = +
1− x a + x
Solución:
1+ x a − x
Dada: f ( x ) = + ; u =1+ x ∧ v =1− x
1− x a + x
g =a−x ∧h=a+x
u g
f ( x) = ( x) + ( x)
v h
vdu − udv hdg − gdh
f '( x ) = +
v2 h2
(1 + x ) D x (1 + x ) − (1 + x ) D x (1 − x ) + ( a + x ) D x ( a − x ) − ( a − x ) D x ( a + x )
f '( x ) =
(1 − x ) 2 (a + x)2
f '( x ) =
(1 − x )(1) − (1 + x ) ( −1) + ( a + x ) ( −1) − ( a − x )(1)
(1 − x ) 2 (a + x)2
1− x +1+ x −a − x − a + x
f '( x ) = 2
+
(1 − x ) (a + x)2
2 −2a 2 2
f '( x ) = 2
+ 2
f '( x ) = 2
− 2
(1 − x ) (a + x) (1 − x ) (a + x)
6− x x
5. f ( x ) = +
3x + 5 x + 1
Solución:
6− x x
Dada: f ( x ) = + ; idéntico al anterior:
3x + 5 x + 1
f ' ( x ) ==
( 3x + 5) D x ( 6 − x ) − ( 6 − x ) D x ( 3x + 5) + ( x + 1) D x x − xD x ( x + 1)
( 3x + 5) 2 ( x + 1) 2
f '( x ) =
( 3x + 5) ( −1) − ( 6 − x )( 3) + ( x + 1)1 − x (1)
( 3x + 5) 2 ( x + 1) 2
− 3 x − 5 − 18 + 3 x x +1− x
f '( x ) = 2
+
( 3x + 5) ( x + 1) 2
−23 1
f '( x ) = 2
+ 2
( 3x + 5) ( x + 1)
38
f '( x ) =
( 3x + 5) ( −1) − ( 6 − x )( 3) + ( x + 1)1 − x (1)
( 3x + 5) 2 ( x + 1) 2
− 3 x − 5 − 18 + 3 x x +1− x Razonamiento matemático
f '( x ) = 2
+
( 3x + 5) ( x + 1) 2
−23 1
f '( x ) = 2
+
( 3x + 5) ( x + 1) 2
x
6. f ( x ) = 2
( x + 2)
Solución:
x 2
Dada: f ( x ) = 2
; u = x ∧ v = ( x + 2)
( x + 2)
u vdu − udv
f ( x ) = ⇒ f '( x ) =
v
( x) v2
⇒ f '( x ) =
( x + 2 ) D x x − xD x ( x + 2 ) 2 = ( x + 2 ) 2 ⋅ 1 − x ( 2 ) ( x + 2 ) ⋅ 1
2
( x + 2 ) 2 ( x + 2) 4
2
f '( x ) =
( x + 2) − 2x ( x + 2) = x 2 + 4x + 4 − 2x 2 − 4x
( x + 2) 4 ( x + 2) 4
f '( x ) =
4 − x2
=
(2 + x)(2 − x) = 2 − x
4
( x + 2) ( x + 2) 4 ( x + 2) 3
2− x
f '( x ) =
( x + 2) 3
x 2 − 3x x3
7. f ( x ) = +
x +1 3 − x2
Solución:
x 22 − 3 x x 33
Dada: f ( x ) = x − 3 x + x 2
Dada: f ( x ) = x + 1 + 3 − x 2
x +1 3− x
Aplicando sucesivamente:
Aplicando sucesivamente:
vdu − udv
f ' ( x ) = vdu −2 udv
f '( x ) = v2
v
f '( x ) =
(( xx ++ 11)) D (( )) (( ))
x 2 − 3 x − x 2 − 3 x D ( x + 1) 3 − x 2 D x 3 − x 3 D 3 − x 2 ((
D xx x 2 − 3 x − x 2 − 3 x D xx ( x + 1) + 3 − x 2 D xx x 3 − x 3 D xx 3 − x 2 )) (( ))
f '( x ) = (( xx ++ 11)) 22 +
(( ))
2
3 − x 22 2
3− x
((
( x + 1) ( 2 x − 3) − x 22 − 3x (1) 3 − x 22
f ' ( x ) = ( x + 1) ( 2 x − 3) − 2x − 3 x (1) + 3 − x
)) (( )) 33xx −− xx
2
2
3
3 (( −−22 xx ))
f '( x ) = (( xx ++ 11)) 2 +
((33 −− xx ))
2 22
2
2 x 22 − 3 x + 2 x − 3 − x 22 + 3 x 9 x 22 − 3 x 44 + 2 x 44
f ' ( x ) = 2 x − 3 x + 2 x − 32 − x + 3 x + 9 x − 3 x +22 x
f '( x ) = (( xx ++ 11)) 2 +
3 − x 22 2
3− x (( ))
x 22 + 2 x − 3 9 x 22 − x 44
f ' ( x ) = x + 2 x −2 3 + 9x − x 2
f ' ( x ) = ( x + 1) 2 +
( x + 1) ((
3 − x 22 2
3− x ))
39
Razonamiento matemático
1
2x 2 x3 +1
8. f ( x ) = +
x2 +1 x
Solución:
1
2x 2 x3 +1
Dada: f ( x ) = 2
+
x +1 x
1 1
(x 2
)
+ 1 Dx 2x 2 − 2x 2 Dx x 2 + 1
(
xD x x 3 + 1 − x 3 + 1 D x x
) ( ) ( )
⇒ f '( x ) = +
( )
2
x2 +1 x2
1 1
1 −2
(
x2 +1
2
) x
− 2 x 2 ⋅ 2 x x ⋅ 3x 2 − x 3 + 1
2
( )
f '( x ) = +
( )
2
x2 +1 x2
1
x2 +1
1
− 4x 2 ⋅ x
x2 3x 2 − x 3 − 1
f '( x ) = +
(x )
2
2
+1 x2
x 2 + 1 − 4x ⋅ x 2x 3 − 1
f '( x ) = 1
+
x2
(x )
2 2
x2 +1
x 2 + 1 − 4x 2 2x 3 − 1 1 − 3x 2 2x 3 − 1
f '( x ) = + = +
1
x 1 1
x2
( ) ( )
2 2
x2 x2 +1 x2 x2 +1
1 − 3x 2 2x 3 − 1
f '( x ) = +
( )
2
x x2 +1 x2
2x 3 − 5x 2 + 4x
9. f ( x ) =
( x − 1) 2
Solución:
2x 3 − 5x 2 + 4x
Dada: f ( x ) =
( x − 1) 2
( x − 2 ) 2 D x ( 2 x 3 − 5 x 2 + 4 x ) − ( 2 x 3 − 5 x 2 + 4 x ) D x ( x − 1) 2
f '( x ) = 2
( x − 1) 2
( x − 1) 2 ( 6 x − 10 x + 4 ) − ( 2 x 3 − 5 x 2 + 4 x ) ( 2 ) ( x − 1) D x ( x − 1)
f '( x ) =
( x − 1) 4
( x − 1) 2 ( 6 x − 10 x + 4 ) − ( 2 x 3 − 5 x 2 + 4 x ) ( 2 ) ( x − 1) ⋅ 1
f '( x ) =
( x − 1) 4
( x − 1) 2 ( 6 x − 10 x + 4 ) − 2 ( x − 1) ( 2 x 3 − 5 x 2 + 4 x )
f '( x ) =
40 ( x − 1) 4
( x − 1) ( 6 x 2 − 10 x + 4 ) − 2 ( 2 x 3 − 5 x 2 + 4 x )
f '( x ) =
( x − 1) 3
f '( x ) =
( x − 1) 4
( x − 1) 2 ( 6 x − 10 x + 4 ) − ( 2 x 3 − 5 x 2 + 4 x ) ( 2 ) ( x − 1) ⋅ 1 Razonamiento matemático
f '( x ) =
( x − 1) 4
( x − 1) 2 ( 6 x − 10 x + 4 ) − 2 ( x − 1) ( 2 x 3 − 5 x 2 + 4 x )
f '( x ) =
( x − 1) 4
( x − 1) ( 6 x 2 − 10 x + 4 ) − 2 ( 2 x 3 − 5 x 2 + 4 x )
f '( x ) =
( x − 1) 3
6 x 3 − 10 x 2 + 4 x − 6 x 2 + 10 x − 4 − 4 x 2 + 10 x 2 − x
f '( x ) =
( x − 1) 3
2x 3 − 6x 2 + 6x − 4
f '( x ) =
( x − 1) 3
x+2
10. f ( x ) =
x
Solución:
1
x + 2 ( x + 2) 2
Dada: f ( x ) = =
x x
1 1
xD x ( x + 2 ) 2 − ( x + 2 ) 2 ⋅ D x x
⇒ f '( x ) =
x2
1 1
1 −
x ( x + 2) 2 ⋅ D x ( x + 2) − ( x + 2) 2 ⋅1
2
f '( x ) =
x2
1 1
1 −
x ( x + 2) 2 ⋅1 − ( x + 2) 2
f '( x ) = 2
x2
1
x
1
− ( x + 2) 2
2 ( x + 2) 2 x − 2 ( x + 2) x − 2x − 4
f '( x ) = 2
= 1
= 1
x
2x ⋅ ( x + 2)
2
2 2x 2 ( x + 2) 2
4+ x
f '( x ) = −
2x 2 x+2
3
x+2
11. f ( x ) =
x +1
Solución:
1
Dada: f ( x ) =
3
x+2
=
( x + 2) 3
1
x +1
( x + 1) 2
1 1 1 1
⇒ f '( x ) =
( x + 1) 2 D x ( x + 2 ) 3 − ( x + 2 ) 3 D x ( x + 1) 2
2
1
( x + 1) 2
1 2 1 1
1 1
( x + 1) 2 ⋅ ( x + 2 ) − 3 D x ( x + 1) − ( x + 2 ) 2 ⋅ ( x + 1) − 2 ⋅ D x ( x + 1)
f '( x ) = 3 2
41
( x + 1)
1 2 1 1
1 1
( x + 1) 2 ⋅ ⋅ ( x + 2 ) − 3 ⋅ 1 − ( x + 2 ) 2 ⋅ ⋅ ( x + 1)
−
2 ⋅1
1 1 1 1
⇒ f '( x ) =
( x + 1) 2 D x ( x + 2 ) 3 − ( x + 2 ) 3 D x ( x + 1) 2
1 2
Razonamiento matemático
( x + 1) 2
1 2 1 1
1 1
( x + 1) 2 ⋅ ( x + 2 ) − 3 D x ( x + 1) − ( x + 2 ) 2 ⋅ ( x + 1) − 2 ⋅ D x ( x + 1)
f '( x ) = 3 2
( x + 1)
1 2 1 1
1 − 1 −
( x + 1) 2 ⋅ ⋅ ( x + 2) 3 ⋅ 1 − ( x + 2 ) 2 ⋅ ⋅ ( x + 1) 2 ⋅ 1
f '( x ) = 3 2
( x + 1)
1 1
( x + 1) 2 −
( x + 2) 2
2 1
3( x + 2) 3 2 ( x + 1) 2 2 ( x + 1) − ( x + 2 ) 3
f '( x ) = =
( x + 1) 2
3 ( x + 2 ) 3 ⋅ 2 ( x + 1) 2 ( x + 1)
1
−x − x+
f '( x ) = 2 3
⇒ f '( x ) = −
( x + 2) ⋅ ( x + 1) 3 2
3
( x + 2) 2 ⋅ ( x + 1) 3
x8
12. f ( x ) = 3
(1− x2 ) 2
Solución:
x8
Dada: f ( x ) = x8 3
Dada: f ( x ) =
(
1− x2 ) 23
(
1− x2
3
) 2
3
(1 − )
⇒ f ' ( x ) = (1 − x )
x 2 23
⋅ D x x 8 − x 8 ⋅ D x 1 − x 2 32 ( )
⇒ f '( x ) =
2 2
⋅ Dx x8 − x8 ⋅ D
3 2 x
1− x2 2 ( )
2
1 − x 2 23
2
( )
1 − x 2
( )
3 1
3
( )
1 − x 2 32 ⋅ 8 x 7 − x 8 ⋅ 3 1 − x 2 12 ⋅ D x 1 − x 2 ( ) ( )
f (
'( x ) = 1 − x
2 2
)
⋅ 8 x 7 − x 8 ⋅ 2 1 − x 2 2 ⋅ D x 1 − x 2
2 3
( ) ( )
f '( x ) = 1− x2 3 ( )
3
1− x2
1
( )
3
( ( ) )
8 x 7 1 − x 2 23 − 3 x 8 1 − x 2 12 ( −2 x )
f
7
( 2
( ) 8
)
' ( x ) = 8 x 1 − x 2 − 2 x 13 − x 2 ( −2 x )
2
f '( x ) = ( ) 2
1− x 2
(1 − x ) 3
2 3
1 1
8 x (1 − x ) + 3 x (1 − x )
7
(1 − x ) (8x (1 − x ) + 3x )
2 23 9
f ' ( x ) = 8 x (1 − x ) + 3 x (1 − x ) = (1 − x ) ( 8 x (1 − x ) + 3 x )
7 2 2 9
2 12
2 2
2 12
2 2
7
7
2
2
9
9
f '( x ) = (1 − x ) = (1 − x )
2 3 2 3
(1 − x ) (1 − x )
2 3 2 3
8 x (1 − x + 3 x ) + 3 x
7 2
8 x − 8 x + 3x
9 9 7 9 9
f ' ( x ) = 8 x (1 − x + 3x ) + 3x = 8 x − 8 x + 3x
7 2 9 9 7 9 9
f '( x ) =
(1 − x ) =
(1 − x ) 2 2 2 2
(1 − x ) (1 − x ) 2 2 2 2
x (8 − x )
7 2
f ' ( x ) = x (8 − x )
7 2
f '( x ) =
(1 − x ) 2 2
(1 − x ) 2 2
42
Razonamiento matemático
3x 2
13. f ( x ) = 5
(1 − x ) 2 2
Solución:
3x 2
Dada: f ( x ) = 5
(1 − x )2 2
5 3
5
(1 − x ) 2 2
⋅ 6 x − 3x 2 ⋅
2
1− x2 ( ) 2 ⋅ ( −2 x )
⇒ f '( x ) =
5 2
1(− x 2 2
)
5 3
f '( x ) =
(1 − x ) 2 2
⋅ 6 x + 15 x 3 1 − x 2 ( ) 2
(1 − x ) 2 5
f '( x ) =
(1 − x ) ⋅ (1 − x ) 6 x + 15x
2 2 2 3
(1 − x ) 2 5
6x + 9x 3
f '( x ) = 7
(1 − x ) 2 2
4x + 6
14. f ( x ) =
x 2 + 3x + 1
Solución:
4x + 6 4x + 6
Dada: f ( x ) = = 1
2
x + 3x + 1
(x 2
+ 3x + 4 ) 2
1 1
⇒ f '( x ) =
( x 2 + 3x + 4 ) 2 ⋅ D x ( 4 x + 6 ) − ( 4 x + 6 ) D x x 2 + 3x + 4 ( ) 2
1 2
2
(
x + 3x + 4
) 2
1 1
1
(x ) ( )
−
2
+ 3x + 4 2 ⋅ 4 − ( 4 x + 6 ) x 2 + 3x + 4 2 ⋅ ( 2 x + 3)
f '( x ) = 2
(
x 2 + 3x + 4 )
2
1
( 2 x + 3)
(
4 x 2 + 3x + 4 ) 2 − 1
f '( x ) =
(x 2
+ 3x + 4 ) 2
(x 2
+ 3x + 4 )
f '( x ) =
( )
4 x 2 + 3 x + 4 − ( 2 x + 3)
2
=
4 x 2 + 12 x + 16 − 4 x 2 − 12 x −
1 3
( x + 3x + 4 ) ( x
2 2 2
+ 3x + 4 ) (x 2
+ 3x + 4 ) 2
f '( x ) = 3 43
(x 2
+ 3x + 4 ) 2
(x 2
+ 3x + 4 )
f ' ( )
x =
(
4 x 2 + 3 x + 4 − ( 2 x + 3)
=
)
4 x 2 + 12 x + 16 − 4 x 2 − 12 x −
2
Razonamiento matemático 1 3
(
x 2 + 3x + 4 2 x 2 + 3x + 4 ) ( x 2 + 3x + 4 2 ) ( )
f '( x ) = 3
( x 2 + 3x + 4 ) 2
3x 2 − 4 x − 1
15. f ( x ) =
4x − 2
Solución:
3x 2 − 4 x − 1
Dada: f ( x ) =
4x − 2
( 4 x − 2 ) D x ( 3x 2 − 4 x − 1) − ( 3x 2 − 4 x − 1) D x ( 4 x − 2 )
⇒ f '( x ) =
( 4x − 2) 2
( 4 x − 2 ) ( 6 x − 4 ) − ( 3x 2 − 4 x − 1) ( 4 )
f '( x ) =
( 4x − 2) 2
( 4 x − 2 ) ( 6 x − 4 ) − ( 3x 2 − 4 x − 1) ( 4 )
f '( x ) =
( 4x − 2) 2
12 x 2 − 12 x + 12 3x 2 − 3x + 3
f '( x ) = 2
=
16 x − 16 x + 4 4x 2 − 4x − 1
f '( x ) =
(
3 x2 − x +1 )
4x 2 − 4x − 1
x5 − 2
16. f ( x ) =
x 3 + 4x + 1
Solución:
x5 − 2
Dada: f ( x ) = 3
x + 4x + 1
⇒ f '( x ) =
(x 3
)
+ 4 x + 1 5 x 2 − x 5 − 2 3x 2 + 4 ( )( )
(x )
3 2
+ 4x + 1
−3 x 7 + x 5 + 20 x 3 + 11x 2 + 8
f '( x ) =
(x )
3 2
+ 4x + 1
17. f ( x) =
(1 + x ) 2 2
x
Solución:
1
Dada: f ( x ) =
(1 + x ) 2 2
x
1 1
⇒ f '( x ) =
xD x 1 + x 2 ( ) − (1 + x )
2 2 2
Dx x
2
x
1 1
1
( ) ( )
−
x 1+ x2 2 ⋅ 2x − 1 + x 2 2 ⋅1
44 2
f '( x ) =
x2
1 1
2 2 − 2
Dada: f ( x ) =
( )
x
1 1 x x
⇒ f '( x ) =
xD x 1 + x 2 ( ) − (1 + x )
2 2 2
Dx x Dada: f ( x ) = =
Razonamiento
a −x 2
2 1matemático
x2 a2 − x2 2 ( )
1 1 1 1
1 1
( ) ( ) (a ) ( )
− −
x 1+ x2 2 ⋅ 2x − 1 + x2 2 ⋅1 2
− x2 2 − x a2 − x2 2 ⋅ ( −2 x )
2 2
f '( x ) = f '( x ) =
x2 2 1 2
1 1 (
a −x 2 2
)
( ) ( )
−
x2 1+ x2 2 − 1+ x2 2
= 1
x2 x2
1 ( a2 − x2 ) 2 + 1
x2
1
− 1+ ( x2 2) f '( x ) =
(a 2
− x2 ) 2
f '( x ) =
(1 + x ) 2 2
=
x2 − 1+ x2 ( ) (a 2
− x2 )
2 1
x
x2 1+( x2 2 ) =
a2 − x2 + x2
−1
(a 2
)(
− x2 a2 − x2 )
f '( x ) = 1
a2
x2 1+ x2( ) 2 f '( x ) = 3
(a 2
− x2 ) 2
x −1
18. f ( x ) =
x +1 5 − 2x
20. f ( x ) =
Solución: 2x + 1
Solución:
1
x −1 x 2 −1 1
Dada: f ( x ) = = 5 − 2x (5 − 2x ) 2
x +1 1
Dado: f ( x ) = =
x2 +1 2x + 1 2x + 1
1 1
1 1 1 1 1 −
x 2 + 1 D x x 2 − 1 − x 2 − 1 D x x 2 + 1 ( 2 x + 1) ( 5 − 2 x ) 2 ⋅ ( −2 ) − ( 5 − 2 x ) 2 ⋅ 2
f '( x ) = 2
⇒ f '( x ) =
1
2 ( 2 x + 1) 2
x 2 + 1
− ( 2 x + 1) 1
1
− 2 (5 − 2 x ) 2
1 1 −1 1 1 −1 f '( x ) =
(5 − 2x ) 2
x 2 + 1 x 2 − x 2 − 1 ⋅ x 2
2 2 ( 2 x + 1) 2
f '( x ) =
− ( 2 x + 1) − 2 ( 5 − 2 x )
( )
2
x +1 = 1
1 −
1 1 1 ( 2 x + 1) 2 ( 5 − 2 x ) 2
x 2 x2 +1− x2 +1
2 1 2 x − 11
f '( x ) = = f '( x ) = 2
( )
2 1 ( 2 x + 1) 5 − 2x
( )
2
x +1 x2 x +1
1 x 3 + ax − 2a 2
f '( x ) = 21. f ( x ) =
( ) x2 − a2
2
x x +1
Solución:
x x 3 + ax − 2a 2
19. f ( x ) = Dada: f ( x ) =
2 2
a −x x2 − a2
Solución:
⇒ f '( x ) =
(x 2
)( ) (
− a 2 ⋅ 3 x 2 + a − x 3 + ax − 2a 2 ⋅ 2 x )
Dada: f ( x ) =
x
=
x
1
(x 2
−a )
2 2
a2 − x2
(a 2
− x2 2 )
1 1
1
(a ) ( )
−
2
− x2 2 − x a2 − x2 2 ⋅ ( −2 x ) 45
f '( x ) = 2
1 2
2
(
a −x 2 2
)
Razonamiento matemático
f '( x ) =
( )
x 4 − a + 3a 2 x 2 + 4a 2 x − a 3
(x )
2 2
− a2
1+ x + x2
22. f ( x ) =
1− x + x2
Solución:
1+ x + x2 vdu − udv
Dada: f ( x ) = ; f '( x ) =
1− x + x2 v2
⇒ f '( x ) =
(1 − x + x ) (1 + 2 x ) − (1 + x + x ) ( −1 + 2 x )
2 2
(1 − x + x ) 2 2
1 + 2 x − x − 2 x 2 + x 2 + 2 x 3 − −1 + 2 x − x + 2 x 2 − x 2 + 2 x 3
f '( x ) =
(1 − x + x ) 2 2
Operando el numerador:
2 − 2x 2
f '( x ) =
(1 − x + x ) 2 2
a 2x
23. f ( x ) = x x2 − a2 −
x2 − a2
Solución:
1 1
a 2x
( ) ( )
−
Dada: f ( x ) = x x2 − a2 − = x x2 − a2 2 − a 2x x 2 − a 2 2
x2 − a2
1 1 3
1 1
( ) ( ) ( )
− −
⇒ f '( x ) = x x 2 − a 2 2 ⋅ 2x + x 2 − a 2 2 − a 2 x − x 2 − a 2 2 ⋅a2
2 2
1 1 3 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
− − −
f '( x ) = x 2 x 2 − a 2 2 + x2 − a2 2 + a 2x 2 x 2 − a 2 2 − a2 x2 − a2 2
1
x2 a 2x 2 a2
f '( x ) = 1 (
+ x2 − a2 ) 2 + 3
− 1
(x 2
− a2 ) 2
(x 2
− a2 ) (x − a )2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) − a (x − a )
2
x2 x2 − a2 + x2 − a2 + a 2x 2 2 2 2
f '( x ) = 3
(x 2
− a2 ) 2
x − a 2x 2 + x − 2a 2 x 2 + a + a 2x 2 − a 2 x 2 + a
f '( x ) = 3
(x 2
− a2 ) 2
2 x − 3a 2x 2 + 2a
f '( x ) = 3
( x2 − a2 ) 2
46
Razonamiento matemático
x
24. f ( x ) =
2
a a2 + x2
Solución:
x 1 x
Dada: f ( x ) = = 2 1
a2 2
a +x 2 a 2
a + x2
( ) 2
2 1
1
1
( ) ( )
−
a + x2 2 − x a2 + x2 2 ⋅ 2x
1 2
⇒ f '( x ) = 2
a
(a2 + x2 )
2 1
x2
a + x2 2 −
( ) 1
1
f '( x ) = 2
a2 + x2 ( ) 2
1
=
a2 + x2 − x2
a a2 + x2 ( ) 2 1
a a2 + x2 2 ⋅ a2 + x2
( ) ( )
1
f '( x ) =
(a 2
+ x2 ) 2
Lnx
25. y = x +
x
Solución:
1
xD x Lnx − LnxD x x x⋅ − Lnx ⋅ 1
⇒ y' =1+ =1+ x
x2 x2
1 − Lnx x 2 − 1 − Lnx
y' =1+ 2
=
x x2
x 2 − Lnx − 1
y' =
x2
e x − e−x
26. y =
x
Solución:
e x − e−x
Dada: y =
x
⇒ y' =
( ) (
xD x e x − e − x − e x − e − x D x x )
2
x
y' =
( ) (
x e x − e − x ⋅ ( −1) − e x − e − x ⋅ 1 ) =
(
x e x + e−x − e x + e−x)
x2 x2
xe x + xe − x − e x + e − x e x ( x − 1) + e − x ( x + 1)
y' = ⇒ y' = 47
2
x x2
⇒ y' =
( ) (
xD x e x − e − x − e x − e − x D x x )
2
x
Razonamiento
y' =
( x
x e − matemático −x
=
) (
e ⋅ ( −1) − e x − e − x ⋅ 1 x e x + e − x − e x + e − x ) ( )
x2 x2
xe x + xe − x − e x + e − x e x ( x − 1) + e − x ( x + 1)
y' = 2
⇒ y' =
x x2
4x 3 − 4x
27. f ( x ) =
x −1
Solución:
4x 3 − 4x
Dada: f ( x ) =
x −1
( x − 1) D x ( 4 x 3 − 4 x ) − ( 4 x 3 − 4 x ) D x ( x − 1) ( x − 1) (12 x 2 − 4 ) − ( 4 x 3 − 4 x ) ⋅ 1
⇒ f '( x ) = =
( x − 1) 2 ( x − 1) 2
12 x 3 − 4 x − 12 x 2 + 4 − 4 x 3 + 4 x
f '( x ) =
( x − 1) 2
8 x 3 − 12 x 2 + 4
f '( x ) =
( x − 1) 2
x2 + x +1
28. f ( x ) = ; f ' (1) = ? ∧ f ' ( 2 ) = ?
x2 +1
Solución:
x2 + x +1
Dada: f ( x ) = ; f ' (1) ? ∧ f ' ( 2 ) = ?
x2 +1
1
x2 + x +1 2
f ( x) =
x 2 + 1
1
−
1 x2 + x +1 2 x2 + x +1
⇒ f '( x ) = ⋅ Dx
2 x 2 + 1 x 2 + 1
1
x2 + x +1
f '( x ) =
−
2
⋅
(x 2
) ( ) (
+ 1 Dx x 2 + x + 1 − x 2 + x + 1 Dx x 2 + 1 ) ( )
x 2 + 1
(x )
2 2
+1
1
f '( x ) = 2 ⋅
2 2
(
1 x 2 + 1 2 x + 1 ⋅ ( 2 x + 1) − x + x + 1 ⋅ 2 x ) ( )
2 x + x + 1
( )
2
x2 +1
1
1 x 2 + 1 2 2x + x 2 + 2x + 1 − 2x − 2x 2 − 2x
f '( x ) = 2 ⋅
2 x + x + 1
( )
2
x2 +1
1
1 x2 +1 2 1− x
f '( x ) = 2 ⋅
2
( ) =
(1 − x ) 2
2 x + x + 1
( )
2
x2 +1 x2 + x +1 ⋅ (x 2
)
+1
1 − 12
x = 1 : f ' (1) = =
12 + 1 + 1 ⋅ (1 2
+1 )
48 =
f ' (1) =
2 x + x +1
(x +1 )
1
1 x2 +1 2 1− x
f '( x ) = 2 ⋅
2
( ) =
(1 − x )
2
Razonamiento matemático
2 x + x + 1
( )
2
x2 +1 x2 + x +1 ⋅ (x 2
+1 )
1 − 12 x x −1 dy
x = 1 : f ' (1) = = 30. Si: f ' ( x ) = , y= f , hallar:
x −1 x + 2 dx
12 + 1 + 1 ⋅ (1 2
+1 ) Solución:
=
x x −1 dy
Dada, si: f ' ( x ) = ; y= f ; hallar
f ' (1) = x −1 x+2 dx
1− 22 x −1
x = 2 : f '( 2) = Haciendo u = ;
x+2
22 + 2 +1 ⋅ (2 2
+1 ) dy du
y = f (u ) ⇒ y ' = = f '(u ) ⋅
− dx dx
=
12 d x −1
y ' = f '(u ) ⋅ .........(α )
− dx x + 2
f '( 2) =
Podemos interpretar que:
x u
1 − cx f '( x ) = ⇒ f '(u ) = ...............( β )
29. f ( x ) = x −1 u −1
1 + cx
(β ) en (α ) :
Solución:
u d x −1 u ( x + 2 ) ⋅ 1 − ( x − 1) ⋅ 1
1 y' = ⋅ = ⋅
1 − cx 1 − cx 2 u − 1 dx x + 2 u − 1 ( x + 2) 2
Dada: f ( x ) = = ;
1 + cx 1 + cx x −1 x −1
f ' ( 0 ) = ? ∧ f ' (1) = ? x + 2 − x + 1 x +2 3
y' = x + 2 ⋅ = ⋅
x −1 2 x − 1 − x − 2 ( x + 2) 2
−
1
− 1 ( x + 2)
1 1 − cx 2 1 − cx x+2 x+2
⇒ f '( x ) = ⋅ Dx
2 1 + cx 1 + cx x −1 3 x −1 1− x
1
y' = ⋅ 2
=− =
1 1 + cx 2 (1 + cx ) ⋅ ( −c ) − (1 − cx ) ⋅ c
−3 ( x + 2 ) ( x + 2) ( x + 2) 2
2
f '( x ) = ⋅
2 1 − cx (1 + cx ) 2 1− x
y' =
1
( x + 2) 2
1 1 + cx 2 −c − c 2 x − c + c 2 x
f '( x ) = ⋅
2 1 − cx (1 + cx ) 2
1+ x − 1− x
1 31. f ( x ) =
1 1 + cx 2 ( −2c ) −c 1+ x + 1− x
f '( x ) = ⋅ =
2 1 − cx (1 + cx ) 2 1
(1 − cx ) 2 ⋅ (1 + cx ) 2 Demostrar que: f ' ( x ) = − 1 + ( 1− x2 x2 1− x2 )
−c −c Solución:
f '( x ) = =
1 − cx ⋅ (1 + cx ) (1 − cx ) (1 + cx ) 1+ x + 1− x
Dada: f ( x ) = ;
−c 1+ x − 1− x
f '( x ) =
(1 − cx ) (1 + cx )
Demostrar: f ' ( x ) = −
(1 + 1− x2 )
2 2
−c −c x 1− x
En x = 0 ⇒ f ' ( 0 ) = = = −c
(1 − 0 ) (1 + 0 ) 3 1 Para simplificar, racionalicemos el denominador:
1+ x + 1− x 1+ x + 1− x
⇒ f ' ( 0 ) = −c f ( x) = ⋅
1+ x − 1− x 1+ x − 1− x
−c
( )
2
x = 1 ⇒ f ' (1) = 1+ x + 1− x
3
(1 − c ) (1 + c ) =
(1 + x ) − (1 − x )
1+ x + 2 1+ x 1− x +1− x 49
f ( x) =
1+ x −1+ x
2+2 (1 + x ) (1 − x )
=
1+ x + 1− x 1+ x + 1− x
f ( x) = ⋅
1+ x − 1− x 1+ x − 1− x
( )
2
x + 1− x
1 + matemático
Razonamiento
=
(1 + x ) − (1 − x )
1+ x + 2 1+ x 1− x +1− x
f ( x) =
1+ x −1+ x
2+2 (1 + x ) (1 − x )
=
2x
1+ 1− x2
f ( x) =
x
Luego:
1 1
xD x 1 + 1 + x 2
( ) 2 − 1 + 1 − x 2
( ) 2⋅D
xx
f '( x ) =
x2
1 1
1
( ) ( )
−
x⋅ 1− x2 2 ⋅ ( −2 x ) − 1 + 1 − x 2 2 1
2
f '( x ) =
x2
−2 x 1
1
− 1 + 1 − x 2
( ) 2
−x 2 − 1 − x 2 ( )
1
2
1 + 1 − x 2( )
1
2
f '( x ) =
(1 − ) x2 2
=
2 1
x
x2 1− x2 ( ) 2
1 1
f '( x ) =
−x 2 − 1 − x 2( ) ( 2 − 1− x2 )= − x2 − 1− x2 ( ) 2 −1+ x2
1 1
x2 (1 − x ) 2 2
(
x2 1− x2 ) 2
1
− 1+ 1− x2 ( ) 2
− 1+ ( 1− x2 )
f '( x ) = 1
=
2 2
x 1− x
(
x2 1− x2 ) 2
f '( x ) =
(
− 1+ 1− x2 )
x2 1− x2
e x − e−x
32. f ( x ) =
e x + e−x
Solución:
e x − e−x
Dada: f ( x ) =
e x + e−x
⇒ f '( x ) =
(e x
) (
+ e −x Dx e x − e −x − e x − e −x Dx e x + e −x ) ( ) ( )
(e x
+e −x 2
)
f '( x ) =
(e x
+e −x
) ⋅ (e x
⋅1 − e −x
( −1) ) − ( e x − e − x ) ( e x ⋅ 1 + e − x ( −1) )
(e + e ) x −x 2
f '( x ) =
(e x
+ e−x ) ⋅ (e + e ) − (e − e )(e − e )
x −x x −x x −x
50 (e + e ) x −x 2
(e ) − ( e − e ) = ( e + 2e e + e ) − ( e )
x 2 −x 2
+ e−x x 2x x −x −2 x 2x
− 2e x e − x + e −2 x
f '( x ) =
x −x 2 x −x 2
⇒ f '( x ) =
(( ee ))
x 2
+ e −− xx 2
x
+e
((
e xx + e −− xx ⋅
f '( x ) = e + e ⋅
)) (( x −x
e ⋅ 1 − e ( −1) − e − e
)) (( )) ((
e x ⋅ 1 − e − x ( −1) − e xx − e −− xx e xx ⋅ 1 + e −− xx ( −1)
e ⋅ 1 + e ( −1)
))
Razonamiento matemático
f '( x ) =
(( ))
2
e xx + e −− xx 2
e +e
((
e xx + e −− xx ⋅
f '( x ) = e + e ⋅
)) (( )) (( )) ((
e xx + e −− xx − e xx − e −− xx e xx − e −− xx
e +e − e −e e −e
))
f '( x ) =
(( ))
2
e xx + e −− xx 2
e +e
(e )) (( )) = (( ee )) (( ))
x 2 2
+ e −− xx 2 − e xx − e −− xx 2x
+ 2e xx e −− xx + e −−22 xx − e 22 xx − 2e xx e −− xx + e −−22 xx
f '( x ) = (e
x 2 2x
+e − e −e + 2e e + e − e − 2e e + e
f '( x ) =
(( )) (( ))
2 2
e xx + e −− xx 2 = e xx + e −− xx 2
e +e e +e
e 2 x + 2 + e −2 x − e 2 x + 2 − e −2 x
f ' ( x ) = e 2 x + 2 + e −2 x − e 2 x 2+ 2 − e −2 x
f '( x ) =
((
e xx + e −− xx 2
e +e
))
f '( x ) =
f '( x ) = e x + e − x
(( ))
2
2
e x + e−x
1− x + x2 2x + 1
1. y = 2. y = ; en x 0 = 1
1+ x + x2 3
x+7
4x 3 − 4x 3x 2 + 4 x + 4
3. y = ; en x 0 = 2 4. f ( x ) = ; en x 0 = 1
x −1 x2 + x
1 t 4 − 2t 3 + t 2 + 1
5. f ( x ) = 6. f ( x ) =
1+ x + x2 + x3 t3
x2 −1 bx 2
7. f ( x ) = 8
8. f ( x ) =
( 2 x − 1) 3
( a + bx ) 3 2
x2 −1 5x x −1
9. f ( x ) = 10. f ( x ) =
2 3
x +1 x2
1
(x )
2 2
3x 6 + 2x
11. y = 12. y =
(x − 2x)
1 2 3
1+ x 3
1
13. y=
(1 + x ) 3
1
(1 − x ) 2
51
Razonamiento matemático
1. f ( x ) = Lnx
Solución:
1 du
Dada: f ( x ) Lnx; D x Lnu = ⋅ ;u=x
u dx
1 1 1 1
⇒ f '( x ) = ⋅ D x x = ⋅1 = ⇒ f '( x ) =
x x x x
2. f ( x ) = Ln3x
Solución:
1 du
Dada: f ( x ) = Ln3 x; D x Lnu = ⋅ ; u = 3x
u dx
1 1 1 1
⇒ f '( x ) = D x 3x = ⋅ 3 = ⇒ f '( x ) =
3x 3x x x
3. f ( x ) = 5 Ln3 x
Solución:
1 du
Dada: f ( x ) = 5 Ln3 x; D x kLnu = kD x Lnu = k
u dx
u = 3x; k = 5
1 1 5
⇒ f ' ( x ) = 5D x Ln3x = 5 ⋅ D x 3x = 5 ⋅ ⋅ 3 =
3x 3x x
5
f '( x ) =
x
52
Razonamiento matemático
4. f ( x ) = 6 Ln ( 3 x + 1) 8. f ( x ) = 5e 2 x
Solución: Solución:
Dada: f ( x ) = 6 Ln ( 3 x + 1) ; D x kLnu = kD x Lnu du
Dada: f ( x ) = 5e 2 x ; D x ke u = kD x e u = k ⋅ e u ⋅
1 du dx
= k ⋅
u dx ⇒ f ' ( x ) = D x 5e 2 x = 5 D x e 2 x = 5 ⋅ e 2 x ⋅ D x ( 2 x )
u = 3 x + 1; k = 6
= 5 ⋅ e 2 x ⋅ 2 = 10e 2 x
1
⇒ f ' ( x ) = 6 D x Ln ( 3 x + 1) = 6 ⋅ ⋅ D x ( 3 x + 1) f ' ( x ) = 10e 2 x
3c + 1
1
= 6⋅ ⋅3 9. f ( x ) = 7e 3 x +1
3x + 1
18 Solución:
f '( x ) =
3x + 1
du
Dada: f ( x ) = 7e 3 x +1; D x ke u = kD x e u = ke u ⋅
(
5. f ( x ) = 6 Ln 2 x 2 + x + 1 ) dx
k = 7; u = 3x + 1
Solución:
⇒ f ' ( x ) = D x 7e 3 x +1 = 7 D x e 3 x +1
(
Dada: f ( x ) = 6 Ln 3 x + x + 1 ; u = 3 x + x + 1;
2
) 2
= 7 ⋅ e 3 x +1 ⋅ D x ( 3 x + 1) = 7 ⋅ e 3 x +1 ⋅ 3
k =6
f ' ( x ) = 21e 3 x +1
1 du
k = D x Lnu = k ⋅
u dx 10. f ( x ) = 8e 4 x
2
+ x +1
1
⇒ f '( x ) = 6 2
3 x + x + 1
⋅ D x 3x 2 + x + 1
( ) Solución:
1 Dada: f ( x ) = 8e 4 x
2
+ x +1
; u = 4 x 2 + x + 1; k = 8
= 6⋅ 2
⋅ ( 6 x + 1)
3x + x + 1
f ' ( x ) ==
36 x + 6
⇒ f ' ( x ) = D x 8e 4 x( 2
+ x +1
) = 8D e x
4 x 2 + x +1
3x 2 + x + 1
( )
2
f '( x ) = 8 ⋅ e 4 x + x +1
⋅ Dx 4x 2 + x + 1
2 2
6. f ( x ) = e x f ' ( x ) = 8e 4 x + x +1
⋅ ( 8 x + 1) = 8 ( 8 x + 1) e 4 x + x +1
Solución: f ' ( x ) = 8 ( 8 x + 1) e 4 x
2
+ x +1
du
Dada: f ( x ) = e x ; D x e u = e u ;u=x
dx 11. f ( x ) = 5 x
⇒ f '( x ) = D xe x = e x ⋅ D x x = e x ⋅1 = e x ⇒ f '( x ) = e x Solución:
du
7. f ( x ) = e 2 x Dada: f ( x ) = 5 x ; D x a 4 = a 4 ⋅ Lna ⋅ ;
dx
Solución: u = x y a=5
du ⇒ f ' ( x ) = D x 5 x = 5 x Ln5 ⋅ D x x = 5 x Ln5 ⋅ 1
Dada: f ( x ) = e 2 x ; D x e u = e u ⋅ ; u = 2x
dx
f ' ( x ) = 5 x Ln5
⇒ f '( x ) = D xe 2x
=e 2x
D x2 x =e 2x
⋅ 2 = 2e 2x
f ' ( x ) = 2e 2 x
53
Razonamiento matemático
2
Dada: f ( x ) = Lnx 2 + 4e x + 4 2 x
12. f ( x ) = 5 3 x 1 2
⇒ f '( x ) = 2
D x x 2 + 4e x D x x 2 + 4 2 x ⋅ Ln 4 ⋅ D x 2 x
x
Solución:
1 2
f '( x ) = ⋅ 2 x + 4e x ⋅ 2 x + 4 2 x ⋅ Ln 4 ⋅ 2
du x2
Dada: f ( x ) = 5 3 x ; D x a u Lna ; a = 5 y u = 3 x
dx 2 2
f ' ( x ) = + 8 xe x + ( 2 Ln 4 ) 4 2 x
⇒ f ' ( x ) = D x 5 3 x = 5 3 x ⋅ Ln5 ⋅ D x 3 x = 5 2 x ⋅ Ln5 ⋅ 3 x
2 2
f ' ( x ) = 3e 3 x Ln5 ⇒ f ' ( x ) = 3Ln5 e 3 x f '( x ) = + 8 xe x + ( Ln16 ) 4 2 x
x
2
13. f ( x ) = 5 3 x +1 2
16. f ( x ) = 3 x + e x + e x +x
Solución:
Solución:
2 du 2
Dada: f ( x ) = 5 3 x +1
; D x a u = a u ⋅ Lnu ⋅ Dada: f ( x ) = 3 x + e 2 x + e x +x
dx
⇒ f ' ( x ) = 3 x Ln3 ⋅ D x x + e x D x 2 x +
u = 3x 2 + 1 y a = 5
( )
2
ex +x
Dx x 2 + x
( )
2 2
⇒ f '( x ) = D x 53x +1
= 53x +1
⋅ Ln5 ⋅ D x 3 x 2 + 1
2
2 2 f ' ( x ) = 3 x Ln 3 ⋅ 1 + e x ⋅ 2 + e x +x
⋅ ( 2 x + 1)
f '( x ) = 53x +1
⋅ Ln5 ⋅ ( 6 x ) = [6 Ln5] x5 3 x +1
2
2 f ' ( x ) = 3 x Ln3 + 2e x + ( 2 x + 1) e x +x
f ' ( x ) = [6 Ln5] x5 3 x +1
17. f ( x ) = Ln 2 ( 2 x + 1)
( )
14. f ( x ) = 10 4 x
3
Solución:
Solución:
Dada: f ( x ) = Ln 2 ( 2 x + 1)
Dada: f ( x ) = 10 4 x ; ( ) 3
⇒ f ' ( x ) = 2 Ln ( 2 x + 1) ⋅ D x Ln ( 2 x + 1)
du 1
D x ka u = kD x a u = ka u ⋅ Lna ⋅ f ' ( x ) = 2 Ln ( 2 x + 1) ⋅ D x ( 2 x + 1)
dt 2x + 1
1
k = 10 y u = x 3 f ' ( x ) = 2 Ln ( 2 x + 1) ( 2 x + 1) ⋅ ⋅2
2x + 1
⇒ f ' ( x ) = D x10 4 x ( ) = 10D 4
3
x
x3
f '( x ) =
4 Ln ( 2 x + 1)
3 2x + 1
= 10 ⋅ 4 x ⋅ Ln 4 ⋅ D x x 3
18. f ( x ) = e x −
3 3
f ' ( x ) = [10 Ln 4] 4 x ⋅ 3 x 2 = [30 Ln 4] x 2 4 x
x
3
f ' ( x ) = [30 Ln 4] x 2 4 x Solución:
Dada: f ( x ) = e x − x
x2
= e x− x
⋅ 1 − x 2
15. f ( x ) = Lnx + 4e 2
+4 2x 2
Solución: 1
f '( x ) = e x− x
1 −
2 2 x
Dada: f ( x ) = Lnx 2 + 4e x + 4 2 x
1 2
⇒ f ' ( x ) = 2 D x x 2 + 4e x D x x 2 + 4 2 x ⋅ Ln 4 ⋅ D x 2 x
54 x
1 2
f ' ( x ) = 2 ⋅ 2 x + 4e x ⋅ 2 x + 4 2 x ⋅ Ln 4 ⋅ 2
x
1 1− x 1− x +1+ x
y' = ⋅
2 1+ x (1 − x ) 2
2 1
Razonamiento matemático
= =
2 (1 + x ) (1 − x ) 1 − x 2
3
19. f ( q ) = e − q + 6 q +1
1
y' =
1− x2
Solución:
3 1+ x
Dada: f ( q ) = e − q + 6 q +1
; D x e u = e u D xu 22. y = Ln
1− x
( )
3
⇒ f '( q ) = e −q + 6 q +1
⋅ D q − q 3 + 6q + 1
Solución:
( )
3
f '( q ) = e −q + 6 q +1
⋅ −3q 2 + 6 1+ x
Dada: y = Ln
1− x
( )
3
f ' ( q ) = −3q 2 + 6 e − q + 6 q +1
1 1+ x
⇒ y' = ⋅ Dx
1 1+ x 1− x
20. f ( x ) = e 3 x +
e 2x
(
+ Ln 4 x 2 + 6 )
1− x
1+ x Solución:
21. y = Ln
1− x
Solución:
( )
Dada: y = Ln sen 2 x + e sen 2 x = Ln ( senx ) + e sen 2 x
2
1 y = 2 Ln ( senx ) + e sen 2 x
1+ x 1+ x 2 1
Dada: y = Ln = Ln ⇒ y' = 2⋅ ⋅ D xsenx + e sen 2 x ⋅ D xsen2x
1− x 1− x senx
1
cos x
1 1+ x 2 y' = 2 + e sen2x ⋅ cos 2 x ⋅ D x 2 x
⇒ y' = 1
⋅ Dx senx
1− x
1+ x 2
y ' = 2c tan x + 2e sen2x ⋅ cos 2 x
1− x
1 1 x
−
1− x 2 1 1+ x 2 1+ x 24. y = 2 Lnx
= ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ Dx
1+ x 2 1− x 1− x
Solución:
1 1
1 − x 2 1 1 − x 2 (1 − x )(1) − (1 + x ) ( −1) x
y' = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
1+ x 2 1+ x (1 − x ) 2 Dada: y = 2 Lnx
x
1 1− x 1− x +1+ x x
y' = ⇒ y ' = 2 Lnx ⋅ Ln 2 ⋅ D x
⋅ Lnx
2 1+ x (1 − x ) 2
1
2 1 x Lnx ⋅ 1 − x x
= = x = Ln 2 ⋅ 2 Lnx ⋅ Lnx − 1
2 (1 + x ) (1 − x ) 1 − x 2 y' = 2 Lnx ⋅ Ln 2 ⋅
Ln 2 x Ln 2 x
1 x
y' = Lnx − 1 Lnx 55
1− x2 y ' = Ln 2 2 2
Ln x
⇒ y ' = 2 Lnx ⋅ Ln 2 ⋅ D x
Lnx
1
Razonamientox Lnx ⋅ 1 − x
matemático x
y ' = 2 ⋅ Ln 2 ⋅
Lnx x = Ln 2 ⋅ 2 Lnx ⋅ Lnx − 1
Ln 2 x Ln 2 x
x
Derivando:
Lnx − 1 Lnx
y ' = Ln 2 2 1 1 1
2
Ln x
f ( x)
⋅ Dx f ( x) = ⋅ 2
3 x −3
⋅ Dx x 2 − 3 − ( )
(
25. y = log 3 x 2 − 1 ) 1
⋅
1
⋅ Dx 3 − x 2 ( )
15 3 − x 2
Solución:
f '( x ) 1 1
= ⋅ 2x − ⋅ ( −2 x )
Dada: y = log 3 x 2 − 1 ( ) f ( x) (
3 x −3 2
) (
15 3 − x 2 )
Dada: y = log 3 x 2 − 1
1
( )
log e
⇒ y ' = log 3 e ⋅ 21 ⋅ D x x 2 − 1 = log 2 e
⋅ 2x ( ) 2x 2x
⇒ y ' = log 3 e ⋅ x 2 − 1 ⋅ D x x − 1 = x 2 − 1 ⋅ 2 x
x −1
2
x −1
( ) f '( x ) = f ( x ) ⋅ +
3 x − 3 15 3 − x 2
2
( ) ( )
2 x log e
y ' = 2 x2log e
y ' = x2 −1 2x 2x
x −1 f '( x ) = f ( x ) −
(
3 x 2 − 3 15 x 2 − 3
) ( )
x x x2 +x
26. y = 3 + e + e 2 2 x
= f ( x) ⋅ −
2
x − 3 3 15
Solución:
x2 − 3 x
Dada: y = 3 x + e x + e x2 +x f '( x ) = 3 ⋅ 2
5
3 − x 2 15 x − 3
x2 +x
⇒ y ' = 3 x ⋅ Ln3 ⋅ D x x + e x + e ⋅ Dx x2 + x x
=
(x )
1 2
1 1515 3 − x 2 ⋅ 2
( ) −3
2 − 3
y ' = 3 x Ln3 + e x + e x +x
⋅ ⋅ x2 + x 2 ⋅ ( 2 x + 1)
2
x
x2 +x f '( x ) =
( 2 x + 1) e
(x )
x x 2
∴ y ' = 3 Ln3 + e +
2
1515 3 − x 2 3 2
−3
2 x +x
x =2 f '( x ) =
( 2)
x2 − 3 15
3 − 2 3 ( 2 − 3)
2
27. f ( x ) = 3 , hallar f ' ( x ) ∧ f ' ( 2 ) 15
5
3 − x2
1 1
= =
Solución: 15 (1)(1) 15
1
x2 − 3 f '( 2) =
x2 − 3 15
Dado: f ( x ) = 3 = 1
5
3 − x2 2 5
(
3 − x ) 5
x2 −1
Tomando logaritmos: 28. f ( x ) = , hallar f ' ( x ) ∧ f ' ( 2 )
x 3 + 1
1
3
x2 − 3 1 x2 − 3 Solución:
Ln f ( x ) = Ln 1
= Ln 1
2 5
3 2 5 x2 −1
( ) ( )
5
3 − x 3 − x Dado: f ( x ) = ; f '( x ) = ?
3
x 3 + 1
1
1
(
Ln f ( x ) = Ln x 2 − 3 − Ln 3 − x 2
3
) ( ) 5
Tomando logaritmos:
5
x2 −1
1 1
1 1 1 Ln f ( x ) = Ln = Ln x 2 − 1 ( ) 5 − Ln x 3 + 1( ) 3
3
(
Ln f ( x ) = Ln x 2 − 3 − ⋅ Ln 3 − x 2
3 5
) ( )
3
x 3 + 1
1 1
(
Ln f ( x ) = Ln x 2 − 1 − Ln x 3 + 1
5 3
) ( )
Derivando:
56 1 1 1 1 1
f ( x)
⋅ f '( x ) = ⋅ 2
5 x −1
⋅ Dx x 2 − 1 − ⋅ 3
3 x +1
⋅ Dx x 3 + 1 ( ) ( )
2
5
x2 −1
1 1
Lnn f ( x ) = Ln
= Ln x 2 − 1 ( ) 5
(
− Ln x 3 + 1 ) 3
3
x 3 + 1
1 1 Razonamiento matemático
(
Ln f ( x ) = Ln x 2 − 1 − Ln x 3 + 1
5 3
) ( )
Derivando:
1 1 1 1 1
f ( x)
⋅ f '( x ) = ⋅ 2
5 x −1
⋅ Dx x 2 − 1 − ⋅ 3
3 x +1
⋅ Dx x 3 + 1 ( ) ( )
2x 3x 2
f '( x ) = f ( x ) −
(
5 x2 +1 3 x3 +1
) ( )
5
x 2 − 1 2x x 2
f '( x ) = −
(
x 3 + 1 5 x + 1 x + 1
2 3
)
2 2 − 1 2 ( 2 ) 2 2 5 3
5
n x =2 f '( 2) = − 3 = −
2 + 1 5 2 + 1 2 + 1
3 2
( 3 25 )
f '( x ) = − 5
3
5
29. f ( x ) = 8
(
x 3 − 3x 2 + 1 5
) 5
(
x − 2x 6 + 4x 4
)
Solución:
3
x 3 − 3x 2 + 1 5 5
Dada: f ( x ) = 8 ( )
x − 2x 6 + 4x 4
3
(
x 3 − 3xx 2 + 1 5 5
Ln f ( x ) = Ln 8 )
x − 2x 6 + 4x 4
3
( )
2 5
3 x − 3x + 1
Ln f ( x ) = Ln 8
5 x − 2x 6 + 4x 4
3
(
Ln f ( x ) = Ln x 3 − 3 x 2 + 1 − Ln x 8 − 2 x 6 + 4 x 4 ) ( )
5
5
Derivando:
3
(
D x − 3 x 2 + 1 D x 8 − 2 x 6 + 4 x 4 )
5
f '( x )3 x
= − x ( )
f ( x ) 5 x 3 − 3x 2 + 1 5
(x 8 − 2x 6 + 4x 4 )
2
( )
4
2
f '( x ) 3 3 x − 5 3 x + 1 6 x 8 x − 12 x 5 + 16 x 3
= −
f ( x ) 5 x 3 − 3x 2 + 1 5 x 8 − 2x 6 + 4x 4
( )
3
( )
x 3 − 3 x 2 + 1 5 5 3 x 2 − 3 x 3x 2 + 1
( )
4
3 8 x − 12 x 5 + 16 x 3
f '( x ) = 8 −
x − 2x 6 + 4x 4 5 x 8 − 2x 6 + 4x 4
( )
3 2 5
x − 3 x + 1
57
Razonamiento matemático
1. f ( x ) = Ln 2 x 2 + e x + 5 x
2. f ( x ) = 2 2 x + e 2 x + Ln 2 x
2 2
3. f ( x ) = Lnx 2 ⋅ e x ⋅ 2 x
1
− x2
4. f ( x ) = x 8
5. f ( x ) = e senx + 2 cos x
(
6. f ( x ) = Ln 1 + x 4 )
7. f ( x ) = Lnx + 1 + Ln x +1
8. e 4 x Ln ( ax + b ) = f ( x )
x +1
9. f ( x ) = 3Ln 2
x
10. f ( x ) =
( x + 2) 2
( x + 1) ( x + 3) 4
2 2
+ x3
11. f ( x ) = e x +1
+ 10 2 x ; en x 0 = 0 : f ' ( x ) = ?
2
12. f ( x ) = 5 x −5 x + 2
⋅ x − 1; en x 0 = 2
(
13. f ( x ) = x 2 − 1 Ln ) x ; en x 0 = 1
14. f ( x ) = 3 x 2 log 2 x + 1; en x 0 = 4
x2 + a2 + x
15. f ( x ) = Ln
x2 + a2 − x
58
Razonamiento matemático
Ejemplo 1:
Si: f ( x ) = x ⇒ f ( x ) = g ( x ) = x ⇒ g ( x ) = x
Además: g ' ( x ) = D x g ( x ) = D x x = 1
g ( x) x x x
⇒ f '( x ) = ⋅ g '( x ) = D x x = ⋅1 =
g ( x) x x x
x
f '( x ) =
x
Ejemplo 2:
Si: f ( x ) = 2 x 2 − x + 1 = g ( x ) ⇒ g ( x ) = 2 x 2 − x + 1
g ( x) 2x 2 − x + 1
⇒ f '( x ) =
g ( x)
⋅ Dx g ( x) =
2x 2 − x + 1
(
⋅ Dx 2x 2 − x + 1 )
2x 2 − x + 1
f '( x ) = ⋅ ( 4 x − 1)
2x 2 − x + 1
También se usa el siguiente recurso para realizar la derivación sin utilizar la regla de derivación de una función valor
absoluto:
1
Sea a ∈ ⇒ a = a2 = a2 ( ) 2
1
Si: a = x ⇒ x = x2 = x2 ( ) 2
( ) ( )
2
= x 2 + 2
2 2
Si: a = x 2 + 2 ⇒ x 2 + 2 = x2 + 2
1. f ( x ) = x 2 − 9
Solución:
1
( ) (
x − 9 = x 2 − 9 )
2 2
Dado: f ( x ) = x − 9 = 2 2
1
1 2 −2
( )
⇒ f ' ( x ) = x 2 − 9 ⋅ D x x 2 − 9 ( )
2
2
1 2 2 −2
1
(x 2
−9 )
f '( x ) =
2
(x − 9
) x (
⋅ 2 x2 − 9 ⋅ D x2 ⇒ f ' x =
( ) ) 1
⋅ 2x
(
x2 − 9 2
)
2
59
(
2x x 2 − 9 )
(x ) (
− 9 = x 2 − 9 )
2 2
Dado: f ( x ) = x 2 − 9 = 2
1
1 2 2 −2
Razonamiento
⇒ f ' ( x ) = matemático ( ) ( )
2 2
x − 9 ⋅ D x x − 9
2
1 2 2 −2
1
(x 2
−9 )
f '( x ) =
2
x −(9
)
⋅ 2 x2 − 9 ⋅ D x2 ⇒ f ' x =
x ( ) ( ) 1
⋅ 2x
(
x2 − 9 2
)
2
f '( x ) =
(
2x x 2 − 9 )
x2 − 9
g ( x)
f '( x ) = ⋅ g '( x )
g ( x)
Si g ( x ) = x 2 − 9
x2 − 9 x2 − 9 x2 − 9
f '( x ) = 2
x −9
⋅ Dx g ( x) =
x −92 (
⋅ Dx x 2 − 9 = ) x2 − 9
⋅ 2x
f '( x ) =
(
2x x 2 − 9 )
2
x −9
3
2. f ( x ) = x 2 x
Solución:
3 2 2
Dado: f ( x ) = x 2 x = x 2 x ⋅ x ; x = x 2
f ( x) = x 4 x ;
Si: g ( x ) = x ⇒ x = g ( x )
g ( x) x x x
Dx g ( x) = ⋅ g '( x ) = D x x ⇒ D x g ( x ) = D x x = ⋅1 =
g ( x) x x x
x x5
⇒ f '( x ) = x 4 ⋅ + x ⋅ 4x 3 = + 4 x x3
x x
2 2
x5 + 4 x x3 x 5 + 4x 2 x 3 5x 5 5x 3 x
f '( x ) = = = ⇒ f '( x ) = = 5x 3 x ⇒ 5x 3 x
x x x x
⇒ f '( x ) = 5x 3 x
(
3. f ( x ) = x 3 − x
3 3
)
Solución:
2 2
Dada: f ( x ) = x − x ( 3 3 3
) = (x 3
− x
2
x ) 3
; x = x2
2
( )
2
1er método: f ( x ) = x 3 − x 2 x ( ) 3 = x3 − x2 ⋅ x2 3
2
2
( ) ( )
−
f '( x ) = x 3 − x 2 x 2 3
⋅ Dx x 3 − x 2 x2
3
60
1
( )
2 − 1
1 1
( ) ( )
−
f '( x ) = x 3 − x 2 x2 3
3 x 2 − x 2 ⋅ x 2 2 ⋅ 2x + 2x x 2 2
3 2
2 2
Dada: f ( x ) = x 3 − x ( 3 3
) = (x 3
− x
2
x ) 3
; x = x2
2
Razonamiento matemático
( )
2
1er método: f ( x ) = x 3 − x 2 x ( ) 3 = x3 − x2 ⋅ x2 3
2
2 3
( ) ( )
−
f '( x ) = x − x2 x2 3
⋅ Dx x 3 − x 2 x2
3
1
( )
2 3 − 1
1 1
( ) ( )
−
f '( x ) = x − x2 x2 3
3 x 2 − x 2 ⋅ x 2 2 ⋅ 2x + 2x x 2 2
3 2
1
( )
2 3 − 1 1
( ) ( )
−
f '( x ) = x − x2 x2 3
3 x 2 − x 3 x 2 2 + 2x x 2 2
3
2 1 1 1
f '( x ) =
3 1
⋅ 3 x 2 − x x 2 ( )( x ) 2 2
− 2x x 2 ( ) 2
(x )
3
− x2 x2 3
2 1 1 1
f '( x ) =
3 1
⋅ 3 x 2 − x x 2 ( ) 2 − 2x x 2 ( ) 2
(x )
3 2 2 3
−x x
2 1 1
1
f '( x ) =
3 1
⋅ 3 x 2 − 3 x x 2
( ) ; ( x )
2 2 2
= x
(x 3
− x
2
x ) 3
1
f '( x ) = 1
⋅ 3x ( x − x )
(x 3
− x
2
x ) 3
2x ( x − x )
f '( x ) =
3
3
x3 − x
2 x2x
f '( x ) = ⋅ 3 x 2 − + x ⋅ 2 x
1
x
(
3 x3 − x3 x ) 3
2
f '( x ) = ⋅ 3 x 2 − x x + x 2 x
2 3
3 3
x − x
2 2
f '( x ) = ⋅ 3 x 2 − 3 x x = 3x ( x − x )
3 3
3 3 x2 − x 3 3 x2 − x
2x ( x − x )
f '( x ) =
3
3
x2 − x
61
Razonamiento matemático
x
4. f ( x ) =
1+ x2
Solución:
1
x
Dada: f ( x ) =
1+ x 2
; x = x2 = x2 ( ) 2
1er método:
1
x2 (1 + x ) 12 ( x ) ⋅ 2 x −
2 2 −2
x 2 ⋅ 2x
f ( x) = ⇒ f '( x ) =
1+ x2 (1 + x ) 2 2
1+ x2
1
⋅x− x 2 ⋅ 2x
f '( x ) =
(x ) 2 2
=
(1 + x ) x − x ⋅ 2 x
2 2
(1 + x ) 2 2 1
( x ) (1 + x )
2 2 2 2
f '( x ) =
(
x 1− x2 ) =
x (1 − x ) 2
x (1 + x )
1 2 2
( x ) (1 + x )
2 2 2 2
2 do método:
(1 + x ) ⋅ xx − x ⋅ 2 x (1 + x ) x − x ⋅ 2 x
x
2
2 2
f '( x ) = = =
(1 + x )
x
(1 + x )
2
x (1 + x )
2 2 2 2
x + x − 2x x−x x (1 − x ) 2
f '( x ) = = =
x (1 + x ) x (1 + x )
2 2
x (1 + x ) 2 2 2 2
x (1 − x ) 2
f '( x ) =
x (1 + x ) 2 2
2
5. f ( x ) = x − 8 ( x − 8 )
Solución:
62
Razonamiento matemático
2 x −8 x −8
Dada: f ( x ) = x − 8 ( x − 8 ) ; D x x − 8 = D ( x − 8) = (1)
x −8 x −8
x −8
Dx x − 8 =
x −8
2 2
f ' ( x ) = x − 8 ⋅ D x ( x − 8) + ( x − 8) D x x − 8
f ' ( x ) = x − 8 ⋅ 2 ( x − 8) ⋅ 1 + ( x − 8) ⋅
2 ( x − 8)
(1)
x −8
2
f ' ( x ) = 2 ( x − 8) x − 8 +
x −8 ( x − 8) = 2
( x − 8) x − 8 + x − 8 ( x − 8)
x −8
f ' ( x ) = 3( x − 8) x − 8
(
6. f ( x ) = x 2 − x + x ) 2 ⋅ x2 + 3
Solución:
3
Dada: f ( x ) = ( x − 8 + x ) 2 ⋅ x 2 − 3 ; g ( x ) = x 2 − x
3 3
(
⇒ f '( x ) = x 2 − x + x ) 2 ⋅ Dx x 2 + 3 + x 2 + 3 Dx x 2 − x + x
( ) 2
3 1
(
f '( x ) = x 2 − x + x ) 2 3
⋅0 + x2 + 3 x2 − x + x
2 ( ) 2
(
Dx x 2 − x + x )
1 x2 − x
3
f '( x ) = x 2 + 3 x 2 − x + x
2 ( ) 2 ⋅ 2
x −x
(
D x x 2 − x + 1
)
1 x2 − x
3
f '( x ) = x 2 + 3 x 2 − x + x
2 ( ) 2 ⋅ 2
x −x
⋅ ( 2 x − x ) + 1
1 x2 − x
f '( x ) =
3 2
2
x + 3 x2 − x + x
( ) 2 ⋅ 2
x −x
( 2 x − x ) + 1
3
7. f ( x ) = x − 3 ⋅ ( x − 3) + x 3
Solución:
3 x−3 x−3
Dada: f ( x ) = x − 3 ⋅ ( x − 3) + x 3 ; g ( x ) = x − 3 ⇒ D x g ( x ) = 3
⋅1 =
x−3 x−3
2
f ( x) = x − 3 x − 3 ( x − 3) + x 3
2 3
f ( x ) = ( x − 3) x − 3 ( x − 3) + x 3 = ( x − 3) x − 3 + x 3
3 3
⇒ f ' ( x ) = ( x − 3) D x x − 3 + x − 3 D x ( x − 3) + 3 x 2
f ' ( x ) = ( x − 3) ⋅
3 ( x − 3) D 2
x ( x − 3) + x − 3 ( 3) ( x − 3) D x ( x − 3) + 3 x 2
x−3
( x − 3) 4 ⋅ 1 + 3 x − 3
f '( x ) = ( x − 3) 2 ⋅ 1 + 3 x 2 ; 63
x−3
2 4
( x − 3) 2 = x − 3 ; ( x − 3) = x − 3
4
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 3
⇒ f ' ( x ) = ( x − 3) D x x − 3 + x − 3 D x ( x − 3) + 3 x 2 Por la regla:
3 ( x − 3) h( x) 3x 2 + 1
Razonamiento matemático
f ' ( x ) = ( x − 3) ⋅
x−3
D x ( x − 3) + x − 3 ( 3) ( x − 3) D x u( x' (−x )3)=+ 3 x 2 ⋅ D x h ( x ) =
2
h( x) 3x 2 + 1
D x 3x 2 + 1 ( )
( x − 3) 4 ⋅ 1 + 3 x − 3 v ( x ) u '( x ) − u ( x ) v '( x )
f '( x ) = ( x − 3) 2 ⋅ 1 + 3 x 2 ; ⇒ f '( x ) =
x−3 v (2x )
2 4
( x − 3) 2 = x − 3 ; ( x − 3) = x − 3
4
x 2 D x 3x 2 + 1 − 3x 2 + 1 D x x 2
f '( x ) =
( x − 3) 4 + 3 x − 3 2
x4
f '( x ) = x − 3 + 3x 2
x−3 3x 2 + 1
x2 ⋅ 6 x − 3x 2 + 1 ⋅ 2 x
3 3x 2 + 1
x−3
4
3 f '( x ) =
f '( x ) = + 3 x − 3 + 3x 2 x4
x−3 2
6 x 3 ( 3 x + 1) − 3 x 2 + 1 2 x
3
= x − 3 + 3 x − 3 + 3x
3 2 =
x 4 3x 2 + 1
3
f ' ( x ) = 4 x − 3 + 3x 2
( )
2
1 x 5 + 6 x 3 − 3x 2 + 1 ⋅ 2 x 2
f '( x ) = 4 2
; = a2
x 3x + 1
x6
8. f ( x ) = ;x≠0
x
f '( x ) =
1 x 5 + 6x 3 − ( x 4 + 6x 2 + 1 2x )
4 2
x 3x + 1
Solución:
−6 x 3 − 2 x
x6 =
Dada: f ( x ) = ; x ≠ 0 x 4 3x 2 + 1
x
Aplican: f ( x ) =
u ( x)
f '( x ) =
(6x 2
+2 )
v ( x) 3
x 3x + 1 2
v ( x ) u '( x ) − u ( x ) v '( x ) x
⇒ f '( x ) = y Dx x =
v (2x ) x
III.6.2. Ejercicios propuestos
5x 6
x ⋅ 6x − x ⋅ Hallar la derivada de las siguientes funciones:
x Dx x 6 − x 6Dx x x
⇒ f '( x ) = =
x
2
x x2 1. f ( x ) = x 2 − 8
2
x 6x 5 − x 7 x 2 6x 5 − x 7 5x 7 5x 5 2. f ( x ) = 3 x 2 + 1
f '( x ) = 2
= = =
x x x x2 x x2 x
3. f ( x ) = 3 x 3 + 4 x + 1
5x 5
f '( x ) = 3x 2 + 1
x 4. f ( x ) =
x
3x 2 + 1 5. h ( x ) = 3 x − 2
3
x − 3 ; h ( 0) = ?
9. f ( x ) =
x2
Solución:
3x 2 + 1 u ( x) 3x 2 + 1
Dada: f ( x ) = ; f ( x) = =
x2 v ( x) x2
Si u ( x ) = h ( x ) = 3 x 2 + 1 ⇒ h ( x ) = 3 x 2 + 1
Por la regla:
h( x) 3x 2 + 1
u '( x ) =
h( x)
⋅ Dxh ( x ) =
3x 2 + 1
(
D x 3x 2 + 1 )
64⇒ f ' ( x ) = v ( x ) u ' ( x ) − u ( x ) v ' ( x )
v (2x )
x 2 D x 3x 2 + 1 − 3x 2 + 1 D x x 2
Razonamiento matemático
Si f(x) es derivable en x = x0 entonces f(x) es continua en x0, pero si f(x) es continua en x = x0, no necesariamente es
derivable en x0.
Ejemplo N° 1:
f ( x ) = x , analice si es diferenciable y continua en x = 0.
Veamos la continuidad:
Veamos la derivabilidad:
f ( x0 + h ) − f ( x0 ) − ( x + h) − (−x) −x − h + x h
f ' ( 0 ) = f −' ( 0 ) = lim = = = − = −1
izq. x →0 − h h h h
f ( x0 + h ) − f ( x ) x+h−x h
f ' ( 0 ) = f +' ( 0 ) = lim = = = +1
derec. x →0 +
h h h
Observese que:
x
y=
x
O
En x = 0, la función es una esquina, en ella
no existe una única tangente natural.
Ejemplo N° 2:
Diga si la siguiente función es derivable y continua en x = 2.
65
Razonamiento matemático
1° Método analítico:
Derivada por la izquierda
f ('− ) ( 2) = lim
f ( 2 + h ) − f ( 2)
= lim
( )
8 ( 2 + h ) 2 − 3 − 2 ( 2 ) 2 − 3
h →0 −
h h →0 − h
8 + 8h + 2 h 2 − 3 − 8 + 3
= lim = lim ( 8 + 2h ) = 8
h →0 −
h h →0 −
f ( 2 + h ) − f ( 2) 8 ( 2 + h ) − 11 − (8 ( 2 ) − 11)
f ('+ ) ( 2 ) = lim = lim
h →0 +
2 h →0 +
h
11 + 8h − 11 − (16 − 11) 16 + 8h − 11 − 16 + 11
= lim = lim
h →0 +
h h →0 +
h
8h
= lim =8
h →0 + h
Como:
f ('− ) ( 2 ) = f ('+ ) ( 2 ) = 8
L− = lim 2 x 2 − 3 = 2 ( 2 ) − 3 = 5
2
h→2 −
f ( 2 ) = hlim f ( x ) = 5, f ( x ) es continua en x = 2
L = lim 8 x − 11 = 8 ( 2 ) − 11 = 5
+ →2
h→2 +
2° Método práctico
Dado:
2 x − 3, si x ≤ 2
2
f ( x) =
8, si x > 2
4 x, si x ≤ 2; derivaada por la izquierda
⇒ f '( x ) =
8, si x > 2; derivada por la derecha
f ('− ) ( x ) = 4 x ⇒ f ('− ) ( 2 ) = 4 x 2 = 8
'
f ( − ) ( 2 ) = f ( + ) ( 2 ) = 8, f ( x ) es derivable en x = 2
'
f ('+ ) ( x ) = 8 ⇒ f ('+ ) ( 2 ) = 8
Dado g ( x ) = x + x − x
66
Razonamiento matemático
3 + h + ( 3 + h ) − 3 + h − (3 + 3 − 3 )
g (' + ) ( 3) = lim
h →0 + h
3+ 3−3 −3− 3−3 0
g (' + ) ( 3) = lim = lim =0
h →0 +
h h →0 +
h
3 + h + ( 3 + h ) − 3 + h − (3 + 3 − 3 )
g (' + ) ( 3) = lim
h →0 +
h
g (' − ) ( 3) = lim
2+ (
3−2 − 3+ 3−3 ) = lim 2 + 1 − 3 − 0
h →0 −
h h →0 − h
0
g (' − ) ( 3) = lim = 0
h →0 − h
∴ g (' − ) ( 3) == g (' + ) ( 3) = 0;
g ( x ) es derivable y continua en x = 3.
2. Dado:
8
3 ; x ≥ 2
h( x) x
2
ax + bx + c, x < 2
8
3 ; x ≥ 2
Dado: h ( x ) = x
3
ax + bx + c; x < 2
8
− 3 ; x ≤ −2
x
h ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c ; − 2 < x < 2
8 ; x≥2
x 3
67
4a + 2b + c = 1
5
4 (1) + 2 − + c = 1
Razonamiento matemático 2
c=2
Para que sea continua en x = 2, se debe cumplir:
∴a =1
lim h ( x ) = lim h ( x ) = h ( 2 ) ; veamos: 5
x→2 − x→2 + b=−
2
c=2
3. Si:
(-) (+)
O
ax 2 + b; x ≤ 1
1 2
f ( x) = 1
; x >1
x
x→2 + x→2 +
(
lim h ( x ) = lim h ( x ) ax 2 + bx ÷ c = 4a + 2b + c
) ax 2 + b; x ≤ 1
Dado: f ( x ) = 1
4a + 2b + c = 1 ........(α ) ; x >1
x
Para que sea derivable en x = -2, debe cumplirse: 1 1
Interpretando el valor absoluto: =
x x
h(' − ) ( x ) = h(' + ) ( x ) ;
Como: x > 1 ⇒ x = x
8
(
D x − 3 = D x ax 2 + bx + c
x
) Luego:
24 ax 2 + b; x ≤ 1
= 2ax + b, en x = x 0 = 2
x 4
f ( x) = 1
24 ; x >1
= 2a ( 2 ) + b x
( −2 ) 4
Las derivadas laterales en x = 1 son:
24 = 64a + 16b
3=8 a +2b
↑ a =1 5
( )
f ('− ) ( x ) = D x ax 2 + 1 = 2ax ⇒ f ('− ) ( x ) = 2a (1) = 2a
↑ b =−
2
1 1 1
f ('+ ) ( x ) = D x = − 2 ⇒ f ('+ ) ( x ) = − 2 = −1
Tanteo: x x 1
4a + 2b + c = 1 1
lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) ⇒ lim ax 2 + b = lim
x →1 −
x →1 +
x →1 −
x →1 +
x
5
4 (1) + 2 − + c = 1 2 1
2 a (1) + b)
1
c=2
a + b =1
∴a =1
1 3
5 − + b =1⇒ b =
b=− 2 2
2
1
68 c = 2 a=−
2
∴
3
b=
2
()
1
a + b =1
1 3 Razonamiento matemático
− + b =1⇒ b =
2 2
a=−
1 ( )
f ('− ) ( x ) = f ('+ ) ( x ) ⇒ D x x 2 + mx + 3 = D x ( −4mx + n )
2 2 x + m = 4m
∴
3
b= En x 0 = 1 : 2 ( −1) + m = −4m
2
3
4. Halle Ud. los valores de a y b de modo que exista −2 = −5m ⇒ m =
5
f’(2), si:
Si es derivable es continua en x = -1
ax + b, si x ≤ 2
f ( x) =
2 lim f − ( x ) = lim f + ( x )
x − 3, si x > 2 x →−1 x →−1
Solución: x →−1−
( 2
)
lim x + mx + 3 = lim ( −4mx + n )
x →−1+
f ( x ) = ax + b f ( x) = x 2 − 3
n = 4 − 5m
-∞ +∞
0 2
2 n = 4 − 5
5
Para que sea derivable y la x = 2, debe cumplirse:
n=2
f ('− ) ( x) = f ('+ ) ( x ); x=2
2
m=
D x ( ax + b ) = D x x − 3 ( 2
) ∴ 5
n=2
a = 2 x; x 0 = 0
a = 2 ( 2) = 4 6. Calcule Ud. si existen derivadas laterales de f(x) en
x=1 y diga si f(x) es f(x) es derivable en dicho punto:
a=4
x − 1; x ≤ 1
a=4 a. f ( x ) =
∴ 2
b=7 ( x − 1) ; x > 1
( x − 1) 2 ; x ≤ 1
Si es derivable en x = 2, debe ser continua en ella: b. f ( x ) =
2
( x − 1) ; x > 1
lim ax + b = lim x 2 − 3
x→2 − x→2 +
Solución:
a ( 2) + b = 2 2 − 3
2a + b = 1 x − 1; x ≤ 1
a. f ( x ) = 2
2 ( 4) + b = 1 ⇒ b = 7 ( x − 1) ; x > 1
y → 1- y → 1+
5. Halle Ud. los valores m y n de manera que la función: -∞ +∞
Izq. 1 Der.
x 2 + mx + 3; x ≤ −1
f ( x) = La lógica es que si existen las derivadas laterales y
−4mx + n; x > −1 son iguales entonces la función es derivable.
Sea derivable en x0 = -1.
. ( x ) = f ( − ) ( x ) = D x ( x − 1)
'
f izq '
Solución: '
= 1 ⇒ f ('− ) (1) = 1
f ( − ) ( x ) ≠ f ( + ) (1)
'
x + mx + 3; x ≤ 1
2
Dado: f ( x ) = '
f der ' 2
. ( x ) = f ( + ) ( x ) = D x ( x − 1) 1 ≠ 0
−4mx + n ; x > 1
= 2 ( x − 1) ⇒ f ('+ ) (1) = 0
Para que sea derivable debe cumplirse:
69
Razonamiento matemático
Como: Las derivadas laterales son diferentes, Hallar las constantes c y d para que la función f sea
entonces f(x) no es derivable en x = 1. derivable en x = 2.
⇒ f ('+ ) (1) = 3 (1 − 1) = 0
2 1
; x >5
h( x) = x
Como: f ('− ) (1) = f ('+ ) (1) = 0 ⇒ f ' (1) = 0 2
ax + c; x ≤ 5
∴ f ( x ) Es derivable en x = 1 Hallar a y c para que sea derivable en x = 5 y calcular
h’(5).
III.7.2. Ejercicios propuestos 7. Determinar los valores a, b y c; tal que existe f’(x).
1. Diga Ud. si las siguientes funciones son derivables y
x 3 ; x <1
continua en los puntos indicados: f ( x) =
2
ax + bx + c; x ≥ 1
a. f ( x ) = x 2 − 4 en x = 2 y x = 2
8. Halle Ud. las derivadas laterales, si existen, de las
3 3 4 funciones siguientes, y si no existen explique la
b. g ( x ) = x − 3 ( x − 3) + x x − ; en x = 3
2 continuidad y la diferenciabilidad.
x 3 − x 2 − 4x + 4 1 − x ; si 1 < x
; x < −2 c. f ( x ) =
2
x+2 (1 − x ) ; si x ≤ 1
f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c ; − 2 ≤ x < 2 9. Determine las constantes a y b, para que las funciones
2 sean continuas y diferenciables en todo su dominio.
x − 13 x + 22
;x≥2
x−2 x2 + x +1
; si 1 > x
Sea continuar en 2 y derivable en x = -2. x+a
a. f ( x ) =
3. Dada la función: 3 2 3
x + bx − 5 x + 3; si 1 ≤ x < 2
mx 2 + n; x ≤ 3
x , si 1 < x
2
H ( x) = 9 b. f ( x ) =
; x>3 ax + b, si x ≥ 1
x
10. Demuestre que las siguientes funciones no son
Hallar las constantes m y n pasa que H sea derivable
derivables en x = 5.
en x = 3 y calcular H’(3).
4. Dado la función: a. f ( x ) = x − 5 y b. f ( x ) = x 2 − 5 x
−3 x 2 ; x ≤ 2
f ( x) =
cx + d ; x > 2
70
Razonamiento matemático
Grupo N° 1
Este grupo de ejercicios son una selección de prácticas y exámenes tomados en las universidades de la ciudad de
Lima, en la solución de las mismas hacemos las operaciones directas se supone que hasta este nivel el lector tiene en
memoria las reglas de derivación estudiadas.
Solución:
4
x +3
Dado: g ' ( x ) = ; x−4≠0
x−4
3
x +3 x +3
⇒ g '( x ) = 4 ⋅ Dx
x − 4 x−4
x + 3 ( x − 4 ) D x ( x + 5 ) − ( x + 3) D x ( x − 4 )
3
g '( x ) = 4 ⋅
x−4 ( x − 4) 2
x + 3 ( x − 4 ) ⋅ 1 − ( x + 3) ⋅ 1
3 3
x+3 x −4− x −3
g '( x ) = 4 ⋅ = 4
x−4 ( x − 4) 2 x−4 ( x − 4) 2
3
x+3
g '( x ) = 4
( − ) = −2 ( x + 3)
3
⋅ 2
x − 4 ( x − 4) ( x − 4) 5
g '( x ) =
−2 ( x + 3) 3
( x − 4) 5
m
x
2. f ( x ) =
2
1 + 1 − x
Solución:
n
x
Dado: f ( x ) =
2
1 + 1 − x
n −1
x x
⇒ f '( x ) = n Dx
1 + 2 2
1 − x 1+ 1− x
f '( x ) = n
x
n −1
⋅
(1 + )
1 − x 2 D x x − xD x 1 + ( 1− x2 )
(1 + 1 − x )
2
1 + 1 − x 2 2
(1 + 1 − x ) ⋅ 1 − x (1 − x )
1
1 2 −2
n −1
2
⋅ ( −2 x )
x 2
f '( x ) = n ⋅
(1 + 1 − x )
2 2
1 + 1 − x 2 71
x2
1+ 1− x2 + 1
1 + 1 − x 2 1+ 1− x2
f ' ( x ) = n
x
n −1
⋅
1+ ( )
1 − x 2 D x x − xD x 1 + ( 1− x2 )
(1 + 1 − x )
Razonamiento matemático
2 2
1 + 1 − x 2
( 1 − x ) ⋅ 1 − x (1 − x )
1
1 2 −2
n −1 1+ 2
⋅ ( −2 x )
x 2
f '( x ) = n ⋅
(1 + 1 − x )
2
1 + 1 − x 2 2
x2
1+ 1− x2 + 1
f '( x ) = n
x
n −1
(1 − x ) 2 2
(1 + )
2 2
1 + 1 − x 1− x2
1
f '( x ) = n
x
n −1
(
1− x2 ) 2 +1− x2 + x2
( )
2 1
1 + 1 − x 2
1+ 1− x2 (
⋅ 1− x2 ) 2
f '( x ) = n
x
n −1
⋅
(
1− x2 ) 2 +1
( )
1
1 + 1 − x 2 2
1+ 1− x2 (
⋅ 1− x2 ) 2
xn 1
f '( x ) = n ⋅
(1 + ) (1 + )(
n −1 1
1− x2 1− x2 1− x2 ) 2
n
n x n −1 n x
f '( x ) = =
(1 + )
1 2 2
n
x 1 − x 1 + 1 − x
1− x2 (
⋅ 1− x2 ) 2
( ) (x )
2 4
3. f ( x ) = x 2 − 1 2
+4
Solución:
( ) ( x + 4)
2 4
Dado: f ( x ) = x 2 − 1 2
⇒ f ' ( x ) = ( x − 1) D ( x + 4 ) + ( x + 4 ) ⋅ D ( x − 1)
2 2 2 4 2 4 2 2
x x
f ' ( x ) = ( x − 1) ( 4 ) ( x + 4 ) ⋅ 2 x + ( x + 4 ) ⋅ 2 ( x − 1) ⋅ 2 x
2 2 2 3 2 4 2
f ' ( x ) = 8 x ( x − 1) ( x + 4 ) + 4 x ( x + 4 ) ( x − 1)
2 2 2 3 2 4 2
f ' ( x ) = ( x − 1) ( x + 4 ) 8 x ( x − 1) + 4 x ( x + 4 )
2 2 2 2
2x + 5
4. f ( x ) = 3
3x − 1
Solución:
1
2x + 5 2x + 5 3
Dado: f ( x ) = 3 =
3x − 1 3x − 1
2
−
1 2x + 5 3 2x + 5
72⇒ f ' ( x ) = ⋅ Dx
3 3x − 1 3x − 1
2
f' x =
1 2x + 5
−
3
⋅
( 3x − 1) D x ( 2 x + 5) − ( 2 x + 5) D x ( 3x − 1)
1
2x + 5 2x + 5 3 Razonamiento matemático
Dado: f ( x ) = 3 =
3x − 1 3x − 1
2
−
1 2x + 5 3 2x + 5
⇒ f '( x ) = ⋅ Dx
3 3x − 1 3x − 1
2
1 2x + 5
f '( x ) =
−
3
⋅
( 3x − 1) D x ( 2 x + 5) − ( 2 x + 5) D x ( 3x − 1)
3 3x − 1 ( 3x − 1) 2
2
1 2x − 5
f '( x ) =
−
3
⋅
( 3x − 1) ⋅ 2 − ( 2 x + 5) 3
3 3x + 1 ( 3x − 1) 2
−17 −17
f '( x ) = 2
⇒ f '( x ) =
3 ( 3 x − 1) 3 ( 2 x + 5 ) 3 3 3
( 3x − 1) ⋅ ( 2 x + 5) 2
(
5. f ( x ) = x a 2 + x 2 ) a2 − x2
Solución:
1
Dada: f ( x ) = x a 2 + x 2 ( ) a 2 − x 2 = a 2x + x3 a 2 − x 2 ( )( ) 2
1 1
(
⇒ f '( x ) = a 2 x + x 3 D x a 2 − x 2 ) ( ) + (a
2 2
− x2 ) 2
(
Dx a 2x + x 3 )
1 1
1
( ) ( ) ( ) (a )
−
f '( x ) = a 2 x + x 3 a 2 − x 2 2 ⋅ ( −2 x ) + a 2 − x 2 2 2
+ 3x 3
2
(
−x a 2x + x3 )+ 1
f '( x ) = 1 (a 2
− x2 ) (a2 2
− 3x 2 )
( a2 − x2 ) 2
f '( x ) =
−a x − x 4 + a 2 − x 2 a 2 − 3x 2
2 2
( )( )
1
(a 2
− x2 ) 2
− a 2 x 2 − x 4 + a 4 +3a 2 x 2 − x 2 a 2 − 3 x 4
f '( x ) = 1
(a 2
− x2 ) 2
a 2 x 2 − 4x 4 + a 4
f '( x ) =
a2 − x2
m
6. f ( x ) = ( a + x ) (b + x ) n
Solución:
m
Dada: f ( x ) = ( a + x ) (b + x ) m
m n n m
⇒ f '( x ) = ( a + x ) D x (b + x ) + (b + x ) D x ( a + x )
m n −1 n m −1
f '( x ) = ( a + x ) ⋅ n (b + x ) + (b + x ) ⋅ m ( a + x )
f '( x ) = ( a + x ) ⋅ n ⋅
m (b + x ) n + b + x n ⋅ m ⋅ ( a + x ) m
( )
(b + x ) (a + x)
m n n m
f '( x ) = ( a + x ) ⋅ (b + x ) +
b + x a + x 73
m n −1 n m −1
f '( x ) = ( a + x ) ⋅ n (b + x ) + (b + x ) ⋅ m ( a + x )
n m
Razonamiento matemático m
f '( x ) = ( a + x ) ⋅ n ⋅
(b + x ) + b + x n ⋅ m ⋅ ( a + x )
( )
(b + x ) (a + x)
m n n m
f '( x ) = ( a + x ) ⋅ (b + x ) +
b+ x a+ x
7. f ( x ) = ( 9 + x ) a−x
Solución:
1
Dada: f ( x ) = ( 9 + x ) a − x = (9 + x ) ( a − x ) 2
1 1
1
⇒ f '( x ) = (9 + x ) ( a − x ) − 2 ⋅ ( −1) + ( a − x ) 2 ⋅ (1)
2
1 (9 + x ) 1
− (9 + x ) + 2 ( a − x )
f '( x ) = − 1
+ ( a − x ) 2 =
1
2
(a − x) 2 (a − x) 2
−9 − x + 2a − 2 x 2a − 9 − 3 x
f '( x ) = ⇒ f '( x ) =
a−x a−x
x −1
8. f ( x ) = ( x − 1) 3
x +1
Solución:
1
x −1 x −1 3
Dada: f ( x ) = ( x − 1) 3 = ( x − 1)
x +1 x +1
1 1
x −1 3 x −1 3
⇒ f ' ( x ) = ( x − 1) D x + ⋅ D x ( x − 1)
x +1 x +1
1 1
−
1 x −1 3 x −1 x −1 3
f ' ( x ) = ( x − 1) ⋅ Dx + ⋅1
3 x + 1 x +1 x +1
1
1 x − 1 3 ( x − 1) D x ( x − 1) − ( x − 1) D x ( x + 1) x − 1 3
f ' ( x ) = ( x − 1) ⋅ +
3 x +1 ( x + 1) x +1
1
1 −
f ' ( x ) = ( x − 1) ( x − 1) 3 ⋅ ( x − 1) 3 ⋅
( x + 1) − ( x − 1) + x − 1 3
3 ( x + 1) x +1
1
1
1 x −1 3
f ' ( x ) = ( x − 1) 3 ⋅ +
3 − x +1
( x + 1) 3
1 1 1
f '( x ) =
( x − 1) 3 x −1 3 x −1 3
+ +1
=
3 x +1 x + 1 3 ( x + 1)
( x + 1) 3
1
x − 1 3 + 3x + 3 x − 1 3x + 1
f '( x ) = = 3
x + 1 3 ( x + 1) x + 1 3x + 1
3x + x −1
f '( x ) = 3
3 ( x + 1) x +1
74
Razonamiento matemático
6
9. f ( x ) = ( 5 − x ) 7 ( x + 5 )
Solución:
6
6
Dada: f ( x ) = ( 5 − x ) 7 ( x + 5 ) = ( 5 − x ) ( x + 5 ) 7
1 6
6 −
⇒ f ' ( x ) = ( 5 − x ) ( x + 5 ) 7 ⋅ 1 + ( 5 + x ) 7 ⋅ ( −1)
7
6 (5 − x ) 6
30 − 6 x − 7 ( x + 5 )
f '( x ) = 1
− ( x + 5) 7 =
77 x+5
7 ( x + 5) 7
f '( x ) =
( 5 + 13x )
77 x+5
4 − x2
10. f ( x ) =
(1 + x ) 2 3
Solución:
1
2 2
4− x 4 − x2
Dada: f ( x ) = = 3
(1 + x ) 2 3
(
1+ x2
)
1
−
2
1 4 − x2 4 − x2
⇒ f ' ( x ) = D x
2 1 + x 2 3 3
( ) (
1+ x2
)
1
2 1+ x2
( ) ( ) ( )
3 2
1 4 − x2 ⋅ ( −2 x ) − 4 − x 2 ⋅ ( 3) ⋅ 1 + x 2 ⋅ 2x
f ' ( x ) = ⋅
2 1 + x 2 3
( ) (1 + x ) 2
1
(2 3 2
) ( ) ( )( )
2 3 2
1 1+ x ⋅ −2 x 1 + x − x 4− x 2 1 + x 2
f ' ( x ) =
2 4 − x 2
(1 + x )
2
( ) ( ) (1 + x ) + 3( 4 − x )
2
− 1+ x2 2 x 1+ x2 2 2
f '( x ) = ⋅
(1 + x )
1 2
(4 − x )
2 2
x 1 + x 2 + 12 − 3 x 2 13 x − 2 x 3
f '( x ) = 3 1
=− 1
(1 + x ) ( ) (1 + x ) ( 4 − x )
2 − −2 2 2 2 2
2 ⋅ 4 − x2
2 x 3 − 13 x
f '( x ) =
(1 + x ) ( 4 − x )
2 2
75
Razonamiento matemático
1+ x + 1− x
11. f ( x ) =
1+ x − 1− x
Solución:
1+ x + 1− x
Dada: f ( x ) = ; racionalizando el denominador:
1+ x − 1− x
( )( ) ( )
2
1+ x − 1− x 1+ x + 1− x 1+ x + 1− x
f ( x) = =
( 1+ x − 1 − x )( 1+ x + 1− x ) (1 + x ) − (1 − x )
1+ x + 2 1+ x 1− x +1− x 2 + 2 (1 + x ) (1 − x )
f ( x) = =
2x 2x
2
1+ 1− x
f ( x) =
x
⇒ f '( x ) =
(
xD x 1 + 1− x2 − 1+ ) ( 1 − x 2 Dx x )
2
x
( )
1
( )
−
xD x 1 − x 2 2 ⋅ ( −2 x ) − 1 + 1 − x 2 ⋅1
f '( x ) = 2
x
( ) = −x (1 + )
1 1
( ) ( )
−
−x 2 1 − x 2 2 − 1+ 1− x2 2
− 1− x2 2 1− x2
f '( x ) = 2 1
x
(
x2 1− x2 ) 2
1 1
f '( x ) =
(
−x 2 − 1 − x 2 ) − (1 − x ) = − x − (1 − x ) − 1 + x
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
x2 (1 − x ) 2 2
x (1 − x ) 2 2 2
f '( x ) =
( )
1+ 1− x2 2
⇒ f '( x ) = −
1+ 1− x2
1
x2 1− x2
x2 (1 − x ) 2 2
1− x
12. f ( x ) =
1+ x
Solución:
1
1 1 2
1− x 1− x 2 1− x 2
Dada: f ( x ) = = =
1+ x 1 + x
1
1 + x 2
1
1 −
1
1 −
1 1
−
1 1 + x 2 − x 2 − 1 − x 2 x 2
1 1− x 2 2 2
f '( x ) = ⋅
2 1 + x 1 2
1 + x 2
1 −1 1 1
− x 2 1 + x 2 + 1 − x 2
1
76 −
1 1− x 2 2
f '( x ) = ⋅
2 1 + x 1 2
1 + x 2
1 − 1 −
−
1 1 + x 2 − x 2 − 1 − x 2 x 2
1 1− x 2 2 2
f '( x ) = ⋅
2 1 + x 1
2
1 + x 2 Razonamiento matemático
1 −1 1 1
−
1 − x 2 1 + x 2 + 1 − x 2
1 1− x 2 2
f '( x ) = ⋅
2 1 + x 1
2
1 + x 2
1
1 1+
f '( x ) =
x 2 ( −1) =−
1
⋅
2 1 − x
1 1 2
1 2−
1
1 1 2
x 2 1 + x 2
(
2 1− x ) 2 x 2 1 + x 2
1 1
f '( x ) = − =− 1
1 1 1 2
1 1
1 1 2
2 1−( x ) 2 x 2 ⋅ 1 + x 2
(
2 1− )
x 2 ⋅ x 2 ⋅ 1 + x 2 1 + x 2
1
f '( x ) = −
2 (1 − x 1+ )( ) (
x ⋅ x ⋅ 1+ x )
1 1
f '( x ) = − f '( x ) = −
2 (1 − x ) x ⋅ (1 + x ) 2 ( x − x ) ⋅ (1 + 2
x )
4
x3 −1
13. f ( x ) = 3
2 x + 1
Solución:
4
x3 −1
Dada: f ( x ) = 3
2 x + 1
3
x3 −1 x3 −1
f '( x ) = 4 3 ⋅ Dx 3
2 x + 1 2 x + 1
f '( x ) = 4 3
3
⋅
3 3 3
(
3
x 3 − 1 2x + 1 Dx x − 1 − x − 1 Dx 2x + 1 ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 x + 1
( )
2
2x 3 + 1
( x − 1) 3 3
x + 3x 2 − x + x 2
f '( x ) = 4 ⋅
( 2 x + 1) (2x )
3 3 3 2
+1
( ) ( )
3 3
4 x3 −1 ⋅ x 2 3 x2 x3 −1
f '( x ) = f '( x ) =
(2x ) (2x )
3 2 3 2
+1 +1
x −1
14. f ( x ) =
x +1
Solución:
1
x −1 x −1 2
Dada: f ( x ) = =
x +1 x +1
1 1
2
1 x + 1 2 ( x + 1) D x ( x − 1) − ( x − 1) D x ( x + 1)
−
1 x −1 2 x −1 77
f '( x ) = ⋅ Dx = ⋅
2 x +1 x +1 2 x −1 x +1
1 1
1
x −1 x −1 2
Razonamiento matemático
Dada: f ( x ) = =
x +1 x +1
1 1
2
x − 1 1 x + 1 2 ( x + 1) D x ( x − 1) − ( x − 1) D x ( x + 1)
−
1 x −1 2
f '( x ) = ⋅ Dx = ⋅
2 x +1 x +1 2 x −1 x +1
1 1
1 x + 1 2 ( x + 1) ⋅ 1 − ( x − 1) ⋅ 1 1 x + 1 2 2
f '( x ) = ⋅ = ⋅
2 x −1 ( x + 1) 2 2 x − 1 ( x + 1) 2
1 1
f '( x ) = 1 1
= 1
( x − 1) 2 ⋅ ( x + 1) 2 − 2 ( x − 1) 2 ⋅ ( x + 1) 2
1 1
f '( x ) = =
1
( x − 1) 2 ⋅ ( x + 1) ⋅ ( x + 1) 2
1
( x − 1) ( x + 1) ( x + 1)
1
f '( x ) =
( x + 1) x2 −1
w
15. f ( w ) =
1 − 4w 2
Solución:
w w
Dada: f ( w ) = = 1
2
1 − 4w
(1 − 4w ) 2 2
(1 − 4w ) ( )
2 2 1
⋅ D w w − wD w 1 − 4 w 2 2
f '( w) =
1 2
(
1 − 4w 2
) 2
1 1
1
(1 − 4w ) ( ) ( )
2 2 −
⋅ 1 − w 1 − 4w 2 2 ⋅ D w 1 − 4w 2
f '( w) = 2
(
1 − 4w 2 )
1 1
1
(1 − 4w ) ( )
−
2 2
⋅ w 1 − 4w 2 2 ⋅ ( −8w )
f '( w) = 2
(
1 − 4w 2 )
1
4w 2
1 1 (1 − 4w ) 2 2
+ 1
(1 − 4w ) ( ) (1 − 4w )
2 2 −
+ 4w 2 1 − 4w 2 2 2 2
f '( w) = =
(1 − 4w ) 2
(1 − 4w ) 2
1 − 4w 2 + 4w 2 1
f '( w) = 1
= 1
(1 − 4w ) (1 − 4w )
2 2 2
(1 − 4w ) 2 1+ 2
1
f '( w) =
(1 − 4w ) 2 2
78
Razonamiento matemático
x + 1− x2
16. f ( x ) = Ln
x
Solución:
x + 1+ x2
f ( x ) = Ln
x
x x + 1− x2
⇒ f '( x ) = ⋅ Dx
x+ 1− x2 x
f '( x ) =
x
⋅
xD x x + ( 1− x2 − x + ) ( 1 − x 2 Dx x )
x+ 1− x 2 x2
1 1 1
( ) ( )
−
x 1 + 1 − x 2 2 ⋅ ( −2 x ) − x + 1 + x 2 2 ⋅1
x 2
f '( x ) = ⋅ 2
x+ 1− x 2
x
1 1
( ) ( )
−
x 1 − x 1 − x 2 2 − x + 1− x2 2
f '( x ) =
x+ ( 1− x 2
)x
x 1
x 1 − 1
− x + 1− x2 ( ) 2
2 2
f '( x ) =
1− x (
)
x + 1− x2 x ( )
1 1 1
x 1− x2
( ) 2 − x − 1 − x 2
( ) 2 x + 1− x 2
( ) 2
f '( x ) =
( )
1
(1 − x ) 2 2
⋅ x+ 1− x2 x
1 1
f '( x ) =
(
x 1− x2 ) 2 − x2 − 1− x2 ( ) 2 x − 1− x2 ( )
(x + )
1
(1 − x ) 2 2
1− x2 x
−1 −1
f '( x ) = 1
= 1
(
x2 1− x2 ) 2 + x 1− x2 ( ) x2 1− x2( ) 2 +x−x
2x 2 − 1
17. y =
x 1+ x2
Solución:
1
2x 2 − 1 2x 2 − 1
( ) ( )
−
Dada: y = = 1
= 2 x 2 − 1 x −1 1 + x 2 2
x 1+ x2
(
x 1+ x2 ) 2
( )( )
−
y = 2 x − x −1 1 + x 2 2 79
1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
− −
⇒ y ' = 2 x − x −1 D x 1 + x 2 2 + 1+ x2 2 D x 2 x − x −1
1
2x 2 − 1 2x 2 − 1
( ) ( )
−
Dada: y =
Razonamiento =
matemático 1
= 2 x 2 − 1 x −1 1 + x 2 2
2
x 1+ x
x 1+ x2 2 ( )
1
( )( )
−
y = 2 x − x −1 1 + x 2 2
1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
− −
⇒ y ' = 2 x − x −1 D x 1 + x 2 2 + 1+ x2 2 D x 2 x − x −1
3 1
1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( 2 − ( −1) x )
− −
y ' = 2 x − x −1 − 1 − x 2 2 ⋅ 2x + 1 + x 2 2 −2
2
1 1 1 1
y ' = −x 2x − 3
+ 1
⋅2 + 2
x x
1+ x2
( ) 2 1+ x2
( ) 2
2x 2 − 1 1 2x 2 + 1
y ' = −x +
x 3
1
1 + x 2
( ) 2 x2 1+ x2
( ) 2
1 2x 2 + 1
(
y ' = 1 + 2x 2 )
3
+
1
( ) 1+ x2
( ) 2 x2 1+ x2
2
y' =
x2 (1 − 2 x ) + (1 + x ) ( 2 x + 1) = x
2 2 2 2
− 2x + 2x 2 + 2x + 1 + x
3 3
x (1 + x ) 2 2 2
x2 1+ x2( ) 2
x2 +1
y' = 3
(
x2 1+ x2 ) 2
18. f ( x ) =
(1 + 2 x ) 2
1− x2
3x 3
Solución:
(1 + 2 x ) 2
1− x2 1
1
Dada: f ( x ) =
3x 3
= x −3 1 + 2 x 2 1 − x 2
3
( )( ) 2
1
1 −3
f ( x) =
3
(
x + 2 x −1 1 − x 2 )( ) 2
1
1 1
1
( ) ( ) ( ) ⋅ ( −3x )
−
⇒ f ' ( x ) = x −3 + 2 x −1 1 − x 2 2 ⋅ ( −2 x ) + 1 − x 2 2 −4
+ 2 ( −1) x −2
3 2
1
1 1
( )( ) ( ) ⋅ ( −3x )
−
f ' ( x ) = − x x −3 + 2 x −1 1 − x 2 2 + 1− x2 2 −4
− 2 x −2
3
1
1 1
( )( ) ( ) ( −1) ( 3x −4 + 2 x −2 )
−
f ' ( x ) = − x −2 + 2 1 − x 2 2 + 1− x2 2
3
1
1 1 + 2x 2 1 3 + 2 x 2
f '( x ) = −
3 x 2
1
− 1−( x2 2 ) 4
x
1− x2 ( ) 2
80 2
( 2 2
1 − 1 + 2x x − 1 − x 3 + 2x
f '( x ) =
2
) ( )( )
1
3
x4 1− x2 2 ( )
1
1 1 + 2x 2 1 3 + 2 x 2
f '( x ) = −
3 x 2 1
− 1−( x2 2 ) 4 Razonamiento matemático
x
1− x2
( ) 2
2
(2 2
1 − 1 + 2x x − 1 − x 3 + 2x
f '( x ) =
2
) ( )( )
1
3
x4 1− x2 2 ( )
1 −3 1
f '( x ) = 1
=− 1
3 4
x 1 − x
2
( ) 2
x4 1− x2 ( ) 2
1 1
f '( x ) = − 1
=−
x4 1− x2
x4 1− x2 ( ) 2
x2 +1
19. f ( x ) = ; f ' (1) = ?
(
Ln x 4 + 1 )
Solución:
x2 +1
Dada: f ( x ) =
(
Ln x 4 + 1 )
⇒ f '( x ) =
( ) (
Ln x 4 + 1 D x x 2 + 1 − x 2 + 1 D x Ln x 4 + 1 ) ( ) ( )
Ln 2
( x + 1) 4
) ( ) x 1+ 1 ⋅ 4 x
(
2 xLn x 4 + 1 − x 2 + 1 ⋅ 4
3
f '( x ) =
Ln ( x + 1) 2 4
2 x ( x + 1) Ln ( x + 1) − ( x + 1)( 4 x )
4 4 2 3
f '( x ) =
( x + 1) Ln ( x + 1) 4 2 4
f '( x ) =
( 2 x + 2 x ) Ln ( x + 1) − 4 x − 4 x
5 4 5 3
( x + 1) Ln ( x + 1) 4 2 4
En x = 1
4 Ln ( 2 ) − 4 − 4 4 Ln ( 2 ) − 8 2 Ln ( 2 ) − 4
f ' (1) = = =
2 Ln 2 ( 2 ) 2 Ln 2 ( 2 ) Ln 2 ( 2 )
2 Ln ( 2 ) − 4
f ' (1) =
Ln 2 ( 2 )
( ) ( 2x )
2 4
20. f ( x ) = 4 x 2 + 1 3
+ 1 ; f ' (1) = ?
Solución:
( ) ( 2 x + 1) ; f '(1) = ?
2 4
Dada: f ( x ) = 4 x 2 + 1 3
⇒ f ' ( x ) = ( 4 x + 1) D ( 2 x + 1) + ( 2 x + 1) D ( 4 x + 1)
2 2 3 4 3 4 2 2
x x
f ' ( x ) = ( 4 x + 1) ( 4 ) ( 2 x + 1) ⋅ 6 x + ( 2 x + 1) ( 2 ) ( 4 x + 1) ⋅ 8 x
2 2 3 3 3 4 2
f ' ( x ) = 24 x ( 4 x + 1) ( 2 x + 1) +
2 2 3 3
81
16 x ( 2 x + 1) ( 4 x + 1) 3 4 2
3
Dada: f ( x ) = 4 x + 1 (
) ( 2 x + 1) ; f '(1) = ?
⇒ f ' ( x ) = ( 4 x + 1) D ( 2 x + 1) + ( 2 x + 1) D ( 4 x + 1)
2 2 3 4 3 4 2 2
x x
Razonamiento matemático
f ' ( x ) = ( 4 x + 1) ( 4 ) ( 2 x + 1) ⋅ 6 x + ( 2 x + 1) ( 2 ) ( 4 x +f 1( )x⋅)8=xLn ( e + 7 )
2 2 3 3 3 4 2 5 x x
f ' ( x ) = 24 x ( 4 x + 1) ( 2 x + 1) + ⇒ f ' ( x ) = 5 Ln ( e + 7 ) ⋅ D Ln ( e + 7 )
2 2 3 3 4 x x x x
x
1
16 x ( 2 x + 1) ( 4 x + 1) f ' ( x ) = 5 Ln ( e + 7 ) ⋅ ⋅ D (e + 7 )
3 4 2 4 x x x x
x x x
e +7
f ' ( x ) = 8 x ( 4 x + 1) ( 2 x + 1) ⋅
3
1
f ' ( x ) = 5 Ln ( e + 7 ) ⋅ ⋅ ( e + 7 Ln7 − x )
2 3
4 x x x x
3 ( 4 x + 1) + 2 ( 2 x + 1) 2
( e +7 )
3
x x
5 ( e + x7 Ln7 ) x x
f '( x ) =
f ' ( x ) = ( 32 x + 8 x ) ( 2 x + 1) ( 4 x + 12 x + 5 )
3 3 3 3 2 x x
e +7
5
En x = 1 En x = 0 : f '(0) =
3
2
f ' ( c ) = ( 32 + 8 ) ( 2 + 1) ( 4 + 12 + 5 ) = 56
2x
f ' (1) = 56 23. f ( x ) = Ln ; f ' (1) = ?
2
x +1
2
2t 2 + 1 Solución:
21. g ( x ) = 3 ; g '( 2) = ?
3t + 1 1
2x 2x 2
f ( x ) = Ln = Ln 2
Solución: x2 +1 x +1
2 1
2t 2 + 1 1 2x 2
Dada: g ( x ) = 3 ; g '( 2) = ? ⇒ f '( x ) = ⋅ Dx 2
3t + 1 1
x +1
2x 2
2 2
2t 2 + 1 2t 2 + 1 x +1
⇒ g '(t ) = 2 3 ⋅D
3t + 1 x 3t 3 + 1 1 1
x 2 + 1 2 1 2x − 2 2x
f '( x ) = ⋅ ⋅ Dx 2
2t 2 + 1
g '(t ) = 2 3 ⋅
2
(
3t 3 + 1 ⋅ 4t − 2t 2 + 1 ⋅ 9t 2 ) ( ) 2 x 2 x 2 + 1
x +1
3t + 1
( )
2
3t 3 + 1 1 1
1 x2 +1 2 x2 +1 2
f '( x ) = ⋅ ⋅
(12t 4
+ 4t − 18t 4 − 9t 2 ) 2 2 x 2 x
(
g ' ( t ) = 4t 2 + 2 )
(3t )
2
(x )
3
+1 2
+ 1 2 − ( 2 x )( 2 x )
( 4t )( ) (x )
2 2
2
+ 2 −t 4 − 9t 2 + 4t +1
g '(t ) =
(3t + 1) 3 2
1 x 2 + 1 2x 2 + 2 − x 2
f '( x ) = ⋅
2 2 x
( )
2
x2 +1
x = 2 : g '( 2) =
( 4 ⋅ 2 + 2) ( −2 − 9 ⋅ 2 2 4 2
+ 4 ( 2) )
(3 ⋅ 2 + 1) 1 x 2 + 1 2 − 2x 2
3 2
= ⋅
2 2 x x 2 + 1 2
(18) ( −44 ) ( )
=
2
f '( x ) =
( x + 1) ( 2) (1 − x ) = 1 − x
2 2 2
− 92
( 2 ) ( 2 x ) ( x + 1) 2 x ( x + 1)
2 2
g '( 2) =
2
2
1− x2
f '( x ) =
(
22. f ( x ) = Ln e + 7 ; f ' ( 0 ) = ?
5 x x
) (
2x x 2 + 1 )
Solución:
x = 1 ⇒ f ' (1) = =
(
f ( x ) = Ln 5 e x + 7 x )
(
⇒ f ' ( x ) = 5 Ln 4 e x + 7 x ⋅ D x Ln e x + 7 x ) ( )
82
1
(
f ' ( x ) = 5 Ln 4 e x + 7 x ⋅ x
e + 7x
⋅ Dx e x + 7 x ) ( )
1
Razonamiento matemático
3
24. f ( x ) = ( ax + b ) Ln ( ax + b )
Solución:
3
Dada: f ( x ) = ( ax + b ) Ln ( ax + b )
2 3
⇒ f ' ( x ) = ( ax + b ) D x Ln ( ax + b ) + Ln ( ax + b ) D x ( ax + b )
3 1 2
f ' ( x ) = ( ax + b ) ⋅ ⋅ D x ( ax + b ) + Ln ( ax + b ) ⋅ ( 3) ( ax + b ) D x ( ax + b )
ax + b
2 2
f ' ( x ) = ( ax + b ) ⋅ a + 3Ln ( ax + b ) ⋅ ( ax + b ) ⋅ a
2 2
f ' ( x ) = a ( ax + b ) + 3a ( ax + b ) LN ( ax + b )
f ' ( x ) = a ( ax + b ) (1 + 3Ln ( ax + b ) )
2
1+ x2
1. y = Ln
1 − x 2
( ) (2x )
4 3
2. y = x 2 + 3 3
−5
1+ x − 1− x
3. y =
1+ x + 1− x
2x + 1 3
4. g ( x ) =
x+5
2
x + 2x − x + 5( )
t 2 +1 2
5. f ( t ) = + et
t 2 −1
6. f ( x ) = 3
(
x x2 +1 ) + Lnx 2
2
x −1
7. y = Ln ( 2senx + 1 + 2senx − 1 )
8. y =
x
2
x2 − a2 −
a2
2
Ln x + ( x2 − a2 )
2 2
.y=
e − x arc sene − x
1 − e−x
2
+
1
2
Ln 1 − e − x
2
( )
( )
2
2x 1+ 2x
1 .y= − arc n 2 x( ) en x =
1 + (2 ) 1 − (2 )
x 2 x 2
11. f ( x ) = Ln ( e + 7 )
5 x x
83
Razonamiento matemático
df ( x ) f ( x + h) − f ( x)
f '( x ) = = D xsenx = lim
dx h →0 h
sen ( x + h ) − senx a+b a−b
f ' ( x ) = lim ; sena − senb = 2 cos ⋅ sen
h →0 h 2 2
x+h+ x x+h−x
2 cos ⋅ sen
2 2
f ' ( x ) = lim
h →0 h
2x + h h
cos ⋅ sen
f ' ( x ) = 2 lim 2 2
h →0 h
h
sen
2 x + h 2
f ' ( x ) = 2 lim cos ⋅
h →0 2 2 h
2
h
sen
f ' ( x ) = 2 lim cos
( 2 x + h ) ⋅ ⋅ 2
h →0 h 2 h
2
2x + 0 2x
f ' ( x ) = 2 ⋅ cos ⋅ ⋅ = cos = cos x
2 2 2
f ' ( x ) = D xseenx = cos x
Ejemplo N° 2:
Ejemplo N° 3:
1
sen x
y = f ( x ) = tan x = y = sen x
cos x
sen x
⇒ f ' ( x ) = D x tan x = D x −
π -1 0 1 π x
cos x 2 2
cos xD xseen x − sen xD x cos x
=
cos 2 x -1
1
De esta manera, se demuestra que las reglas de x' = Dy + f −1
( y) =
derivación más usuales de funciones trigonométricas son Dx f ( x)
las siguientes:
En este caso tendremos:
f ( x ) = sen x → f ' ( x ) = D xsen x = cos x
1 1
f ( x ) = cos x → f ' ( x ) = D x cos x = −sen x x' = Dy f −1
( y ) = D y arcsen ( y ) = = ;
D xsenx cos x
f ( x ) = tan x → f ' ( x ) = D x tan x = sec 2 x ∀x ∈ −1,1
f ( x ) = ctan x → f ' ( x ) = D x c tan x = csen x 2
1
f ( x ) = sec x → f ' ( x ) = D x sec x = sec x ⋅ tan x x ' = D x arcsen ( y ) = ...............(1)
cos x
f ( x ) = csec x → f ' ( x ) = D x csen x = −csen x ctan x
Pero cos x 2 + sen 2 x = 1 ⇒ cos x = 1 − sen 2 x ; y = sen x
Si: u = u ( x )
cos x = 1 − y 2 ...........( 2 )
f ( x ) = sen u → f ' ( x ) = D xsen u = cos u ⋅ D xu
f ( x ) = cos u → f ' ( x ) = D x cos u = −sen u ⋅ D xu 2 en 1:
1
x ' = D y arcsen y =
f ( x ) = c sec u → f ' ( x ) = D x sec u = −csec u ⋅ ctan u D xu 1− y2
Volviendo a x:
Derivada de funciones trigonométricas
inversas 1
D x arcsen x =
Ejemplo N° 4 1− x2
π π
Si: f ( x ) = y = sen x; Dom f ( x ) = − , Ejemplo N° 5
2 2
Para f ( x ) = y = cos x; x ∈ [0, π ]
x= f −1
( y ) = arc seny; Dom f −1 ( y ) = [ −1, 1]
x= f −1
( y ) = arc cos ( y ) ; y ∈ [ −1,1]
85
1
f ( x ) = arcsec x → f ' ( x ) = D x arcsecx =
x x2 −1
Razonamiento matemático 1
f ( x ) = arccsec x → f ' ( x ) = D x arccsec x = −
x x2 −1
y
Si: u = u ( x )
1
y = arccos x f ( x ) = arcsen u → f ' ( x ) = D x arcsen u = D xu
π 1− u2
1
f ( x ) = arc cos u → f ' ( x ) = D x arc cos u = − D xu
1− u2
1
π
f ( x ) = arccsec u → f ' ( x ) = D x arccsecu = − D xu
u 2 −1
2
Solución: Solución:
Dada: f ( x ) = sen 3 x + tan x + c sec x Dada: f ( x ) = 2 cos ax + 3 sen ax
⇒ f ' ( x ) = D xsen 3 x + D x tan x + D x c sec x ⇒ f ' ( x ) = 2 D x cos ax + 3D x sen ax
f ' ( x ) = cos 3 x ⋅ D x 3 x + sec 2 x + ( −c sec x ⋅ c tan x ) f ' ( x ) = 2 ( − sen ax ) D x ax + 3 cos axD x ax
f ' ( x ) = a sec 2 ( ax + b )
6. f ( x ) = x − sen x cos x
π π π π
En x =
4
⇒f ' = sec 2 − sec 2
4 4 4 (
12. y = cos t 3 + 1 )
Solución:
π
( 2) − ( 2)
2 2
f ' = =0
4 Dada: y = cos t 3 + 1 ( )
π
f ' = 0 ( ) ( )
⇒ y ' = −sen t 3 + 1 D x t 3 + 1 = −sen t 3 + 1 ⋅ 3t 2( )
4
y ' = 3t sen ( t + 1)
2 3
87
Dada: y = cos t 3 + 1
Razonamiento matemático
( )
() (
⇒ y ' = −sen t 3 + 1 D x t 3 + 1 = −sen t 3 + 1 ⋅ 3t 2 ) ( )
y ' = 3t sen ( t + 1)
2 3
Solución:
Solución:
( )
y ' = sen 3t ⋅ −sent 2 ⋅ D xt 2 + cos t 2 ⋅ 3sen 2t ⋅ cos t ( )
y ' = sen t ⋅ ( −sent
3 2
) (
⋅ 2t + coos t 2 ⋅ 3sen 2t ⋅ cos t )
y ' = −2tsen 3t ⋅ sent 2 + 3 cos t 2 ⋅ sen 2t ⋅ cos t
sen t + cos x
15. y =
sen x − cos x
Solución:
senx + cos x
Dada: y =
sen x − cos x
⇒ y' =
( sen x − cos x ) D x ( sen x + cos x ) − ( sen x + cos x ) D x ( sen x − cos x )
( sen x − cos x ) 2
y' =
( sen x cos x ) ( cos x − sen x ) − ( senx + cos x ) ( cos x + sen x )
( senx − cos x ) 2
sen x cos x − sen 2 x − cos 2 x + cos x sen x − sen x cos x − sen 2 x − cos 2 x + sen x cos x
y' =
( sen x − cos x ) 2
y' =
−2sen 2 x − 2 cos 2 x
=
(
−2 sen 2 x + cos 2 x )
2 2
( sen x − cos x ) ( sen x − cos x )
−2
y' =
( sen x − cos x ) 2
88
Razonamiento matemático
1 + cos 2 x sen x
16. y = Dada: y =
1 − cos 2 x 1 + cos x
Solución: ⇒ y' =
(1 + cos x ) D xsen x − sen xD x (1 + cos x )
(1 + cos x ) 2
1 + cos 2 x
Dada: y =
1 − cos 2 x y' =
(1 + cos x ) cos x − sen x ⋅ ( −sen x )
⇒ y' =
(1 − cos 2 x ) D x (1 + cos 2 x ) − (1 + cos 2 x ) D x (1 − cos 2 x ) (1 + cos x ) 2
(1 − cos 2 x ) 2 cos 2 x + sen 2 x cos x + 1 1
y' = = =
y' =
(1 − cos 2 x ) ( − sen 2 x ⋅ 2 ) − (1 + cos 2 x ) ( sen 2 x ⋅ 2 ) (1 + cos x ) 2
(1 + cos x ) 2
(1 + cos x )
(1 − cos 2 x ) 2
1
−2sen 2 x + 2sen 2 x cos 2 x − 2sen 2 x − 2sen 2 x cos 2 x y' =
y' = (1 + cos x)
(1 − cos 2 x ) 2
−4sen 2 x −4 ( 2sen x cos x ) −8sen x cos x π π
y' = = = 19. f ( x ) = cos x 3 − x 2 + x ; f ' ( x ) = ?, en x =
(1 − cos 2 x ) 2 ( )
2
2sen 2 x 4sen 4 x 2 2
−2 cos x Solución:
y' =
sen 3 x
π
Dada: f ( x ) = cos x 3 − x 2 + x ; f ( x ) = ?,
sec (1 − x ) 2
17. y =
sec (1 − x ) + tan (1 − x ) π
en x =
2
Solución:
π
⇒ f ' ( x ) = D x cos x 3 − x 2 + x
sec (1 − x ) 2
Dada: y = ; haciendo t = 1 − x
sec (1 − x ) + tan (1 − x ) π π
f ' ( x ) = −sen x 3 − x 2 + x ⋅ D x x 3 − x 2 + x
sec t 2 2
y=
sec t + tan t π
( sec t + tan t ) D x sec t − sec tDt ( sec t + tan t ) 2
(
f ' ( x ) = − sen x 3 − x 2 + π ⋅ 3 x 2 − π x + 1 )
⇒ y' =
( sec t + tan t ) 2 π 3 π π 2 π
π
( sec t + tan t ) sec t ⋅ tan t − sec t ( sec t ⋅ tan t + sec 2
t ) f ' = −sen − + ⋅
2 2 22 2
y' =
( sec t + tan t )
π 2 π
sec 2 t ⋅ tan t + tan 2 t sec t − sec 2 t ⋅ tan t − sec 3 t − − π + 1
y' = 2
2
( sec t + tan t ) 2
2
1 π π 3π π2
f ' = −sen ⋅ − + 1
2
y' =
tan 2 t sec t − sec 3 t
=
(
sec t tan t − sec 2 t
2
) 2 2
2 2
( sec t + tan t ) ( sec t + tan t ) π π
= −sen ⋅
2
+ 1
2
− sec t
y' = ; como t = 1 − x
( sec t + tan t ) 2 π π 2 π 2
f ' = − (1) ⋅ + 1 = − + 1
2
− sec (1 − x )
y' = 2
sec (1 − x ) + tan (1 − x ) π π 2
⇒ f ' = − + 1
2
sen x
18. y =
1 + cos x
Solución:
89
Razonamiento matemático −
u
Dada: f ( u ) = e 2 cos ( 2π u )
1 u −u
20. f ( x ) = 3
sen 2 x + ⇒ f '(u ) = e
−
2 ⋅ Du cos ( 2π u ) + cos ( 2π u ) ⋅ Du e 2
cos 3 x
Solución: u
−
2 f '(u ) = e 2 ⋅ ( −sen ( 2π u ) ⋅ Du ( 2π u ) ) +
1
Dada: f ( x ) = 3
sen x + 2
= sen 3 x + cos −3
x
cos 3 x −u 1
cos ( 2π u ) ⋅ e 2 ⋅ −
1 2
2 −
⇒ f ' ( x ) = sen 3 x ⋅ D xsen x + ( −3) cos −4 x ⋅ D x cos x
3 u u
− 1 −
2 −
1 f '(u ) = e 2
( −sen ( 2π u ) ⋅ 2π ) − 2 e 2 ⋅ cos ( 2π u )
f ' ( x ) = sen 3 ⋅ cos x − 3 cos −4 x ⋅ ( −senx )
3 u
− cos ( 2π u )
2 cos x 3sen x f ' ( u ) = −e 2
2π sen ( 2π u ) +
f '( x ) = 1
+ 2
cos 4 x
3sen x
3
f '( x ) =
2 cos x
+
3sen x (
24. f ( t ) = Ln sen 2t )
4
3 3 sen x cos x
Solución:
21. f ( x ) = tan 2
(e ) −x
Dada: f ( t ) = Ln sen 2t ( )
1
Solución: ⇒ f ' ( t ) = Dt Ln sen 2t = ( ) sen 2t
⋅ D xsen 2t
( )
Dada: f ( x ) = tan 2 e − x 1
f '(t ) = ⋅ 2sen t ⋅ D x ( sen t )
⇒ f ' ( x ) = 2 tan ( e ) ⋅ D tan ( e ) −x
x
−x sen 2t
1 cos t
f ' ( x ) = 2 tan ( e ) ⋅ sec ( e ) D ( e ) −x 2 −x −x f '(t ) = ⋅ cos t = 2 = 2ctan t
x sen t sen t
f ' ( x ) = 2 tan ( e ) ⋅ sec ( e ) ⋅ ( e ( −1) )
−x 2 −x −x
f ' ( t ) = 2ctan t
−
u Solución:
Dada: f ( u ) = e 2 cos ( 2π u )
u
− −u
⇒ f '(u ) = e 2 ⋅ Du cos ( 2π u ) + cos ( 2π u ) ⋅ Du e 2
90
u
−
f '(u ) = e 2 ⋅ ( −sen ( 2π u ) ⋅ Du ( 2π u ) ) +
Razonamiento matemático
1
D y arctan y = ; y = tan x
1+ y2
Volvviendo a x :
1
D x arctan x =
1+ x2
Solución:
1
28. y = arcsen x 2 +
x2
Solución:
1
Dada: y = arcsen x 2 + = arcsen x 2 + x −2
x2
1
⇒ y' = ⋅ D x x 2 + D x x −2
1− x ( ) 2 2
1 2x 2
y' = ⋅ 2 x + ( −2 ) x −3 = −
1− x 4
1− x 4 x3
2x 2
y' = −
1− x 4 x3
91
Razonamiento matemático
30. f ( x ) = x arcsen x + 1− x2
Solución:
1
Dada: f ( x ) = x arcsen x + 1 − x 2 = x arcsen x + 1 − x 2 ( ) 2
1
1
( ) ( )
−
⇒ f ' ( x ) = xD x arcsen x + arcsen xD x + 1− x2 2 ⋅ Dx 1 − x 2
2
1
1 1
( )
−
f '( x ) = x ⋅ + arcsen x + 1− x2 2 ⋅ ( −2 x )
1− x2 2
x x
f '( x ) = + arcsen x − 1
2
1− x
(1 − x ) 2 2
f ' ( x ) = arcsen x
x3 1
31. f ( x ) =
3
arccos x −
9
(
1− x2 x2 + 2 )
Solución:
x3 1
Dada: f ( x ) =
3
arccos x −
9
1− x2 x2 + 2 ( )
x3 x3 1
⇒ f '( x ) =
3
D x arccos x + arcccos xD x − 1 − x 2 + D x x 2 + 1 + x 2 + 2 D x R1 − x 2
3 9 ( ) ( )
3x 2 1
1
x3 −1 1
( ) ( )
−
f '( x ) = ⋅ + arccos x ⋅ − 1 − x 2 ⋅ 2x + x 2 + 2 1 − x 2 2 ⋅ ( −2 x )
3 1− x 2 3 9 2
f '( x ) =
−x3 1 2x 1 − x − x − 2x
+ x 2 arccos x −
2 3
( )
3 1− x2 9 1− x2
−x 3 1 −3x 3
f '( x ) = + x 2 arccos x −
3 1− x2 9 1 − x 2
f ' ( x ) = x 2 arccos x
x a2 − x2
32. f ( x ) = arcsen +
a x
Solución:
x a2 − x2
Dada: f ( x ) = arcsen +
a x
1
2
x a −x
f ( x ) = arcsen +
2
( ) 2
a x
1 1
⇒ f '( x ) =
1
2
x xD x a − x
Dx +
2
( ) − (a
2 2
− x2 ) 2 ⋅ Dx x
2
x
2
a x
92 1−
a
1
1 2 2 −2 2 2
Dada: f ( x ) = arcsen +
a x
1
2
x a −x
f ( x ) = arcsen +
2
( ) 2
Razonamiento matemático
a x
1 1
⇒ f '( x ) =
1 x
Dx +
xD x a 2 − x 2 ( ) (
2 − a2 − x2 ) 2 ⋅ Dx x
2
x
2
a x
1−
a
1
1
( )
−
x a2 − x2 2 ⋅ ( −2 x ) − a 2 − x 2 ⋅1
1 1 2
f '( x ) = ⋅ +
2
a −x 2 a x2
a2
−x 2
1
− a2 − x2
f '( x ) =
a
⋅
1
+
(
a2 − x2 2 )
2
a −x 2 a x2
f '( x ) =
1
+
(
−x 2 − a 2 − x 2 )
2 2 1
a −x
(a 2
− x2 ) 2 ⋅ x2
1 − x2 − a2 + x2
f '( x ) = +
a2 − x2 x2 a2 − x2
1
( )( )
−
x2 − a2 − x2 − a2 a2 − x2 2
f '( x ) = =
x2 a2 − x2 x2
1
f '( x ) =
(
− x2 − a2 ) 2
=
− x2 − a2
2
x x2
− x2 − a2
f '( x ) =
x2
1 + x arctan x
33. f ( x ) =
1+ x2
Solución:
1 + x arctan x 1 + x arctan x
Dada: f ( x ) = = 1
2
1+ x
(1+ x2 ) 2
1 1
⇒ f '( x ) =
(1 + x ) 2 2
D x (1 + x arctan x ) − (1 + x arctan x ) D x a + x 2 ( ) 2
1 2
(
1+ x2 ) 2
1 1
1 1
(1 + x ) ( )
−
2 2
⋅ x ⋅ 2
+ arctan x − (1 + x arctan x ) 1 + x 2 2 ⋅ 2x
1+ x 2
f '( x ) =
1+ x2 ( )
x (1 + x arctan x )
1
x
1 (
+ 1+ x2 ) 2 arctan x − 1
f '( x ) =
(1 + x ) 2 2
(1 + x ) 2 2
(1 + x ) 2
93
rand :
( )
x + 1 + x 2 arctan x − x − x arctan x
1 1
1 1
(1 + x ) ( )
−
⋅ x ⋅ 2
+ arctan x − (1 + x arctan x ) 1 + x 2
2 2 2 ⋅ 2x
Razonamiento
matemático 1 + x 2
f '( x ) =
1+ x 2
( )
x (1 + x arctan x )
1
x
1 (
+ 1+ x2 ) 2 arctan x − 1
f '( x ) =
(1 + x ) 2 2
(1 + x ) 2 2
(1 + x ) 2
rand :
f '( x ) =
( )
x + 1 + x 2 arctan x − x − x arctan x
1
(1 + x ) ⋅ (1 + x )
2 2 2
f '( x ) =
(1 + x ) arctan x − x arctan x
2
(1 + x ) 2 2
f '( x ) =
( x − x + 1) arctan x
2
(1 + x ) 2
1
34. f ( x ) = x arctan 2 x − Ln 1 + 4 x 2
4
( )
Solución:
1
Dada: f ( x ) = x arctan 2 x − Ln 1 + 4 x 2
4
( )
1
⇒ f ' ( x ) = xD x arctan 2 x + arctan 2 xD x x − D x Ln 1 + 4 x 2
4
( )
1 1 1
f '( x ) = x ⋅
1 + (2x)
⋅ D x 2 x + arctan 2 x ⋅ 1 − ⋅
4 1 + 4x 2
⋅ Dx 1 + 4x 2 ( )
x 1
f '( x ) = ⋅ 2 + arctan 2 x − ⋅ (8 x )
1 + 4x 2 (
4 1 + 4x 2 )
2x 2x
f '( x ) = 2
+ arctan 2 x −
1 + 4x 1 + 4x 2
f ' ( x ) = arctan 2 x
x
35. f ( x ) = x a 2 − x 2 + a 2 ⋅ arctan
a
Solución:
x
Dada: f ( x ) = x a 2 − x 2 + a 2 ⋅ arctan
a
1
x
f ( x) = x a 2 − x 2 ( ) 2 + a 2 arctaan
a
1 1
x
⇒ f ' ( x ) = xD x a 2 − x 2 ( ) + (a
2 2
− x2 ) 2 ⋅ D x x + a 2 D x arctan
a
1 1
1
( ) ( )
−
f '( x ) = x ⋅ ⋅ a 2 − x 2 2 ⋅ ( −2 x ) + a 2 − x 2 2 +
2
94 1 1
a2 ⋅ 2
⋅
x a
1+
a
1
x
(
f ( x) = x a 2 − x 2 ) 2 + a 2 arctaan
a
1 1
x
(
⇒ f ' ( x ) = xD x a 2 − x 2 ) ( 2 + a2 − x2 ) 2 ⋅ D x x + a 2 D x arctan
a
Razonamiento matemático
1
1 1 V.2. Ejercicios propuestos
( ) ( )
−
f '( x ) = x ⋅ ⋅ a 2 − x 2 2 ⋅ ( −2 x ) + a 2 − x 2 2 +
2 Hallar la derivada de las siguientes funciones
trigonométricas y funciones trigonométricas inversas.
11
a2 ⋅ ⋅
2
x a 1. y = cos x + x sen x
1+
a 2. y = sen 3 x 2( )
2 1
−x a
f '( x ) = 1 (
+ a2 − x2 ) 2 +
x2
3. h ( x ) = cos 10 x ⋅ sen 40 x
(a 2
− x2 ) 2 1+
a2
4. f ( x ) = sen mx ⋅ sen n x
1 π
−x 2 a 5. f ( x ) = sen 2 ( 3 x − 1) , en x 0 =
f '( x ) = 1 (
+ a2 − x2 ) 2 +
a2 + x2
2
(a 2
− x2 ) 2
(
6. f ( x ) = sen sen x 4 + 10 x 2 + 300
)
2 2 2 2 2
−x + a − x a a − 2x sec x
f '( x ) = 1
+ = 7. f ( x ) =
a2 + x2 1
(a 2
− x2 ) 2
(a 2
− x2 ) 2 1 + cos x
a
8. f ( x ) = cos (
x + tan cos 2 ( x + 1)
2
)
+
a2 + x2 9. f ( x ) = x 2 cos x + sen x2 +1
a 2 − 2x 2 a 3x 2 + 5 x
f '( x ) = + 10. f ( x ) = + ( 3 − 2sen x )
5
a −x 2 2 a2 + x2 sec x
(
11. f ( x ) = sen 5 tg x 2 + cos 2 x )
36. f ( x ) = sen arcsen sen arsenx 2
( ( )) sen 2 x 1 − cos 2 x
12. f ( x ) = sen 3 x 2 + 2
+
Solución: sen x sen 3 x
1
Dada: f ( x ) = sen arcsen sen arcsen x 2
( ( )) 13. f ( x ) = cos 3 x − cos x + ctg 1 + x 3
3
( )
En este tipo de ejercicios, primero se simplifica, así: x cos x
14. f ( x ) = +
sen x + cos x 2sen 2 x
( )
Como sen arcsen x 2 = x 2 ; analice Ud., tenemos:
15. f ( x ) = tan x + tan x + tan x
f ( x ) = sen arcsen x 2 = x 2
f ( x ) = x 2 ⇒ f '( x ) = 2x
16. y = tan 2 ( ) −x
4
17. y = x + cos 2 x
37. f ( x ) = tan ( arcsen t )
18. y = 4sen x + 2 cos ( 4 x )
Solución: 19. y = sen 2 sen 2 sen 2 x
( )
Dada: f ( t ) = tan ( arcsen t )
x + cos x
20. y =
⇒ f ' ( t ) = sec 2
( arcsen t ) ⋅ D xarcsen t x − cos x
1 sen 5 x + cos 5 x
f ' ( t ) = sec ( arcsen t ) ⋅ 21. f ( x ) =
1− t 2 sen 5 x − cos 5 x
(
23. f ( x ) = c sec 2 x + sen 2 x sen 3 2 x
Razonamiento matemático
)
24. f ( x ) = a ctan ( x+ )
25. f ( x ) = a c sec x
26. f ( x ) = a ccsec x
1
27. f ( x ) = ( a csenx ) 2 ⋅ a ccos x
2
a ccos x
28. y =
1− x2
29. y = a csen2 x − a ccos x 2
1
30. y = a ccos 1 −
x2
1− x
31. y = a ctan
1+ x
1
32. y = cos
a cco
s ( sen x )
1
a csen
x
33. y = 8
π
34. f ( x ) = cos 2 x ⋅ h ( cos x ) f =
4
2 2
s h = −1 h =2 2
2 2
96
Razonamiento matemático
A (cosθ, senθ)
θ
O x
Las funciones hiperbólicas están relacionados con lsa coordenadas de los puntos de una hipérbola cuya gráfica resulta
de algunas combinaciones de las funciones exponenciales ex y e-x. El ángulo hiperbólico se mide entre el vector que
une el origen con las coordenadas de cualquier punto de la hipérbola y uno de los ejes coordenados.
y
A (coshθ, senhθ)
F1 O F2 x
Las funciones hiperbólicas principale4s son también seís tal como son las funciones trigonométricas y resultan de la
siguiente interpretación.
y
e x + e−x
cosh x =
2
ex
e-x
e x − e−x
sen h x =
2
O
x
97
Razonamiento matemático
1
1−
Si x → ∞ ⇒ tanh ( ∞ ) → e∞ = 1 = 1
1 1
1+ ∞
e 5. Secante hiperbólico de x:
tanh ( ∞ ) → 1 1 2
f ( x ) = sec hx = = x
e −∞
−1 −1 cosh x e + e − x
Si x → −∞ ⇒ tanh ( −∞ ) → −∞
= = −1
e +1 1 Podemos comprobar que:
tanh ( −∞ ) → −1
Si: x = 0 ⇒ sec h ( 0 ) = 1
Cuya gráfica es:
x → ∞ ⇒ sec h ( ∞ ) → 0 +
y
x → −∞ ⇒ sec h ( −∞ ) → 0 −
y = tanh x
O x
Dom f ( x ) =
Ran f ( x ) = −1,1
98
3. coth 2 x − c sec h 2 x = 1
1
4. tanh x =
c tanh x Razonamiento matemático
5. senh ( x ± y ) = senhx cosh y ± cosh x + senhy
Cuya gráfica es:
6. cosh ( x ± y ) = cossh x cosh y ± senhx ⋅ senhy
y
tanh x ± tanh y
7. tanh ( x ± y ) =
2 1 ± tanh x ⋅ tanh y
1 f ( x ) = y = sec hx =
e x + e−x 8.. senh 2 x − senh 2 y = senh ( x + y ) ⋅ senh ( x − y )
x+ y x− y
9. senhx + senhy = 2senh ⋅ cosh
-∞←x O x→∞ 2 2
x+ y x− y
Dom f ( x ) = 10. cosh x + cosh y = 2 cosh ⋅ cosh
2 2
Ran f ( x ) = 0, ∞ 11. senh 2 x = 2senhx ⋅ cosh x
2 2 = 2 cosh 2 x − 1
f ( x ) = c sec hx = = x
senhx e − e − x 1
13. c sec h 2 x = sec hx ⋅ c sec hxx
2
Podemos comprobar que:
x cosh x − 1
Si: x = 0 ⇒ c sec h ( 0 ) = ∞; 14. senh = ±
2 2
1 dy
= D xu ( x ) ⇒ y' = = D xsenh 2 x + D x tanh x
dx
u2 +1
y ' = 2senh x ⋅ D xsenh x + sech 2 x
2. f ( x ) = arccoshh u ⇒ f ' ( x ) = D x arcco sh u
1 y ' = 2senh x ⋅ cosh x + sech 2 x
= Dx; u > 1
u 2 −1
2
3. f ( x ) = arctanh u ⇒ f ' ( x ) = D x arctan h u 3. y = tanh 2
x
1
= D xu ( x ) ; x < 1 Solución:
1− u2
4. f ( x ) = arcctanh u ⇒ f ' ( x ) = D x arcctan h u 2
Dada: y = tanh 2
1 x
= D xu ( x ) ; u > 1
1− u2 2 2
⇒ y ' = 2 tanh ⋅ D x tanh
5. f ( x ) = arcsech u ⇒ f ' ( x ) = D x arc s ech u x x
−1 2 2 2
= D xu ( x ) ; 0 < u < 1 y ' = 2 tanh ⋅ sec h 2 ⋅ D x
u 1− u 2 x x x
6. f ( x ) = arccsech u ⇒ f ' ( x ) = D x arccsech u 2 −2
y ' = 2 tanh ⋅ sec h 2 ⋅ 2
x
x
−1
= D xu ( x ) ; u ≠ 0
u 1− u2 −4 2 2
y' = tanh ⋅ sec h 2
x2 x x
A continuación exponemos una cantidad necesaria y
suficiente de ejercicios resueltos y propuestos, para
afianzar el aprendizaje de la derivada de funciones 4. y = senh x2 +1
hiperbólicas.
Solución:
VI.1. Enunciado de ejercicios 1
(
⇒ y ' = cosh x 2 + 1 ) 2
(
⋅ Dx x 2 + 1 ) 2
1. y = senhx + cosh x + sec h ( 2 x )
1 1
1 2
Solución: (
y ' = cosh x 2 + 1 ) 2 ⋅
2
(
x +1 ) 2
(
⋅ Dx x 2 + 1 )
Dada: y = senh x + cos hx + sec h ( 2 x )
1 1
1 2
( ) ( )
−
y ' = cosh x 2 + 1 2 ⋅ x +1 2 ⋅ 2x
dy 2
⇒ y' = = D xsenh x + D x cosh x + D x sec h 2 x
dx 1
Ordenando:
y ' = senh x + cos x − sech 2 x ⋅ tanh 2 x
100
Razonamiento matemático
2 1
5. y = tanh 2
x2 x
Solución:
2 1
Dada: y = tanh 2
x2 x
2 1 1 2
⇒ y' = ⋅ D x tanh 2 + tanh 2 ⋅ D x 2
2
x x x x
2 1 1 1 −4
y' = ⋅ sech 2 2 ⋅ D x 2 + tanh 2 ⋅ 3
x2 x x x x
1 −2 4 1
y ' = sech 2 2 ⋅ 3 − 3 tanh 2
x
x x x
−4 1 4 1
y' = sech 2 2 ⋅ − 3 tanh 2
x5 x
x x
6. y = x 2senh 2 x
Solución:
Dada: y = x 2senh 2 x
dy
⇒ = y ' = x 2 ⋅ D xsenh 2 x + senh 2 x ⋅ D x x 2
dx
y ' = x 2 ⋅ 2senh ⋅ D x senh x + senh 2 ⋅ 2 x
y ' = 2 x 2senh ⋅ cosh x + 2 x senh 2 x
7. y = x sec hx 3 +e − xsenhax
Solución:
( )
y ' = sech x 3 1 − 3 x 3 tanh x 3 − e − xsech ax ( a tanh ax − 1)
8. f ( x ) = sec h Ln ( x2 +1 )
Solución:
Dada: f ( x ) = sech Ln ( x2 +1 )
df ( x )
dx
= f ' ( x ) = D xsech Ln ( x2 +1 )
f ' ( x ) = −sech Ln ( ) ( x + 1) ⋅ D x
x 2 + 1 ⋅ tanh Ln 2
x
2
+1 101
( + 1 ) ⋅ tanh ( Ln x + 1 ) ⋅
1
f ' ( x ) = −sech Ln x2 2
⋅D x x2 +1
2
x +1
Dada: f ( x ) = sech Ln ( x2 +1 )
df ( x )
)
Razonamiento matemático
dx
= f ' ( x ) = D xsech Ln ( x2 +1
f ' ( x ) = −sech Ln ( ) ( x + 1) ⋅ D x + 1
x 2 + 1 ⋅ tanh Ln 2
x
2
f '( x ) =
−x
x2 +1
sech Ln ( )
x 2 + 1 ⋅ tanh Ln ( x2 +1 )
9. f ( x ) = Ln tanh ( sen 2 x )
Solución:
sech 2 ( sec ( 2 x ) )
f ' ( x ) = 2 cos 2 x ⋅
tanh ( sen 2 x )
1
10. f ( x ) = arccos
cosh x
Solución:
1
Dada: f ( x ) = arccos
cosh x
1 1 1
⇒ f ' ( x ) = D x ar cos =− ⋅ Dx
cosh x 1
2
cosh x
1−
cosh x
1 − D x cosh x
f '( x ) = − ⋅
1
1−
( cosh x ) 2
cosh x
1 − D x cosh x
f '( x ) = − ⋅
1
2
( cosh x ) 2
1−
cosh x
senh x senh x
102 f ' ( x ) = 2 2
=
1 − ( sech x ) ( cosh x ) tanh 2 x ⋅ cosh 2 x
senh x
f '( x ) =
cosh x
1 − D x cosh x
f '( x ) = − ⋅
1
2
( cosh x ) 2 Razonamiento matemático
1−
cosh x
senh x senh x
f '( x ) = =
2 2
1 − ( sech x ) ( cosh x ) tanh 2 x ⋅ cosh 2 x
senh x
f '( x ) =
tanh x ⋅ cosh 2 x
1 x 1 x
11. f ( x ) = tanh − tanh 2
2 2 2 2
Solución:
1 x 1 x
Dada: f ( x ) = tanh − tanh 3
2 2 2 2
1 x x 1 x x
⇒ f ' ( x ) = sech 2 ⋅ D x − ⋅ 3 tanh 2 D x tanh
2 2
2
2 2
2
1 x 1 3 x x x
f ' ( x ) = sech 2 ⋅ − tanh 2 sech 2 D x
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 x 3 x x 1
f ' ( x ) = sech 2 ⋅ − tanh 2 ⋅ sech 2 ⋅
2 2 2 2 2
1 x 3 x x
f ' ( x ) = sech 2 ⋅ tanh 2 ⋅ sech 2
2
2
2
x
sech 2
f '( x ) = 2 1 − 3 tanh 2 x
2
e ede hace:
x
sech 2
f '( x ) = 2 1 − tanh 2 x − 2 tanh 2 x
2 2
x
sech 2
f '( x ) = 2 sech 2 x − 2 tanh 2 x
2 2
1− x + x2
12. f ( x ) = senh
1 + x + x 2
Solución:
1− x + x2
Dada: f ( x ) = senh
1 + x + x 2
dy 1− x + x2 1− x + x2
= f ' ( x ) = cosh ⋅ D
dx
1 + x + x 2 x 1 + x + x 2
1− x + x2 1− x + x2
f ' ( x ) = cosh ⋅D
1 + x + x 2 x 1 + x + x 2
f ' ( x ) = cosh ⋅
2
( ) 2
(
1 − x + x 2 1 + x + x ⋅ ( 2 x − 1) − 1 − x + x ( 2 x + 1) )
2
( )
2
1+ x + x 1+ x + x2
103
1 − x + x 2 2x − 1 + 2x 2 − x + 2x − x 2 − 1 + 2x 2 + x − 2x − x 2
f ' ( x ) = cosh ⋅
1 + x + x 2
( )
2
1+ x + x2
dy 1− x + x 1− x + x
= f ' ( x ) = cosh 2
⋅ Dx
dx 1 + x + x 2
1+ x + x
Razonamiento matemático1− x + x2 1− x + x2
f ' ( x ) = cosh ⋅D
1 + x + x 2 x 1 + x + x 2
f ' ( x ) = cosh ⋅
2
(
1 − x + x 2 1 + x + x ⋅ ( 2 x − 1) − 1 − x + x ( 2 x + 1)
2
) ( )
2
( )
2
1+ x + x 1+ x + x2
1 − x + x 2 2x − 1 + 2x 2 − x + 2x − x 2 − 1 + 2x 2 + x − 2x − x 2
f ' ( x ) = cosh ⋅
1 + x + x 2
( )
2
1+ x + x2
2
1 − x + x 2 2x − 2
f ' ( x ) = cosh
( )
1+ x + x
( )
2 2
1+ x + x2
(
13. f ( x ) = tanh x − 3
x 3 + 26 )
Solución:
( )
1
Dada: f ( x ) = tanh x − 3
x 3 + 26 = tanh x − x 3 + 26
( ) 3
1 1
⇒ f ' ( x ) = sech 2 x − x 3 + 26
( ) 3
(
⋅ D x x − x 3 + 26 ) 3
1 1 2
( ) ( ) ( )
−
f ' ( x ) = sech 2 x − x 3 + 26 3 ⋅ 1 − ⋅ x 3 + 26 3 ⋅ D x x 3 + 26
3
1 1
f ' ( x ) = sech x − x 3 + 26
2
( ) 3 ⋅ 1 −
2
⋅ 3x
2
(
3 x 3 + 26 ) 5
x2 1
f ' ( x ) = 1 −
2
sech 2 x − x 3 + 26
( ) 3
(
x 3 + 26 ) 3
f ' ( x ) = 1 −
x2 2
⋅ sech x − ( 3
x 3 + 26 )
(x )
2
3 3
+ 26
x 2 − 18 x + 32
14. f ( x ) = tanh 2
x + 18 x + 32
Solución:
x 2 − 18 x + 32
Dada: f ( x ) = tanh 2
x + 18 x + 32
x 2 − 188 x + 32 x 2 − 18 x + 32
⇒ f ' ( x ) = sech 2 2 Dx 2
x + 18 x + 32 x + 18 x + 32
(
x 2 − 18 x + 32 x + 18 x + 32 ( 2 x − 18 ) − x − 18 x + 32 ( 2 x + 18 )
f ' ( x ) = seech 2 2 ⋅
2 2
) ( )
( )
2
x + 18 x + 32 x 2 + 18 x + 32
104 x 2 − 18 x + 32 36 x 2 − 1152
f ' ( x ) = sech 2 2 ⋅
( )
2
x + 18 x + 32 x 2 + 18 x + 32
x − 188 x + 32 x − 18 x + 32
⇒ f ' ( x ) = sech 2 2 Dx 2
x + 18 x + 32 x + 18 x + 32
f ' ( x ) = seech 2 2
2
( ) 2
(
x 2 − 18 x + 32 x + 18 x + 32 ( 2 x − 18 ) − x − 18 x + 32 ( 2 x Razonamiento
+ 18 ) )
matemático
⋅
( )
2
x + 18 x + 32 2
x + 18 x + 32
x 2 − 18 x + 32 36 x 2 − 1152
f ' ( x ) = sech 2 2 ⋅
( )
2
x + 18 x + 32 x 2 + 18 x + 32
15. f ( x ) = e − xsenh ( ax )
Solución:
Dada: f ( x ) = e − xsenh ( ax )
⇒ f ' ( x ) = e − x ⋅ D xsenh ( ax ) + senh ( ax ) D x e − x
f ' ( x ) = e − x ⋅ cosh ax ⋅ D x ax + senh ( ax ) ⋅ e − x ⋅ D x ( − x )
Ordenando:
cosh x x
16. f ( x ) = − Ln c tanh
senh 2 x 2
Solución:
cosh x x
Dada: f ( x ) = − Ln c tanh
2
senh x 2
senh 2 xD x cosh x − cosh x ⋅ D xsenh 2 x 1 x
⇒ f '( x ) = − D x ctanh
senh x 4
x 2
ctanh
2
x x
csech 2 D x
senh 2 x ⋅ senh 2 − cosh x ⋅ 2senh 2 x D xsenh x 2 2
f '( x ) = −
senh 4 x x
ctanh
2
x 1
csech 2 ⋅
senh 2 x ⋅ senh x − 2senh x ⋅ cosh 2 x 2 2
f '( x ) = +
senh 4 x x
ctanh
2
x
2
f '( x ) =
(
senh x seenh 2 x − 2 cosh 2 x ) + 1 csec
2
senh 4 x 2 x
ctanh
2
x
csec 2
senh 2 x − cosh 2 x − cosh 2 x 2
f '( x ) = +
senh x x
2ctanh
2
x
csec 2
−1 − cosh 2 x 2
f '( x ) = +
senh x x
2ctanh
2
denando
:
x 105
csech 2 2
f '( x ) = 2 − 1 + cosh x
x senh x
2ctanh
x
csec 2
2
−1 − cosh x 2
f '( x ) = +
Razonamiento senh matemático
x x
2ctanh
2
denando
:
x
csech 2 2
f '( x ) = 2 − 1 + cosh x
x senh x
2ctanh
2
x
2 + 3 tanh
17. f ( x ) = 2
x
2 − 3 tanh
2
Solución:
x
2 + 3 tanh
Dada: f ( x ) = 2
x
2 − 3 tanh
2
x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1
2 − 3 tanh ⋅ 3sech ⋅ − 2 + 3 tanh −3sech ⋅
2 2 2 2 2 2
⇒ f '( x ) = 2
x
2 − 3 tanh
2
3 x 2 x 3 x 2 x
2 − 3 tanh sech + 2 + 3 tanh ⋅ sech
2 2
2
2 2
2
f '( x ) = 2
x
2 − 3 tanh
2
x x x x x x
2sech 2 − tanh ⋅ sech 2 + 3sech + tanh sech 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
f '( x ) = 2
x
2 − 3 tanh
2
x
senh 2
f '( x ) = 2
2
x
2 − 3 tanh
2
c sec hx + c tanh x
18. f ( x ) =
c sec hx − c tanh x
Solución:
sech x + c tanh x du udv − vdu
Dada: f ( x ) = ; =
sech x − c tanh x v v2
Si aplicamos derivada de producto a la función tal cual llegaremos a unas operaciones muy extensas que la hoja de
papel no alcanzaría, entonces primero reemplazamos por sus equivalentes funciones exponenciales, las reducimos
y luego las derivamos:
106
Razonamiento matemático
2
+
e x + e−x
x −x 2+2
(e x
+ e −x )
x
f ( x) = e − e
−x
e x − e−x = 2 + e + e = 2
2
−
x
e +e −x x
2− e +e −x
2−2
(
e x + e −x ) ( )
e x − e−x e x − e −x 2
2 + 2 cosh x 1 + cossh x
f ( x) = =
2 − 2 cosh x 1 − cosh x
d f '( x ) (1 − cosh x ) D x (1 + cosh x ) − (1 + cosh x ) D x (1 − cosh x )
⇒ = f '( x ) =
dx (1 − cosh x ) 2
f '( x ) =
(1 − cosh x ) senh x − (1 + cosh x ) ( −senh x )
(1 − cosh x ) 2
1 − senh x cosh x + senh x + senh x cosh x
f '( x ) =
(1 − cosh x ) 2
1 + senh x
f '( x ) =
(1 − cosh x ) 2
(
19. f ( x ) = arcsen tanh x 2 )
Solución:
1
f '( x ) = ⋅ sech 2 x 2 ⋅ D x x 2
(
1 + tanh x )
2 2
2 x sech 2 x 2
f '( x ) =
( )
2
1 + tanh 2 x 2
Solución:
Dada: f ( x ) = Ln ( ctanh3 x − csech 3 x )
1
D x f ( x ) = f '( x ) = ⋅ D x ( ctanh 3 x − csech 3 x )
ctanh 3 x − csech 3 x
1
f '( x ) = ⋅ −csech 2 3 x ⋅ ( -csech 3 x ⋅ ctanh 3 x ⋅ 3)
ctanh 3 x − csech 3 x
−3csech 2 3 x + 3csech 3 x ⋅ ctanh 3 x
f '( x ) =
ctanh 3 x − csech 3 x
3csech 3 x [ −csech 3x + ctanh3 x ]
f '( x ) =
ctanh 3 x − csech 3 x
f ' ( x ) = 3csech 3 x
107
3 cosh 3 ( 3 x )
senh ( 3 x )
y' =
Razonamiento matemático 2
cosh 3 ( 3 x )
c sec h 2 x En x = 1
21. y = ; hallar: y ' ( 2 )
c sec hx − c tan 2 x senh ( 3)
y ' (1) = 2
Solución:
cosh 3 ( 3)
csech 2 x
Dada: y = ; hallar: y ' ( 2 ) = ?
csech 2 x − ctan 2 x 23. y = senh ( 4 x ) ⋅ cosh ( 4 x ) ; hallar y ' ( 2 )
2
Solución:
2x
− e −2 x
e 2
y= =
2
− (
e 2 x + e −2 x 2 − e 2 x + e −2 x ) Dada: y = senh 4 x ⋅ cosh 4 x; hallar: y ' ( 2 )
e 2 x − e −2 x e 2 x − e −2 x ⇒ y ' = senh 4 x ⋅ D x cosh 4 x + coosh 4 x ⋅ D xsenh 4 x
2 2 2
y= = = y ' = senh 4 x ⋅ senh 4 x ⋅ 4 + cosh 4 x ⋅ cosh 4 x ⋅ 4
2− e +e 2x
( −2 x
)
2x
e +e −2 x
2 − 2 cosh 2x
2−
2
⋅2
(
y ' = 4 senh 2 4 x + cosh 2 4 x )
y=
1 y ' = 4 ( senh 4 x + senh
2 2
) ( )
4 x + 1 = 4 2senh 2 4 x + 1
1 − cosh 2 x
dy − D (1 − cosh 2 x ) − ( −senh 2 x − 2 ) y ' = 4 ( 2senhh 4 + 1) 2
∴ = y' = =
dx (1 − cosh 2 x ) 2 (1 − cosh 2 x ) En x = 1 :
2senh 2 x e 4 − e −4 2
y' =
(1 − cosh 2 x ) 2
(
y ' = 4 2senh 2 4 + 1 = 4 2
2
) + 1
En x = 2 :
(
2 e 4 − e −4 )
2senh (
) ( )
2
y '( 2) = y ' = 4 + 1 = 2 e 4 − e −4 +4
4
(1 − cosh ( ))
2
( )
2
y '( 2) = y ' = 2 e 4 − e −4 +4
Operrando:
22. y = 3 cosh ( 3 x ) ; hallar y ' (1)
y '( ) = 5961.9
Solución:
1 1 VI.2. Ejercicios propuestos
Dado: y = 3 cosh ( 3 x ) = ( cosh ( 3 x ) ) =
3 cosh 3 ( 3x ) Hallar la derivada de las siguientes funciones hiperbólicas.
Hallar: y ' (1) = ? 1. f ( x ) = sec 2 hx + c tanh 2 x
2
1 −
2x
⇒ y ' = cosh 3 ( 3 x ) ⋅ D x cosh ( 3 x ) 2. f ( x ) = tan 2 h
3 4
2
1 −
3. f ( x ) = senh e x − e x cos 2 x
y ' = cosh 3 ( 3 x ) ⋅ senh ( 3 x ) ⋅ D x 3 x
3
1 + x + x 2
1 4. f ( x ) = tanh 2
y' = 2
⋅ senh ( 3 x ) ⋅ 3 1 − x + x
3 cosh 3 ( 3 x )
x2
5. f ( x ) = tanh
senh ( 3 x ) x − 1
y' =
2
cosh 3 ( 3 x ) (
6. f ( x ) = arctan senh x 2 )
En x = 1 1
7. f ( x ) = Ln ( cosh x ) +
2 cosh x
senh ( 3)
y ' (1) = 2 x 2 + 7 x + 10
8. f ( x ) = cttanh 2
108 cosh 3 ( 3) x − 7 x + 10
x +1
9. f ( x ) = sech 2
x + x +1
x −1
(
6. f ( x ) = arctan senh x 2 )
1 Razonamiento matemático
7. f ( x ) = Ln ( cosh x ) +
2 cosh x
x 2 + 7 x + 10
8. f ( x ) = cttanh 2
x − 7 x + 10
x +1
9. f ( x ) = sech 2
x + x +1
10. y = cosh 3 x ⋅ senh x
11. y = tanh x ⋅ senh 2x
12. y = Ln ( cosh x ) + senh x 2
13. f ( x ) = x cosh x 2 + e senh x
14. f ( x ) = x −2senhx + cosh 3 x
109
Razonamiento matemático
Ln y = Ln g ( x )
Ln y = h ( x ) Ln g ( x )
D x Ln y = D x ( h ( x ) ⋅ Ln g ( x ) )
1
D x y = D x ( h ( x ) ⋅ Ln g ( x ) )
y
h( x )
D x y = yD x ( h ( x ) ⋅ Ln g ( x ) ) ; y = g ( x )
dy h( x )
= y ' = g ( x) ⋅ D x ( h ( x ) ⋅ Ln g ( x ) )
dx
Con lo que queda establecida la siguiente regla de derivación:
h( x ) h( x )
Si: y = g ( x ) ⇒ y ' = g ( x) D x ( h ( x ) ⋅ Ln g ( x ) ) ............(1)
Desarrollando un poco mas la regla (1) obtenemos una forma mas explícita (2).
h( x ) h( x)
y ' = g ( x) ⋅ ⋅ g ' ( x ) + Ln g ( x ) ⋅ h ' ( x ) ...............................( 2 )
g ( x )
h ( x ) −1 h( x )
ó y ' = g ( x) ⋅ h ( h ) g '( x ) + g ( x ) ⋅ Ln g ( x ) ⋅ h ' ( x ) ............( 3)
Solución:
h( x )
Dada: y = x x ; y = g ( x ) ; g ( x) = x; h( x) = x
y ' = x x (1 + Ln x )
110
Razonamiento
2 matemático2
Dada: y = f ( x ) = ( x + 1) x ; g ( x ) = ( x + 1) ∧ h ( x ) =
x
2. y = x sen x Con procedimiento:
2
Solución: Ln y = Ln ( x + 1) x
Dada: y = x sen x ; g ( x ) = x ∧ h ( x ) = sen x 2
Ln y = Ln ( x + 1)
x
Aplicando la regla de derivación (forma 2) Derivando:
h( x ) hx y' 2 2
y ' = g ( x) ⋅ g ' ( x ) + h ' ( x ) Ln g ( x ) = D x Ln ( x + 1) + Ln ( x + 1) ⋅ D x
g ( x) y x x
sem x 2 1 2
y ' = x sen x ⋅ D x x + D xsen x ⋅ Ln x y' = y ⋅ D x ( x + 1) + Ln ( x + 1) ⋅ − 2
x x x + 1 x
sen x 2 2 Ln ( x + 1) 2
y = x sen x + cos x ⋅ Lnx y' = y ⋅1 − ; y = ( x + 1) x
x ( x + 1)
2
x x
( )
sen x
tan x
Dada: y = f ( x ) = x 2 + 1 ;
3. y = x
Solución:
( )
g ( x ) = x 2 + 1 ∧ h ( x ) = sen x
h( x) Tomando logaritmos:
h( x )
Aplicando: y ' = g ( x ) g ' ( x ) + Ln g ( x ) ⋅ h ' ( x )
g ( x )
( ) ( )
sen x
Ln y = Ln x 2 + 1 = sen x Ln x 2 + 1
tan x
y ' = x tan x ⋅ D x x + Lnx ⋅ D x tan x
x Derivando:
tan x
y ' = x tan x
x
+ sec 2 x ⋅ Ln x
1
y
(
⋅ D x y = D x sen x ⋅ Ln x 2 + 1 ( ))
1
Compruebe Ud. con procedimiento.
y
( )
⋅ y = sen x ⋅ D x Ln x 2 + 1 + Ln x 2 + 1 ⋅ D xsenn x ( )
2
4. f ( x ) = ( x + 1) x y' 1
y
= sen x ⋅ 2
x +1
⋅ 2 x + Ln x 2 + 1 ⋅ cos x ( )
Solución:
2 xsen x
( ) ( )
sen x
y' = y 2 + cos x ⋅ Ln x 2 + 1 ; y = x 2 + 1
2
2 x + 1
Dada: y = f ( x ) = ( x + 1) x ; g ( x ) = ( x + 1) ∧ h ( x ) =
x 2 x sen x
( ) ( )
sen x
y' = x2 +1 2 + cos xLn x 2 + 1
Con procedimiento: x +1
2
( ) ( )
sen x −1 sen x
Ln y = Ln ( x + 1) x y' = x2 +1 ⋅ 2 x sen x + x 2 + 1 ⋅ cos x ⋅
2 111
Ln y =
x
Ln ( x + 1) (
Ln x 2 + 1 )
Derivando:
2 xsen x
( ) ; y = ( x )
sen x
y' = y 2 + cos x ⋅ Ln x 2 + 1 2
+1
x +1
Razonamiento x 2 x sen x
senmatemático
(
y' = x2 +1 2
x + 1
) + cos xLn x 2 + 1
( )
7. f ( x ) = x
x
( ) ( )
sen x −1 sen x
y' = x2 +1 ⋅ 2 x sen x + x 2 + 1 ⋅ cos x ⋅
(
Ln x 2 + 1 ) Solución:
1
1
Comprobemos aplicando directaemente la regla; la Dada: f ( x ) = x
x = x x = g h; g = x h =
x
forma (3)
h ( x ) −1 h( x ) Aplicando la forma (1) de la regla (se puede aplicar
y ' = g ( x) ⋅ h ( x ) ⋅ g '( x ) + g ( x ) ⋅ Ln g ( x ) ⋅ h ' ( x ) cualquiera de las formas).
( ) ( ) ( )
sen x −1 sen x
y' = x2 +1 ⋅ sen x ⋅ D x x 2 + 1 + x 2 + 1 ⋅ y ' = g ( x)
h( x )
D x ( h ( x ) ⋅ Ln g ( x ) )
Ln ( x 2
)
+ 1 ⋅ D xsen x 1
1
y ' = f ' ( x ) = x x D x ⋅ Ln x
x
( ) ( ) ( )
sen x
y ' = x 2 + 1 ⋅ sen x ⋅ 2 x + x 2 + 1 ⋅ Ln x 2 + 1 ⋅ cos x
1
Ordenando: 1 1 1
y ' = x x ⋅ ⋅ 1 + Ln x ⋅ D x
x x x
( ) ( )
sen x −1 sen x
y' = x2 +1 ⋅ 2 x sen x + x 2 + 1 ⋅ 1
1 1
y ' = x x 2 + Ln x ⋅ − 2
cos x Ln x 2 + 1 ( ) x x
1 3
−2 Ln x − Ln x 1 Ln x
Nota: En adelante aplicaremos la y' = x2 − 2
=x 2 − = −
x x2 3
x2
regla de derivación en forma directa x2
en cualquiera de sus tres formas:
(1), (2) ó (3). 1 Ln x
y' = −
x 3 x2
x
6. f ( x ) = x x sen x
8. f ( x ) = ( cos x )
Solución:
Solución:
x h( x )
Dada: f ( x ) = x x = g ( x ) ; g ( x) = x ∧ h( x) = x x sen x
Dada: f ( x ) = ( cos x ) ; g ( x ) = cos x ∧ h ( x ) = sen x
Aplicando la regla en su forma (3) en forma sucesiva:
Aplicando la regla en su forma (3):
h ( x ) −1 h( x )
y ' = f '( x ) = g ( x ) ⋅ h ( x ) g '( x ) + g ( x ) ⋅ h ( x ) −1 h( x )
y ' = f '( x ) = g ( x ) ⋅ h ( x ) g '( x ) + g ( x ) ⋅
Ln g ( x ) ⋅ h ' ( x ) ....( 3)
Ln g ( x ) ⋅ h ' ( x )
112
2 2
f '( x ) = x x −1
⋅ x −1 ⋅ x 2 ⋅ 1 + x x ⋅ Ln x ⋅ 2 x
2 2
f ' ( x ) = x x ⋅ x + x x Ln x ⋅ 2 x
Razonamiento matemático
2
f ' ( x ) = x x ⋅ x (1 + 2 Ln x )
Aplicando la regla en su forma (3) 2
f '( x ) = x x +1
(1 + 2 Ln x )
e x −1 ex
f '( x ) = x x
⋅ e ⋅ Dx x + x ⋅ Ln x ⋅ D x e x
x x x
f ' ( x ) = x e ⋅ x −1 ⋅ e x ⋅ 1 + x e ⋅ Ln x ⋅ e x 12. f ( x ) = x
( )
x
f ' ( x ) = x e ⋅ e x ⋅ x −1 + Ln x Solución:
1 + x Ln x
1
x
f '( x ) = x e ⋅ e x x2
x x 1
Dada: f ( x ) = x =x2 ;
ex
10. f ( x ) = x x 1 1
g ( x) = x 2 ∧ h( x) = x 2
Solución:
ex x
Aplicando la regla:
Dado: f ( x ) = x x ; g ( x ) = x ∧ h ( x ) = x e
h ( x ) −1 h( x )
f '( x ) = g ( x ) ⋅ h ( x ) g '( x ) + g ( x ) ⋅
Aplicando sucesivamente la regla en su forma (3).
Ln g ( x ) ⋅ h ' ( x )
( )
x x
x e −1 ex xe ex
f '( x ) = x ⋅x ⋅ Dx x + x ⋅ Ln x ⋅ Dx x 1 1
x 2 −1 1 x2
Nuevamente apliquemos 1 1 1 1
la regla ó reemplace del f '( x ) = x 2 ⋅ x 2 ⋅ Dx x 2 + x 2 ⋅
ejercicio (9).
ex ex
⋅ x e ⋅ 1 + x x Ln x x e
x x
f '( x ) = x x −1 −1
⋅ e x ⋅ Dx x + 1 1
Ln x 2 ⋅ D x x 2
x e Ln x ⋅ D x e x
x
1 1
x x x 2 −1+1 x2
xe ex xe
⋅ Ln x x e ⋅ x −1 ⋅ e x ⋅ 1
x
f '( x ) = x ⋅x ⋅x−1
+x 1
1 − 1 1 1
f '( x ) = x 2 ⋅ x 2 +x2 ⋅ Ln x 2 ⋅
2
+ x e ⋅ Ln x ⋅ e x
x
1
1 −2
xe
x
ex xe
x
ex x
f '( x ) = x ⋅x ⋅x −1
+x ⋅x ⋅ Ln x ⋅ x ⋅ e −1 x
2
1
ex x
+ x x x e Ln 2 x − e x x2
1 − 1
1 1
x 1 1 f '( x ) = x 2 ⋅ x 2 1 + Ln x 2
ex 2
f ' ( x ) = x x ⋅ x e + e x Ln x + e x Ln 2 x
x x
1
x2
2 1
11. f ( x ) = x x x2
1
Solución: = 1 + Ln x 2
1
2x 2
2
Dada: f ( x ) = x x ; g ( x ) = x ; h ( x ) = x 2
x
x
Aplicando la regla (forma 3). f '( x ) =
2 x
(1 + Ln x )
2 2
f '( x ) = x x −1
⋅ x 2 ⋅ D x x + x x ⋅ Ln x ⋅ D x x 2
2− x
f '( x ) = x x
2
−1
⋅ x −1 ⋅ x 2 ⋅ 1 + x x ⋅ Ln x ⋅ 2 x
2 ( )
13. f ( x ) = e − x
2 2 Solución:
f ' ( x ) = x x ⋅ x + x x Ln x ⋅ 2 x
2− x
2
f ' ( x ) = x x ⋅ x (1 + 2 Ln x ) Dada: f ( x ) = e − x ( ) ; g ( x) = e −x ∧ h( x) = 2−x
2
f '( x ) = x x +1
(1 + 2 Ln x ) 113
Razonamiento matemático 2
Dado: y = 1 − ( x ) x ; hagamos por procedimiento.
Aplicando la regla: Tomando logaritmos:
−x −x
( ) ( ) ( )
2
− x 2 −1 −x 2
f '( x ) = e 2
⋅ 2 −x ⋅ Dx e −x + e ⋅ Ln y = Ln 1 − ( x ) x =
x
Ln 1 − ( x )
*
Derivando:
( )
Ln e − x ⋅ D x 2 − x
1 2 1 2
−x −x ⋅ y' = ⋅ ⋅ Dx 1 − ( )
x + Ln 1 − ( )
x Dx
( )
f '( x ) = e − x 2 −1
( ) ( ) ⋅
⋅ 2 − x ⋅ e − x ⋅ ( −1) + e −x 2 y x 1− x x
1 −1
Ln ( e ) ⋅ 2 Ln 2 ⋅ ( −1)
2 2
−x −x
y' = y ⋅ − ⋅ x 2 + Ln 1 − ( )
x ⋅ − 2
(
x 1− x 2
) x
2 − x −1+1 2− x
( )
f '( x ) = e − x ( )
⋅ 2 − x ( −1) + e − x
2 −1 2
−x y' = 1−( x ) x 3 − 2 Ln 1 − ( x )
( )
2
f '( x ) = 2 − x ⋅ e − x ( −1 + xLn2 ) 2 x
x 1 − x ( )
* D x a u = a u Lna D xu ∧ Lne − x = − x 2
( )
−1
− 1− x x
2
1
x y' = − (
Ln 1 − x )
14. y = 1 +
x
x3 1− ( x ) x2
Compruebe Ud. aplicando la regla.
Solución:
1− x 2
x x 1
1 x +1 16. y =
Dada: y = 1 + = x
x x
Solución:
Hagamos el procedimiento, sin aplicar la regla
tomando logaritmos: 1− x 2
1
Dada: y = ; por procedimiento:
x +1 x +1
x x
Ln y = Ln = xLn
x 1− x 2
x 1 1
Ln x = Ln = 1 − x 2 ⋅ Ln
Derivando: x x
1
x +1 1
D x Ln y = D x xLn
x
D x Ln y = D x 1 − x 2 ⋅ Ln ;
x
1− x2 = 1− x2 ( ) 2
1 x x +1 x +1 y' 1 1
1
y
y' = x⋅
x +1
⋅ Dx
x
+ Ln
x
⋅ Dx x
y
= 1 − x 2 ⋅ D x Ln + Ln ⋅ D x 1 − x 2
x
x
( ) 2
( )
−
y' = y ⋅ 2
+ Ln ⋅ 1 y ' = y 1 − x 2 ⋅ ⋅ D x + Ln ⋅ 1 − x 2 2
x + 1 x x 1 x
x 2
x
x +1 1
y' =
x + 1
⋅ ( x − x − 1) + Ln
( )
⋅D x − x 2
x x + 1 x
1− x 2
x
1 1 1 1
x + 1 −1 x + 1 y' = 1 − x 2 ⋅ x − 2 + Ln
y' = + Ln 1
x x x
x x +1 x
2 1 − x1 ( ) 2
2
⋅ ( −2 x )
(
15. y = 1 − x ) x
1
Solución: 1− x 2 xLn
1 − 1− x2 x
y' = −
2
2 x 1− x2
Dado: y = 1 − ( x ) x ; hagamos por procedimiento.
Tomando logaritmos:
1
114 2
2 1− x 2 1 Ln
(
Ln y = Ln 1 − x ) x = Ln 1 −
x
( x ) 1
y' =
⋅ − 1 − x 2 − x
x x 1
2
Derivando: 1− x
x
1
1− x 2 xLn
1 − 1− x2 x
y' = −
2 x 1− x2 Razonamiento matemático
1 19. f ( x ) = 2 x x
1− x 2 1 Ln
1 x
y' = ⋅ − 1 − x −
2
Solución:
x x 1 2
1− x
x
1 1
Dada: f ( x ) = 2 x = 2x x ; g ( x) = x ∧ h ( x) = x 2
x 2
1
1− x 2 +1 1− x 2 −1 Ln Más rápido y aplicando la regla: forma ( 2 )
1 1 x
y ' = − ⋅ 1− x2 − ⋅
x x 1− x2 h( x ) hx
f '( x ) = g ( x ) g ' ( x ) + Ln g ( x ) ⋅ h ' ( x )
g ( x )
Nota: Estimado lector, Ud. observará 1
de que hay ejercicios en la que se
1
xx
2
aplica la regla para facilitar la f '( x ) = 2 x ⋅ D x x + Ln x ⋅ D x x
2
x x Ln x
Dada: y = f ( x ) = ( x sen x ) f '( x ) = 2x x
+
x 2 x
x
Ln y = Ln ( x sen x ) = x Ln ( x sen x )
x
Derivando: 20. f ( x ) = ( Ln x )
D x Ln y = xD x Ln ( x sen x ) + Ln ( x sen x ) ⋅ D x x
Solución:
y' 1
= y ⋅ D x ( x sen x ) + Ln ( x sen x ) ⋅ 1 Dada: f ( x ) = ( Ln x )
x
y x sen x
x
x Ln f ( x ) = Ln ( Ln x ) = x Ln ( Ln x )
y' = y ⋅ ( x cos x + sen x ) + Ln ( x sen x )
x sen x D x Ln f ( x ) = D x x Ln ( Ln x )
x
y ' = ( x sen x ) x ctan x + 1 + Ln ( x sen x ) f '( x )
= xD x Ln ( Ln x ) + Ln ( Ln x ) D x x
f ( x)
18. f ( x ) = x arctan x 1
f '( x ) = f ( x ) x ⋅ ⋅ D x Ln x + Ln ( Ln x )1
Ln x
Solución:
x x 1
Dada: f ( x ) = x arctan x f ' ( x ) = ( Ln x ) ⋅ + Ln ( Ln x )
Ln x x
Ln f ( x ) = Ln x arctan x = arctan x Ln x
x 1
D x Ln f ( x ) = D x arctan x Ln x f ' ( x ) = ( Ln x ) + Ln ( Ln x )
Ln x
f '( x )
= arctan x ⋅ D x Ln x + Ln x D x arctan x Compruebe Ud. aplicando la fórmula en sus formas
f ( x)
(2) ó (2).
1 1
f ' ( x ) = f ( x ) arctan x ⋅ + Ln x ⋅
1
x 1 + x2 1 sen x
21. y =
arctan x Ln x x
f ' ( x ) = x arctan x +
x 1+ x2 Solución:
115
Razonamiento matemático
1
1 sen x 23. y =
( x + 2) 9
Dada: y =
x ( x − 3) 7 ( x + 8)11
1
1 sen x 1 1 1 Solución:
Ln y = Ln = ⋅ Ln = c sec xLn
x sen x x x
Dada: f ( x ) =
( x + 2) 9
Derivando:
( x − 3) 7 ( x + 8)11
1 1
D x Ln y = c sec x ⋅ D x Ln + Ln D x ( c sec x )
x
x =
( x + 2) 9
7 11
y' 1 1
= c sec x ⋅ x ⋅ D x + Ln ⋅ ( −c sec x ⋅ c tan x )
( x − 3) 2 ⋅ ( x + 8 ) 2
y x x
−1 1 Ln f ( x ) = Ln
( x + 2) 9
y ' = y csec x ⋅ x ⋅ 2 − c sec x c tan x Ln 7 11
x x ( x − 3) 2 ⋅ ( x + 8 ) 2
1 7 11
9
1 sen x c sec x 1 Ln f ( x ) = Ln ( x + 2 ) − Ln ( x − 3) 2 ⋅ ( x + 8 ) 2
y' = ⋅ − − c sec x c tan x Ln
x x x 9 7 11
Ln f ( x ) = Ln ( x + 2 ) − Ln ( x − 3) + Ln ( x + 8 )
1 2 2
1 sen x 1 cos x 1 7 11
y' = − − 2
Ln Lnn f ( x ) = 9 Ln ( x + 2 ) − Ln ( x − 3) − Ln ( x + 8 )
x x sen x sen x x 2 2
y' = Derivando:
1 1 7 1
22. y = x Ln x ⋅ f '( x ) = 9 ⋅ ( x + 2) − ⋅ ( x − 3)
f ( x)
x x
x+2 2 x−3
Solución: 11 1
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ x ( x + 8)
1
2 x+8
Dada: f ( x ) = x Ln x = ( Ln x ) x 9 7 11
f '( x ) = f ( x ) ⋅1 − ⋅1 − ⋅ 1
1 x + 2 2 ( x − 3) 2 ( x + 8 )
Ln f ( x ) = Ln ( Ln x ) = Ln ( Ln x )
x
9 7 11
1 f '( x ) = f ( x ) − −
D x Ln f ( x ) = D x Ln ( Ln x ) x + 2 2 ( x − 3) 2 ( x + 8 )
x
f '( x ) 1 1
f '( x ) =
( x + 2) 9 9 7
= D x Ln ( Ln x ) + Ln ( Ln x ) ⋅ D x − −
f ( x) x x 7 11 x + 2
( x − 3) ( x + 8) 2 ( x − 3)
1 1 −1 11
f '( x ) = f ( x ) ⋅ ⋅ D x Ln x + Ln ( Ln x ) ⋅ ⋅ 2
x Ln x x
2 ( x + 8 )
1 1 1 Ln ( Ln x )
f '( x ) = f ( x ) ⋅ ⋅ −
x Ln x x x2 (1 − cos x ) 7 tan 3 x
24. y =
1 1 Ln ( Ln x ) x2 +1 ⋅ 3 sen x
f '( x ) = Ln ( Ln x ) 2 −
x x Ln x x2
Solución:
Ln ( Ln x ) 1
f '( x ) = − Ln ( Ln x )
x3
Ln x Dada: f ( x ) =
(1 − cos x ) =
(1 − cos x ) 7 ⋅ tan 3 x
1 1
x2 +1 ⋅ 3
sen x
(x 2
+1 ) 2 ⋅ sen 3 x
Ln f ( x ) = Ln (1 − cos x ) + Ln tan 3 x −
7
1 1
116 (
Ln x 2 + 1 ) 2 + Ln sen 3 x
1
Ln f ( x ) = 7 Ln (1 − cos x ) + 3Ln tan x − Ln x 2 + 1 ( )
Ln y =
5
Ln x − Ln x + 3
5
( )
Derivando:
Dada: f ( x ) =
(1 − cos x ) =
(1 − cos x ) 7 ⋅ tan 3 x
y ' 23 1 1 Razonamiento
1 matemático
( )
1 1
x2 +1 ⋅ 3
sen x ⋅ Dx x − ⋅ 2 ⋅ Dx x 2 + 3
(x 2
+1 ) 2 ⋅ sen 3 x y
=
5 x 5 x +3
Ln f ( x ) = Ln (1 − cos x ) + Ln tan 3 x −
7 23 1 1 1
y ' = y ⋅ ⋅1 − ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2x
5 x 5 x +3
1 1
(
Ln x 2 + 1 ) 2 + Ln sen 3 x x3 23
−
2x
y' = x4 5 ⋅
1
2
x + 3 5x 5 x 2 + 3
( )
Ln f ( x ) = 7 Ln (1 − cos x ) + 3Ln tan x − Ln x 2 + 1
2
( ) i i i ando:
1 1 2
− Ln sen x 23 x52 x 5
3 y' = ⋅ −
5 x +3 5 (x )
5 2
Derivvando: 5 2
+3
f ´( x ) 1 1
= 7⋅ ⋅ D x (1 − cos x ) + 3 ⋅ D x tan x
f ( x) 1 − cos x tan x 26. y = x 3 x
1 1 1 1
− ⋅ 2
2 x +1
Dx x 2 + 1 −
3 sen x
(
⋅ D xsen x ) Solución:
f ´( x ) 7 3 1 Dada: y = x 3 x
= ⋅ sen x + ⋅ sec 2 x − ⋅
f ( x) 1 − cos x tan x 2 x2 +1 ( ) Ln y = 3 x Ln x
D x Ln y = 3 x ⋅ D x Ln x + Ln x ⋅ D x 3 x
1
2x − ⋅ cos x y' 1
3sen x = 3 x ⋅ + Ln x ⋅ 3
y x
7sen x 3 sec 2 x x cos x
f ( x) = f ( x) + + 2 − y ' = y [3 + 3Lnx ] = x 3 x ⋅ 3 (1 + Ln x )
1 − cos x tan x x + 1 3sen x
y ' = 3 x 3 x (1 + Ln x )
f ( x) =
(1 − cos x ) 7 ⋅ tan 3 x 7sen x 3 sec 2 x
+ −
x2 +1 ⋅ 3
seen x 1 − cos x tan x 2
27. y = x Ln x + x x
x
ctan x
−
x +12
3 Solución:
2
Dada: y = x Ln x + x x
3
x
25. y = x 4 5 D x y = D x x Ln x + D x x x
2
x2 + 3
Solución: Calculando las derivadas por separado:
(x 2
+3 ) 5 Ln x 2 Ln x ⋅ x
= x Ln x 2 =
Ln x
23 1
x x
Ln y = Ln x 5
(
− Ln x 2 + 3 ) 5
2
Dx x x = x x
2
+1
(1 + 2 Ln x ) ; ver el ejercicio 11
23 1
Ln y =
5
Ln x − Ln x 2 + 3
5
( ) Dx y = y ' =
2 Ln x ⋅ x Ln x
x
2
+ x x +1 (1 + 2 Ln x )
Derivando:
y ' 23 1 1 1
y
= ⋅ Dx x − ⋅ 2
5 x 5 x +3
⋅ Dx x 2 + 3 ( )
23 1 1 1
y ' = y ⋅ ⋅1 − ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2x 117
5 x 5 x +3
x3 23 2x
y' = x4 5 ⋅ −
Razonamiento matemático
x
28. y = ( arctan x )
Solución:
x
Dada: y = ( arctan x )
Ln y = x ln ( arctan x )
D x Ln y = D x ( x ⋅ Ln ( arctan x ) )
y' 1
=x ⋅ D x ( arctan x ) + Ln ( arctan x ) ⋅ D x x
y arctan x
x 1
y' = y ⋅ 2
+ Ln ( arctan x ) ⋅ 1
arctan x 1+ x
x
x
y ' = ( arctan x ) + Ln ( arctann x )
2
(
1 + x arctan x )
x
x
y ' = ( arctan x ) + Ln ( arctan x )
(
1 + x 2 arctan x )
x −1 x x
y ' = ( arctan x ) 2 (
+ arctan x ) ⋅ Ln ( arctan x )
1+ x
y' =
−1
1. y = x 2 x 2. y = x 2 Ln x 3. y = x x
x2 cos x
4. y = x 3 x 5. f ( x ) = ( arctan x ) 6. f ( x ) = ( senn x )
( ) ( )
x cos x
7. f ( x ) = sen x cos x + x sen x 8. f ( x ) = ( cos x ) 9. f ( x ) = x 2 + 1
x2
10. f ( x ) = ( x + 1)
x2
11. y = x sec x ( )
12. y = e − x
( 3x ) (x )
2 4 2 5
1
2x − x2 −2 +2
13. y = ( x cos x ) 14. y = xe 8 15. y = 5
3
2x − 1 x3 +1
16. y =
( x + 2) 2
( x + 1) ( x + 3) 4
118
Razonamiento matemático
2 x 3 y + 3 xy 3 = 5
En esta no se puede despejar la variavle “y” en “x” la variable y = f(x), aparece escrito incluido o IMPLÍCITO en la
ecuación dada; así:
2 x 3 y + 3 xy 3 = 5 ⇒ 2 x 3 f ( x ) + 3 x f (3x ) = 5
2 x 3 f ( x ) + 3 x f (3x ) − 5 = 0
G ( x, f ( x ) ) = G ( x, y ) = 2 x 3 f ( x ) + 3 x f (3x ) − 5 = 0
G ( x, y ) = 0
En todos estos casos, en general para que la ecuación G ( x, y ) = ( x, f ( x ) ) = 0, esté considerado como una función
implícita, o función incluida en una ecuación, y = f(x) debe ser diferenciable en x, donde x ∈ [ a, b ] ⊂ . El
proceso de derivación ó diferenciación de estas funciones IMPLÍCITAS se realiza mediante la técnica denominada:
DIFERENCIACIÓN IMPLÍCITA, aplicando en lo fundamental la regla de la cadena. Veamos ejemplos:
( ) (
Proceso: D x x 3 − 2 x = D x 2 y 4 − y 3 )
3x 2 − 2 = 2 D x y 4 − D x y 3
3 x 2 − 2 = 2 D x f (4x ) − D x f (3x )
dy
Teniendo en cuenta que si y = f ( x ) ⇒ = f ' ( x ) = y ' y aplicando la regla de la cadena al miembro de la derecha:
dx
3 x 2 − 2 = 2 ( 4 ) f (3x ) ⋅ f ' ( x ) − 3 f (3x ) ⋅ f ' ( x ) ; y = f ( x )
3 x 2 − 2 = 8 y 3 ⋅ y '− 3 y 2 ⋅ y '
3x 2 − 2
( )
3x 2 − 2 = y ' 8 y 3 − 3 y 2 ⇒ y ' =
8y 3 − 3y 2
dy 3x 2 − 2
= y' = 3
dx 8y − 3y 2
119
Razonamiento matemático
Ejemplo N° 2: Derivar: 2 x 3 y + 3 xy 3 = 5 3. x 3 + xy − y 3 = 1
2 D x x 3 y + 3D x xy 3 = D x 5 Solución:
( 3
2 x D x y + yD x x 3
) + 3( xD y + y D x ) = 0
x
3 3
x Dada: x 3 + xy − y 3 = 1
2( x 3
y '+ y ( 3) x 2 ) + 2 ( x (3) y D y + y ⋅1) = 0
2
x
3
⇒ D x x 3 + D x xy − D x y 3 = D x1
2 x 3 y '+ 6 yx 2 + 9 xy 2 y '+ 3 y 3 = 0 3 x 2 + xD x y + yD x x − 3 y 2 D x y = 0
( )
y ' 2 x 3 + 9 xy 2 = −3 y 3 − 6 yx 2 3 x 2 + xy '+ y − 3 y 2 y ' = 0
xy '− 3 y 2 y ' = − y − 3 x 2
(
− 3 y 3 + 6 yx 2 )
y' =
(2x 3
+ 9 xy 2 ) ( )
y ' x − 3 y 2 = − y − 3x 2
− y − 3x 2 dy y + 3x 2
y' = ⇒ = y' = 2
VIII.1. Enunciado de ejercicios x − 3y 2 dx 3y − x
resueltos
4. 5 x − x 2 y 3 = 2 y
Hallar la derivada de las siguientes funciones implícitas.
Solución:
1. y 4 + y 2 − y = 2 x 3 − x 2 + 2 x − 1
Dada: 5 x − x 2 y 3 = 2 y
Solución:
⇒ D x 5x − D x x 2 y 3 = D x 2 y
4 2 3 2
Dada: y + y − y = 2 x − x + 2 x + 1
5 ⋅ 1 − x 2 D x y 3 + y 3 D x x 2 = 2 y '
⇒ Dx y 4 + Dx y 2 − Dx y = Dx 2x 3 − x 2 + 2x + 1 ( )
5 − x 2 ( 3) y 2 ⋅ D x y + y 3 ⋅ ( 2 ) x = 2 y '
4 y 3 D x y + 2 yD x y − y 1 = 2 ( 3) x 2 − 2 x + 2 + 0
5 − 3 x 2 y 2 ⋅ y '+ 2 y 3 x = 2 y '
4 y 3 y 1 + 2 yy 1 − y 1 = 6 x 2 − 2 x + 2
(
y1 4 y 3 + 2 y − 1 = 6x 2 − 2x + 2 ) 5 − 3 x 2 y 2 y '− 2 y '− 2 y 3 x = 0
6x 2 − 2x + 2
( )
− y ' 3x 2 y 2 + 2 = 2 y 3 x − 5
y1 =
4y3 + 2y −1 2 y 3x − 5 5 − 2 xy 3
y' = ⇒ y' =
2 3 2
(
− 3x y + 2 2 2
) 3x 2 y 2 + 2
2. x + y = x + y
Solución: 5. x 2 y − xy 2 + x 2 + y 2 = 0
Solución:
Dada: x 2 + y = x 3 + y 2
Dada: x 2 y − xy 2 + x 2 + y 2 = 0
⇒ Dx x 2 + Dx y = Dx x 3 + Dx y 2
⇒ D x x 2 y − D x xy 2 + D x x 2 + D x y 2 = 0
2 x + y ' = 3x 2 + 2 y ⋅ D x y
y '− 2 yy ' = 3 x 2 − 2 x (
x 2 D x y + yD x x 2 − xD x y 2 + y 2 D x x + 2 x )
3x 2 − 2 x + 2 yD x y = 0
y ' (1 − 2 y ) = 3 x 2 − 2 x ⇒ y ' =
1− 2y ( )
x 2 y '+ y 2 x − x 2 yD x y + y 2 ⋅ 1 + 2 x + 2 yy ' = 0
2
dy 3 x − 2 x x 2 y '+ 2 yx − 2 xyy '− y 2 + 2 x + 2 yy ' = 0
y' = =
dx 1− 2y
( )
y ' x 2 − 2 xy + 2 y = y 2 − 2 yx − 2 x
y 2 − 2 yx − 2 x
y' =
x 2 − 2 xy + 2 y
120
Razonamiento matemático
6. x 2 − xy + y 2 = 3 1 1
9. + =1
x y
Solución:
Solución:
Dada: x 2 − xy + y 2 = 3
1 1
⇒ D x x 2 − D x xy + D x y 2 = D x 3 Dada: + = 1 ⇒ x −1 + y −1 = 1
x y
2 x − ( xD x y + yD x x ) + 2 yD x y = 0
Derivando.
2 x − ( xy '+ y ⋅ 1) + 2 yy ' = 0
( −1) x −2 + ( −1) y −2 D x y = D01
2 x − xy '− y + 2 yy ' = 0
−1
y '( 2 y − x ) = y − 2x − y −2 ⋅ y ' = 0
x2
y − 2x −1 y' −1 y'
y' = − =0⇒ =
2y − x x2 y2 x2 y2
−y2
y' =
x2
7. x 2 y + y 2 x = −2 x
1
Solución: 10. xy 2 + = 2x + 4
xy 3
Dada: x 2 y + y 2 x = −2 x
Solución:
Revisando:
1
x 2 D x y + yD x x 2 + y 2 D x x + xD x y 2 = − D x 2 x Dada: xy 2 + = 2 x + 4 ⇒ xy 2 + x −1 y −3 = 2 x + 4
xy 3
x 2 y '+ y 2 x + y 2 ⋅ 1 + x ( 2 ) y ⋅ D x y = −2 Derivando:
2 2
x y '+ 2 xy + y + 2 xyy ' = −2 xD x y 2 + y 2 D x x + x −1D x y −3 + y −3 D x x −1 = D x ( 2 x + 4 )
( )
y ' x 2 + 2 xy = −22 − 2 xy − y 2 x 2 y ⋅ y '+ y 2 ⋅ 1 + x −1 ( −3) y −4 ⋅ D x y + y −3 ⋅ ( −1) x −2 = 2
y' =
(
− 2 + 2 xy + y 2 ) 2 xyy 1 + y 2 − 3 x −1 ⋅ y −4 ⋅ y '− x −2 y −3 = 2
x 2 + 2 xy 3 1
2 xyy '+ y 2 − ⋅ y '− =2
xy 4 x2y3
8. 3 x 2 − 2 xy + y 2 = a 2 3 1
y ' 2 xy − 4 = 2 − y 2 − 2 3
xy x y
Solución:
2x 2 y 5 − 3 2x 2 y 3 − x 2 y 5 − 1
Dada: 3 x 2 − 2 xy + y 2 = a 2 ; a = cte y ' =
xy 4 x2y3
Derivando:
3 ( 2 ) x − 2 ( xD x y + yD x x ) + D x y 2 = D x a 2 y' =
( 2 x y − x y − 1) xy = ( 2 x y − x y − 1) y
2 3 2 5 4 2 3 2 5
6 x − 2 ( xy '+ y ⋅ 1) + 2 yD x y = 0
( 2 x y − 3) x y
2 5
( 2 x y − 3) x
2 3 2 5
6 x − 2 xy '− 2 y + 2 yy ' = 0 y ( 2 x y − x y − 1)
2 3 2 5
y' =
y '( 2 y − 2x ) = 2 y − 6x x ( 2 x y − 3) 2 5
2 y − 6 x 2 ( y − 3x ) y − 3x
y' = = = 11. xy + x − 2 y = 1
2 y − 2x 2 ( y − x) y−x
y − 3x Solución:
y' =
y−x Dada: xy + x − 2 y = 1
⇒ xD x y + yD x x + D x x − 2 D x y = D x1
xy '+ y 1+1− 2y' = 0
121
xy '+ y + 1 − 2 y ' = 0
y ' ( x − 2 ) = −1 − y
3y 3 3x 3
1 1
x3 −y 3
Dada: xy + x −matemático
Razonamiento 2y =1 y ' 2 − 4 y = 2
− 6x
3
⇒ xD x y + yD x x + D x x − 2 D x y = D x1 3y 3x
3
− (1 + x ) 1+ y 1 2
y' = =
x−2 2− x − y 3 + 1 x 3 3y 3
1+ y y' = 1
y' = 2
2− x x 3 − 12 y 3 y 3
2
12. ( x − 2 y ) = y 1 2
y 3 +1 x 3 y 3
Solución: y' = − 1
2
Dada: ( x − 2y)2 = y x 3 − 12 y 3 x 3
2
⇒ Dx ( x − 2 y ) = Dx y
2( x − 2 y ) ⋅ Dx ( x − 2 y ) = y ' ( )
4
14. 3 xy 2 + 1 = 2 y 2 + 20
2 ( x − 2 y ) ⋅ (1 − 2 y ') = y '
Solución:
2 ( x − 2 y ) − 4 ( x − 2 y ) y '− y ' = 0
( )
4
− y ' ( 4 ( x − 2 y ) + 1) = − 2 ( x − 2 y ) Dada: 3 xy 2 + 1 = 2x − 3y
Derivando:
2( x − 2 y)
y' =
( )
3
4( x − 2 y) + 1 4 3 xy 2 + 1 D x 3 xy 2 + 1 = 2 − 3 y '
1 1
( )
y ' 24 xy 3 xy 2 + 1 + 3 = 2 − 12 3 xy 2 + 1 y 2 ( )
3 3
⇒ 3 x 2 + x 3 ⋅ y 3 = 2 y 2 + 20
Derivando:
( )
3
1 1 1 1 2 − 12 3 xy 2 + 1 y 2
6x + x 3 ⋅ D x y 3 + y 3 ⋅ D x x 3 = 2 ( 2) y ⋅ D x y + 0 y' =
( )
3
3 + 24 xy 3 xy 2 + 1
1 2 1 2
1 − 1 −
6x + x 3 ⋅ y 3 ⋅ Dx y + y 3 ⋅ x 3 = 4 y ⋅ y '
3 3 x + y2 x
1 2 1 2 15. + =2
1 − 1 − x x + y2
6 x + x 3 ⋅ y 3 ⋅ y '+ y 3 ⋅ x 3 = 4 yy '
3 3
1 1
Solución:
x3 y3
6x + y '+ = 4 yy ' a + y2 x
2 2 Dada: + =2
3y 3 3x 3 x x + y2
1 1
En este caso simplificamos primero elevando al
x3 −y 3
y ' 2 − 4 y = − 6x cuadrado a ambos miembros:
2
3
3 y 3 x 3
x + y2 x
+2+ =4
1 1 x x + y2
x 3 − 12 y 3 − y 3 −1 x 3
y ' =
122 2 2
3y 3x 3
3
1 2
3 3 3
Razonamiento matemático
Derivando:
17. e x + y − e x − y = 2
(
x (1 + 2 yy ') − x + y 2 ⋅ 2 ) +0+ Solución:
2
x
Dada: e x + y − e x − y = 2
( x + y )1 − x (1 + 2 yy ') = 0
2
Derivando:
( x + y)2
e x+ y Dx ( x + y ) − e x− y Dx ( x − y ) = Dx 2
x + 2 yy '− x − y 2 x + y 2 − x − 2 yy '
+ =0 e x + y (1 + y ') − e x − y (1 − y ') = 0
x2 (x + y ) 2 2
e x+ y + y 'e x+ y − e x− y + y 'e x− y = 0
2 yy '− y 2 y 2 − 2 yy '
x2
+
(x + y ) 2 2
=0
(
y ' e x+ y + e x− y = e x− y − e x+ y )
Como la ecuación dada es:
2 yy '− y 2 2 yy 0 − y 2
− =0 e x+ y − e x− y = 2
x2 (x + y ) 2 2
y' =
e x− y − e x+ y
=
(
− e x+ y − e x− y )
1 + 1 x+ y x− y x+ y x− y
( 2 yy '− y )
2
x2
=0
2
e +e e +e
x + y2 ( )
y' =
−2
e x+ y + e x− y
− y2 = 0
⇒ 2 yy '−
y2 y x
y' = ⇒ y ' = ; ∀y ≠ o 18. arctan = Ln x2 + y2
2y 2 y
16. y Ln x + xy 2 − y =0 Solución:
Solución: x
Dada: arctan = Ln x2 + y2
Dada: yLn x + xy 2 − y =0 y
1 Derivando:
2
y Ln x + xy − y2 =0 1 x 1
1
Derivando: 2
⋅ Dx =
y
(
⋅ Dx x 2 + y 2 ) 2
x x2 + y2
1 1+
y
yD x Ln x + Ln xD x y + x D x y 2 + y 2 D x x − D x y 2 = 0
y (1) − x ⋅ y '
1
1 1
1 2
( )
1 2 −
1 1 − ⋅ = x +y ⋅
2
y ⋅ + Ln x − y '+ x 2 y ⋅ y '+ y 2 ⋅ 1 − y 2 ⋅ y ' = 0 x2 y2 x2 + y2 2
x 2 1+
y2
y 1
+ Ln x ⋅ y '+ 2 xyy '+ y 2 − y' = 0
x
2y
1
2
(
Dx x 2 + y 2 )
1 y y2 y − xy ' 1
y ' Ln x + 2 xy − 2
= − y − 2
⋅ = 1
⋅ ( 2 x + 2 yy ')
x y 2
2 y x 2 2
x +y ⋅ x + 2
( 2
y2 2 )
− xy 2 − y
y − xy ' 2 ( x + yy ')
x =
y' =
1 (y 2
+x 2
) (
2 x2 + y2 )
Ln x + 2 xy −
2 u
y − xy ' = x + yy '
y' =
(
− xy + y 2
) y − x = y '( y + x )
1
x Ln x + 2 xy − y−x
2 y y' =
y+x
123
y ' x + 2 = −y
y + x2 y2 + x2
Razonamiento matemático
( )
x y2 + x2 + x y − y y2 + x2
y ' =
( )
y2 + x2 y2 + x2
19. y 3 =
x− y
x+ y y' =
(
y 1− x2 − y2 )
x( y 2
+x 2
+ 1)
Solución:
x− y 21. 4 xy + x 2 y + y = x2 + 8
Dada: y 3 =
x+ y
Solución:
Derivado:
( x + y ) Dx ( x − y ) − ( x − y ) Dx ( x + y ) Dada: 4 xy + x 2 y + y = x2 + 8
3y 2Dx y =
( x + y)2 1 1 1
4x 2 y 2 + x 2 y 2 + y = x 2 + 8
3y 2 y ' =
( x + y ) (1 − y ') − ( x − y ) (1 + y ')
Derivando:
( x + y)2
1 1 1 1 1 1
2
3 y 2 ( x + y ) y ' = x − xy '+
+ y − yy '− ( x + xy '− y − yy ') 4 x 2 Dx y 2 + y 2 ⋅ Dx x 2 + x 2Dx y 2 + y 2 Dx x 2 +
2
3 y 2 ( x + y ) y ' = x − xy '+ y − yy ' − x − xy '+ y + yy '
Dx y = 2x + 0
2
3y 2
( x + y) y ' = −2 xy '+ 2 y 1 1 −1 1
1 −
1
1 −
1
4 x 2 ⋅ y 2 ⋅ Dx y + y 2 ⋅ x 2 + x 2 y 2 ⋅ Dx y +
( 2
y ' 3y 2 ( x + y ) + 2x = 2 y )
2 2
2
1
2y
y' = 2
y 2 ⋅ 2x + y ' = 2x
3y 2 ( x + y ) + 2x
1 1 −1 1
1
−
1
1 −
1 1
4 x 2 ⋅ y 2 ⋅ y '+ y 2 ⋅ x 2 + x 2 y 2 ⋅ y '+ 2 xy 2
x 2 2 2
20. xy = arctan
y + y ' = 2x
Solución: 1 1
1
x2 y2 1 x2
x 2 y '+
+2 + y '+ 2 xy 2 + y ' = 2 x
Dada: xy = arctan 1 1
2 1
y y2 x2 y2
Derivando: 1 1
1
2x 2 1 x 2 2y 2
x y ' 1 + + 1 = 2 x − 1 − 2 xy 2
D x ( xy ) = D x arctan 1
y 2 2 2
y y x2
1 x 1 1 1 1
xD x y + yD x x = ⋅ Dx
x
2
y 4x 2 + x 2 + 2 y 2 2x 2 − 2 y 2 − 2x 2 y 2
1+ y ' 1 = 1
y
2 y 2
x 2
y (1) − xy '
y2
xy '+ y ⋅ 1 = 2
⋅ 2 1 1 1
y +x y2 2 y 2 2x 2 − 2 y 2 − 2x 2 y 2
y − xy ' y' =
xy '+ y = 1
1 1
y2 + x2 x 2 4x 2 + x 2 + 2 y 2
y xy '
xy '+ y = −
y2 + x2 y2 + x2
4 y x − y− x y
x y y' =
y ' x + 2 2
= 2 −y x 4 x +x +2 2
y
y + x y + x2
( )
x y2 + x2 + x y − y y2 + x2
y ' =
( )
y 2
+ x 2 y2 + x2
124
y' =
(
y 1− x2 − y2 )
(
x y2 + x2 +1 )
Razonamiento matemático
y Elevando al cuadrado:
22. y 2 = x + Ln
x x+ y = 4y4
Solución: 1
x + y 2 = 4y4
y
Dada: y 2 = x + Ln Derivando:
x 1
1 −2
Derivando: 1+ y D x y = 4 ( 4) y 3D x y
2
1 y
2 yD x y = 1 + ⋅ Dx 1 −2
1
y x 1+ y ⋅ y ' = 16 y 3 y '
x 2
x xy '− y ⋅ 1 1 −
1
2 yy ' = 1 + ⋅ 1 = y ' 16 y 3 − y 2
y x2 2
x ( xy '− y ) 1
2 yy ' = 1 +
y x2 1 y2
y' = = 7
xy ' y
2 yy ' = 1 + − 3 1 16 y 2 − 1
yx yx 16 y − 1
y 2
y' 1
2 yy ' = 1 + −
y x y
y' =
1 1 16 y 7 −1
y ' 2 y − = 1 −
y x
y ( x − 1) 25. x 4 − 3 x 3 y + 4 xy 3 + y 4 = 2; en x = 1 e y = 1
y' =
(
x 2y 2 −1 ) Solución:
Dada: x 4 − 3 x 3 y + 4 xy 3 + y 4 = 2; en x = 1 ∧ y = 1
23. x 3 y 3 − 6 = 5 y 3 + x
Derivando:
Solución:
3 3 3
( ) (
4 x 3 − 3 x 3 y '+ y ⋅ 3 ⋅ x 2 + 4 x ( 3) y 2 y '+ y 3 ⋅ 1 + )
Dada: x y − 6 = 5 y + x
4y3 ⋅ y' = 0
Derivando:
4 x 3 − 3 x 3 y '− 9 x 2 y + 12 xy 2 y '+ 4 y 3 + 4 y 3 y ' = 0
x 3 D x y 3 + y 3 D x x 3 − 0 = 5 ( 3) y 2 D x y + 1
x 3 ( 3) y 2 D x y + y 3 ⋅ ( 3) x 2 = 15 y 2 y '+ 1
( )
y ' −3 x 3 + 12 xy 2 + 4 y 3 = −4 x 3 + 9 x 2 y − 4 y 3
3 x 3 y 2 y '+ 3 y 3 x 2 = 15 y 2 y '+ 1 9x 2 y − 4x 3 − 4 y 3
y' =
4 y 3 + 12 xy 2 − 3 x 3
( 3
y ' 3x y − 15 y 2 2
) = 1 − 3y x
3 2
En ( x 0 , y 0 ) = (1,1) :
1 − 3y 3x 2 2 3 3
y' = 9 (1)(1) − 4 (1) − 4 (1) 9−4−4 1
3 x 2 y 2 − 15 y 2 y ' (1,1) = 3 2 3
= =
4 (1) + 12 (1)(1) − 3 (1) 4 + 12 − 3 15
24. x+ y = 2y2 1
y ' (1,1) =
15
Solución:
Dada: x+ y = 2y2
125
Razonamiento matemático
3x 2 =
( x + y ) (1 − y ') − ( x − y ) (1 + y ') En P0 ( x 0 , y 0 ) = (1, 4 )
( x + y)2
y' =
−2 ( 4 ) ( 4 −1 ) = −8 (1) = − 8
(1 + 8 4 )
2
3 x 2 ( x + y ) = x − xy '+ y − yy '− x − xy '+ y + yy ' 3
2
3x 2
( x + y) = −2 xy '+ 2 y
−8
2 y' =
2 xy ' = 2 y − 3 x 2 ( x + y )
2
2 y − 3x 2 ( x + y ) 29. x 3 + 2 x 2 y − 6 xy 2 = 2; en P0 ( x 0 , y 0 ) = (1,1)
y' =
2y
Solución:
En P0 ( x 0 , y 0 ) = ( 2,1) :
2 Dada: x 3 + 3 x 2 y − 6 xy 2 = 2; en P ( x 0 , y 0 ) = (1,1)
y ' ( 2,1) =
2 (1) − 3 ( 2 ) ( 2 + 1) 2 =
2 − 12 ( 3)
2
2 ( 2) 4 Derivando:
y ' ( 2,1) =
−106
=−
53 ( ) (
3 x 2 + 3 x 2 y '+ y 2 x − 6 x ( 2 ) yy '+ y 2 (1) = 0 )
4 2
3x 2 + 3x 2 y '+ 6 xy − 12 xyy '− 6 y 2 = 0
53
y ' ( 2,1) = −
2 ( )
y ' 3 x 2 − 12 xy = 6 y 2 − 6 xy − 3 x 2
6 y − 6 xy − 3 x 2
2
2 y 2 − 2 xy − x 2
y' = =
3 x 2 − 12 xy x 2 − 4 xy
2 y 2 − 2 xy − x 2
126 y' =
x 2 − 4 xy
2. x + 8 y = 2
( 2
y ' 3 x − 12 xy = 6 y − 6 xy − 3 x ) 2 2
3. x 2 y + 2 y 3 = 3 x + 2 y
6 y 2 − 6 xy − 3 x 2 2 y 2 − 2 xy − x 2 4. x 2 y − 3 xy 2 = xy + Razonamiento
5 matemático
y' = 2
= 2
3 x − 12 xy x − 4 xy 5. xy = x + y
2 y 2 − 2 xy − x 2 2 2 2
y' = 2 6. x 3 + y 3 = a 3 ; a = a = cte
x − 4 xy
x
7. xy = 1 −
30. x xy + 2 y − 3 = 0; en P0 ( x 0 , y 0 ) = (1,1)
2 y
2 1 5
Solución: 8. 1 + − =
y x xy
xy + 2 y 2 − 3 = 0; en P ( x 0 , y 0 ) = (1,1)
Dada: x
( )
2
9. x 2 + y 2 = 2a 2 xy
1 1
( )
2
x ⋅ x 2 y 2 + 2y2 − 3 = 0 10. x 3 + y 3 = 6axy
3 1
x 2 y 2 + 2y2 − 3 = 0 11. x+ y= a ; a = cte
3
1 −
1
3
1 1 12. y − 2 x y + 3x 4 y − x 5 = 3 y − 2 x
5 2 3
x2 ⋅ y 2 ⋅ y '+ y 2 ⋅ ⋅ x 2 + 2 ( 2 ) yy '− 0 = 0
2
2 13. 2 x 4 y 2 + 4 x 2 y 4 − x 2 y 2 = 5 x
3
1 1 x y
x2 3 2 2 14. + =5
1
⋅ y '+ y x + 4 yy ' = 0 y x
2
2y 2 15. y = e − xsen y
3 1 1 x
x2 3 16. Ln y + =c
y ' 1 + 4 y = − y 2 x 2 y
2 2
2y
y
17. Ln x + e x = 0
1 1 1
y 2 −3 y 2 x 2
1 18. 1 + xy = Ln e xy + e − xy ( )
−3 yx 2
y' = = 3 3 19. e 2y
= 5 x + y; en x = 1; y = 1
3 3
x + 8y
2 2 x 2 + 8y 2
20. y + 2 xy − x 2 = 4; en P0 ( x 0 y 0 ) = (1 1)
2
21. x 3 y − 4 xy 2 = y + x 2 ; y =
−3 y x
y' = 2 2 2
x3 + 8 y3 22. x 3 + y 3 = a 3 ; y =
n P ( x 0 , y 0 ) = (1,1) 23. a s2 ( x + y ) = ; y =
−3 (1) 1 −3 1
y ' (1,1) = = =−
3
1 +8 1 3 3
1
y ' (1,1) = −
3
1. x 3 − 2 y 3 = 1
2. x 4 + 8 y 9 = 2
3. x 2 y + 2 y 3 = 3 x + 2 y
4. x 2 y − 3 xy 2 = xy + 5
5. xy = x + y
2 2 2
6. x 3 + y 3 = a 3 ; a = a = cte
127
x
7. xy = 1 −
y
Razonamiento matemático
d f ( x) d d f ( x) d 2 f ( x)
f '( x ) = = =
dx dx dx dx 2
... existe, la cual se puede denotar indistintamente por cualquiera de las siguientes formas:
d f '( x ) d d f ( x) d 2 f ( x) d 2 f d 2 y
f '( x ); ; ; ; ; ; y ''; D x2 f ( x ) ; D x2 f ; D x2 y
dx dx dx dx 2 dx 2 dx 2
d 2 f ( x)
f '' ( x ) ; D x2 f ( x ) ; = La segunda derivada de f ( x ) , con respecto a x.
dx 2
d 2y
y ''; D x2 y; = La segunda derivada de y con respecto a x.
dx 2
Si la segunda derivada, f’’(x), es a su vez una función derivable en el dominio de f(x), entonces existe una función
sucesiva f’’’(x), la cual es la derivada de f’’(x), osea, la TERCERA DERIVADA DE f(x). Así, si:
d 2 f ( x)
f '' ( x ) =
dx 2
d f '' ( x ) d 3 f ( x ) d 3 f d 3 y
f ''' ( x ) ; ; ; ; ; y '''; D x3 f ( x ) ; D x3t ; D x3 y
dx dx 2 dx 3 dx 3
d 3 f ( x)
f '''; f ''' ( x ) ; D33 f ( x ) ; = Tercera derivada de f con respecto a x.
dx 3
d 3y
y '''; D33 y; = Tercera derivada de y con respecto a x.
dx 3
Seguidamente, la derivada de la tercera derivada si existe, viene a ser la CUARTA DERIVADA de f(x); así:
d f ''' ( x ) d 4 f ( x) d 4y
f iv
( x) = 3
= 4
= = D x4 f ( x ) = D x4 y
dx dx dx 4
... y así sucesivamente se alcanza la n-sima derivada de f(x), cuya denotación será:
d n f ( x) d n y
; n ; D xn f ( x ) ; D xn y; o simplemente D n y; D n f ; f n ; y n .
dx n dx
128
Razonamiento matemático
dnf d ng
n
y
dx dx n
dn dnf d ng
a. n (f + g) = n
+
dx dx dx n
b. Si f = ku
dnf dn d nu
n
= ( ku ) = k
dx dx 2
dx n
c. Ley de Leibniz
Si f = uv, además u y v son funciones de x.
dnf dn d nu du n −1 dv n ( n − 1) d n − 2u dv 2 d nv
n(
= u ⋅ v) = ⋅v + n ⋅ + ⋅ ... + u
dx n dx dx u dx n −1 dx 1 × 2 dx n − 2 dx 2 dx 2
dn n d nu n d n −1 dv n d n − 2u d 2v n du d n −1v n d n v
n(
u ⋅ v ) = n v + n −1 + n − 2 2 ... + n −1 + u ⋅ n
dx 0 dx 1 dx dx 2 dx dx n − 1 dx dx n dx
n n
Tener en cuentaa que el factor: =
a (n − a) a
Se considera: 1 = 1 0 =1
Ejemplos:
a. Hallar D 2 f ; D 3 f ; D 4 f si f ( x ) = x 4 + 2 x 3 + x 2 + x + 1
d f ( x)
⇒ f '( x ) = = 4 x 3 − 6 x 2 + 2 x + 1 ⇒ Df = 4 x 3 − 6 x 2 + 2 x + 2
dx
D 2 f = f '' ( x ) =
df I
( x ) = d 2 f ( x ) = 12 x 2 − 12 x + 2
dx dx 2
df '' ( x )
D 3 f = f '' ( x ) = = 24 x − 12
dx
df ''' ( x )
D4 f = f iv
( x) = = 24
dx
b. Hallar f '' ( x ) si f ( x ) = x 4 sen x 3
df
⇒ f '( x ) = = x 4 ⋅ cos x 3 ⋅ 3 x 2 + sen x 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ x 3
dx
f ' ( x ) = 3 x 6 cos x 3 + 4 x 3sen x 3
df I d 2 f
⇒ f '' ( x ) =
dx
=
dx 2
( ) (
= 3 − x 6sen x 3 ⋅ 3 x 2 + cos x 3 ⋅ 6 x 5 + 4 x 3 cos x 3 ⋅ 3 x 2 + sen x 3 ⋅ 3 x 2 )
f '' ( x ) = −9 x 8sen x 3 + 18 x 5 cos x 3 + 12 x 5 cos x 3 + 12 x 2sen x 3
129
f '' ( x ) = −9 x 8sen x 3 + 30 x 5 cos x 3 + 12 x 2sen x 3
dx
f ' ( x ) = 3 x 6 cos x 3 + 4 x 3sen x 3
df I d 2 f
Razonamiento matemático
⇒ f '' ( x ) =
dx
=
dx 2
( ) (
= 3 − x 6sen x 3 ⋅ 3 x 2 + cos x 3 ⋅ 6 x 5 + 4 x 3 cos x 3 ⋅ 3 x 2 + sen x 3 ⋅ 3 x 2 )
f '' ( x ) = −9 x 8sen x 3 + 18 x 5 cos x 3 + 12 x 5 cos x 3 + 12 x 2sen x 3
f '' ( x ) = ? ; n = 2 = 2 da derivada
2 2 2
f '' ( x ) = ( u '') v + ( u ') v '+ ( u ) v ''
0 1 2
2 2 2
(
f '' ( x ) = 12 x 2 ⋅ sen x 3 + 4 x 3 ⋅ 3 x 2 cos x 3 + x 4 −9 x 4sen x 3 + 6 x cos x 3 )
0 1 2
2! 2! 2!
f '' ( x ) =
( 2 − 0 ) !
12 x 2sen x 3 +
( )
2 − 1 !
12 x 5 cos x 3 +
0 !2!
(
−9 x 8sen x 3 + 6 x 5 cos x 3 )
f '' ( x ) = 112 x 2sen x 3 + 2 12 x 5 cos x 5 cos x 3 − 9 x 8senx 3 + 6 x 5 cos x 3
Ordenando:
dy '' d 3 y
⇒ y ''' = =
dx dx 3
( )
= − − x 2 sen x + 2 x cos x − 4 ( x cos x + sen x ) − 2 sen x
Solución: y' =
(1 − x ) 2 − 2 x (1 − x ) ( −1)
(1 − x ) 4
Dada: y = 8 x 3 + 2 x
1 − 2x + x 2 + 2x − 2x 2
dy =
⇒ y' = = 24 x 2 + 2 ⇒ y ' = 24 x 2 + 2 (1 − x ) 4
dx
dy ' d 2 y 1− x2 1+ x 1+ x
y '' = = = 48 x ⇒ y '' = 48 x y' = 4
= 3
⇒ y' =
dx dx (1 − x ) (1 − x ) (1 − x ) 3
dy ' d 2 y
2. y = 2 x 3 + 8 x 2 + 100 y '' = =
dx dx 3
Solución:
3 2 =
(1 − x ) 3 ⋅ D x (1 + x ) − (1 + x ) D x (1 − x ) 3
Dada: y = 2 x + 8 x + 100 2
(1 − x ) 3
dy
⇒ y' = = 6 x 2 + 16 x ⇒ y ' = 6 x 2 + 16 x
dx
y '' =
(1 − x ) 3 ⋅ 1 − (1 + x )( 3) (1 − x ) 2 D x (1 − x )
dy ' d 2 y (1 − x )
y '' = = = 12 x + 16 ⇒ y '' = 12 x + 16
dx dx 2
y '' =
(1 − x ) 3 − 3 (1 + x ) (1 − x ) 2 ⋅ ( −1)
3. y = x n (1 − x )
2
Solución: a(1d− x )
Dada: y = x n
y '' =
(1 − x ) + 3 (1 + x ) = 1 − x + 3 + 3x = 4 + 2 x
dy (1 − x ) 4 (1 − x ) 4 (1 − x ) 4
⇒ y' = = nx n −1 ⇒ y ' = nx n −1
dx 4 + 2x
y ''' =
d 2y (1 − x ) 4
y '' = = n ( n − 1) x n − 2 ⇒ y '' = n ( n − 1) x n − 2
dx
131
Razonamiento matemático
2x
6. f ( x ) =
a2 − x
Solución:
1
2x
( )
−
Dada: y = = 2x a 2 − x 2 2
a2 − x2
dy 1 3 1
( ) ( )
− −
⇒ y' = = 2 x − a 2 − x 2 2 ⋅ ( −2 x ) + a 2 − x 2 2 ⋅ 1
dx 2
3 1
( ) ( )
− −
y ' = 2x 2 a − x 2 2 + 2 a2 − x2 2
dy ' d 2 y 3 5 3 1
3
( ) ( ) ( )
− − −
⇒ y '' = = 2 = 2 x 2 − a 2 − x 2 2 ⋅ ( −2 x ) + a 2 − x 2 2 ⋅ 2xx + 2 − a 2 − x 2 2 ⋅ ( −2 x )
dx dx 2 2
5 3 3
( ) ( ) ( )
− − −
y '' = 2 3 x 3 a 2 − x 2 2 + 2x a 2 − x 2 2 + 2x a 2 − x 2 2
5 3 3
( ) ( ) ( )
− − −
y '' = x 3 a 2 − x 2 2 + x a2 − x2 2 + 2x a 2 − x 2 2
3
y '' = x 3 a 2 − x 2( ) ( )
−1
+ x a 2 − x 2
−
2
x3 + a 2x + x 2
y '' = 3
(a 2
− x2 a2 − x2)( ) 2
x3 + a 2x + x 2
y '' = 5
(a 2
− x2 ) 2
7. f ( x ) = sen 2 x − cos 2 x
Solución:
df ' ( x )
⇒ f '' ( x ) = f '' ( x ) = = 2 ( −sen 2 x ) ⋅ D x 2 x + 2 cos x ⋅ D x 2 x
dx
f '' ( x ) = −2sen 2 x ⋅ 2 + 2 cos 2 x ⋅ 2
132
Razonamiento matemático
sen 2 x
8. f ( x ) =
x −1
Solución:
sen 2 x sen 2 x
Dada: f ( x ) = = 1
x −1
( x − 1) 2
1 1
1
( x − 1) 2 ⋅ cos 2 x ⋅ 2 − sen 2 x ⋅ ( x − 1) − 2 ⋅ 1
⇒ f '( x ) = 2
2
1
( x − 1) 2
1
sen 2 x
2 ( x − 1) 2 ⋅ cos 2 x − 1
2 ( x − 1) 2
f '( x ) =
( x − 1)
4 ( x − 1) cos 2 x − sen 2 x
f '( x ) = 1
2 ( x − 1) 2 ⋅ ( x − 1)
2 cos 2 x sen 2x
f '( x ) = 1
− 3
( x − 1) 2 2 ( x − 1) 2
1 1
3 1
x − 1 2 −sen 1 3
( ) ( 2 x ) ⋅ 2 − cos 2 x ⋅ ( x − 1) − 2 ⋅ 1 ( x − 1) 2 ⋅ cos 2 x ⋅ 2 − sen 2 x ⋅ ( x − 1) 2 ⋅ 1
⇒ f '' ( x ) = 2 2 2
2 − 3 2
1
( x − 1) 2 ( x − 1) 2
1
cos 2 x
−2 ( x − 1) 2 sen 2 x − 1 3
3 1
2 ( x − 1) 2 1 2 ( x − 1) 2 cos 2 x − sen 2 x ⋅ ( x − 1) 2
f '' ( x ) = 2 − 2
( x − 1) 2 ( x − 1) 3
(
9. f ( x ) = x 4 − 4 Ln ) x2 + 2
Solución:
1
(
Dada: f ( x ) = x 4 − 4 Ln ) (
x 2 + 2 = x 4 − 4 Ln x 2 + 2 ) ( ) 2
1 4
f ( x) =
2
(
x − 4 Ln x 2 + 2 ) ( )
1 4 1
⇒ f '( x ) =
2
(
x −4 ⋅ 2
x +2
)
⋅ 2 x + Ln x 2 + 2 ⋅ 4 x 3
( )
2
( 2
1 x +2 x −2 )( )
f '( x ) =
2
⋅ 2 x + 4 x 3 Ln x 2 + 2 ( )
2
x +2 ( ) 133
f ' ( x ) = x 3 − 2 x + 2 x 3 Ln x 2 + 2 ( )
1 4
f ( x) =
2
(
x − 4 Ln x 2 + 2 ) ( )
Razonamiento 1 matemático 1
(
⇒ f '( x ) = x 4 − 4 ⋅ 2
2 x +2
)
⋅ 2 x + Ln x 2 + 2 ⋅ 4 x 3
( )
2
(
1 x +2 x −2
2
)( )
f '( x ) = ⋅ 2 x + 4 x 3 Ln x 2 + 2 ( )
2
x 2
+ 2 ( )
f ' ( x ) = x 3 − 2 x + 2 x 3 Ln x 2 + 2 ( )
1
⇒ f '' ( x ) = 3 x 2 ⋅ 2 + x 3 ⋅ 2
x + 2
⋅ 2 x + Ln x 2 + 2 ⋅ 3x 2
( )
4x 4
f '' ( x ) = 3 x 2 − 2 +
x2 + 2
+ 6 x 2 Ln x 2 + 2 ( )
10. f ( x ) = x2 −1 + 3
Solución:
1
Dada: f ( x ) = x2 −1 + 3 = x2 −1 ( ) 2 +3
1 1
1 2
( ) ( )
− −
⇒ f '( x ) = x −1 2 ⋅ 2x = x x 2 − 1 2
2
1
( )
−
f '( x ) = x x 2 − 1 2
3 1
1
( ) ( )
− −
⇒ f '' ( x ) = x ⋅ − x 2 − 1 2 ⋅ 2x + x 2 − 1 2 −1
2
−x 2 1 −x 2 + x 2 −1
f '' ( x ) = 3
+ 1
= 3
(x 2
−1 ) (x
2 2
−1 ) 2
(x 2
−1 ) 2
1
f '' ( x ) = − 3
(x 2
−1 ) 2
( )
5
11. f ( x ) = x 2 − 4 x 3 − 1
Solución:
( )
5
Dada: f ( x ) = x 2 − 4 x 3 − 1
d f ( x)
( )
4
⇒ f '( x ) = = 2 x − 5 4 x 3 − 1 ⋅ 12 x 2
dx
( )
4
f ' ( x ) = 2 x − 60 x 2 4 x 3 − 1
d f '( x )
(
= 2 − 60 x 2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 4 x 3 − 1 ⋅ 12 x 2 + 4 x 3 − 1 ⋅ 2 x ) ( )
3 4
⇒ f '' ( x ) =
dx
d 2 f ( x)
= 2 − 60 48 x 4 4 x 3 − 1 + 4 x 3 − 1 ⋅ 2 x ( ) ( )
3 4
f '' ( x ) =
dx 2
( ) ( )
3 4
f '' ( x ) = 2 − 2880 x 4 4 x 3 − 1 − 120 x 4 x 3 − 1
( )
⇒ f ''' ( x ) = 0 − 2880 x 4 ⋅ 3 4 x 3 − 1 ⋅ 12 x 2 + 4 x 3 − 1 ⋅ 4 x 3 − 120 x ⋅ 4 4 x 3 − 1 ⋅ 12 x 2 + 4 x 3 − 1 ⋅ 1 ( ) ( ) ( )
2 3 3 4
134
f ''' ( x ) = −2880 36 x 6 4 x 3 − 1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
+ 4 x 3 4 x 3 − 1 − 120 48 x 3 ⋅ 4 x 3 − 1 + 4 x 3 − 1
3 3 4
d 2 f ( x)
(
= 2 − 60 48 x 4 4 x 3 − 1 + 4 x 3 − 1 ⋅ 2 x ) ( )
3 4
f '' ( x ) = 2
dx
Razonamiento matemático
( ) ( )
3 4
f '' ( x ) = 2 − 2880 x 4 4 x 3 − 1 − 120 x 4 x 3 − 1
( ) (
⇒ f ''' ( x ) = 0 − 2880 x 4 ⋅ 3 4 x 3 − 1 ⋅ 12 x 2 + 4 x 3 − 1 ⋅ 4 x 3 − 120 x ⋅ 4 4 x 3 − 1 ⋅ 12 x 2 + 4 x 3 − 1 ⋅ 1 ) ( ) ( )
2 3 3 4
f ''' ( x ) = −2880 36 x 6 4 x 3 − 1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
+ 4 x 3 4 x 3 − 1 − 120 48 x 3 ⋅ 4 x 3 − 1 + 4 x 3 − 1
3 3 4
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 3 3 4
f ''' ( x ) = −103680 x 6 4 x 3 − 1 − 11520 x 3 4 x 3 − 1 − 5 60x 3 4 x 3 − 1 − 120 4 x 3 − 1
(4x − 1) (4x − 1) ( )
2 3 4
f ''' ( x ) = −103680 x 6 3
− 1 280x 3 3
− 120 4 x 3 − 1
( )
f ''' ( x ) = −120 4 x 3 − 1 864 x 6 + 144 x 3 4 x 3 − 1 − 4 x 3 − 1 ( ) ( )
2 2
12. y = x 3 + 8 x − 4
Solución:
Dada: y = x 3 + 8 x − 4
⇒ y ' = 3x 2 + 8
dy ' dy ''
y '' = = 6 x ⇒ y ''' = =6
dx dx
(
13. y = x 2 + 1 ) 2
Solución:
5
Dada: y = x 2 + 1( ) 2
3 3
5 2 5 2
⇒ y' =
2
(x +1 ) 2
(
⋅ Dx x 2 + 1 = ) 2
(
x +1 ) 2 ⋅ 2x
(
y ' = 5x x 2 − 1 ) 2
dy ' 3 1 3
⇒ y '' =
dx
= 5x ⋅ x2 +1
2
( ) 2 ⋅ 2x + x 2 + 1 ( ) 2 ⋅ 1
1 3
y ''' = 15 x 2 x 2 + 1 ( ) 2
(
+ 5 x2 +1 ) 2
dy '' 1
1 1 3
1
( ) ( ) ( )
−
⇒ y ''' = = 15 x 2 ⋅ ⋅ x 2 + 1 2 ⋅ 2x + x 2 + 1 2 ⋅ 2x + 5 ⋅ x 2 + 1 2 ⋅ 2x
dx 2 2
1 1 1
( ) + 3 x(x ) ( )
−
y ''' = 15 x 3 x 2 + 1 2 2
+1 2 + 15 x x 2 + 1 2
15 x ( x + 1)
3 2
2
y ''' = + 5x x +1
x2 +1
135
= −a 2
( 2 ( ax + b ) ⋅ D x ( ax + b ) )
( ax + b ) 4
Razonamiento matemático a 2 ⋅ 2 ( ax + b ) ⋅ a 2a ( ax + b )
y ''' = 4
=
( ax + b ) ( ax + b ) 4
2x
14. y = xe 2a
y ''' =
Solución: ( ax + b )
Dada: y = xe 2 x y ' = xD x e 2 x + e 2 x D x x
De aquí podemos
y ' = xe 2 x ⋅ 2 + e 2 x ⋅ 1 generalizar: Dado:
y=Ln(ax+b)
y ' = 2 xe 2 x + e 2 x
dy '
⇒ y '' = = 2 xe 2 x ⋅ 2 + e 2 x + e 2 x ⋅ 2 a −a 2 2a 3
dx y' = ; y '' = 2
; y ''' = ;
ax + b ( ax + b ) ( ax + b ) 3
y '' = 4 xe 2 x + 2e 2 x + 2e 2 x = 4 xe 2 x + 4e 2 x
n
− ( −1) ( n − 1)!a n
y '' = 4e 2 x ( x + 1) ....; y n = ..... y n =
( ax + b ) n
dy ''
⇒ y ''' =
dx
(
= 4 e 2 x ⋅ 1 + ( x + 1) ⋅ e 3 x ⋅ 2 ) 16. y = x 5 − 8 x 4 − 3 x 2 + 1
y ''' = 4 e ( 2x
+ ( 2x + 2) e 2x
) = 4e 2x
(1 + 2 x + 2 ) Solución:
y ''' = 4e 2x
( 2 x + 3) Dada: y = x 5 − 8 x 4 − 3 x 4 − 3 x 2 + 1
dy
15. y = Ln ( ax + b ) ⇒ y' = = 5 x 4 − 32 x 3 − 6 x
dx
Solución: dy '
⇒ y '' = = 20 x 3 − 96 x 2 − 6
dx
Dada: y = Ln ( ax + b )
dy ''
dy 1 a ⇒ y ''' = = 60 x 2 − 192 x
⇒ y' = = ⋅ D x ( ax + b ) = dx
dx ax + b ax + b
a C. Hallar las derivadas indicadas de las siguientes
y' = ; para hallar y ''; funciones IMPLÍCITAS.
ax + b
1 −du 17. x 3 + y 3 = 1, hallar y ''∧ y '''
aplicar: d = 2
u u Solución:
dy ' − D x ( ax + b ) −a
y '' = = a = a Dada: x 3 + y 3 = 1; y '' = ? ∧ y ''' = ?
dx ( ax + b ) 2 ( ax + b ) 2
⇒ 3x 2 + 3 y 2 D x y = 0
2
−a
= −x 2
( ax + b ) 2 3x 2 + 3 y 2 ⋅ y 1 = 0 ⇒ y ' = .............(1)
y2
−a 2 dy ' x2 y 2 ⋅ 2 x − x 2 ⋅ 2 yy '
y '' = 2 ⇒ y '' = = −Dx 2 = −
( ax + b ) dx y y4
2 y 2 ⋅ 2x x 2 ⋅ 2 yy ' 2x 2x 2
dy '' − D x ( ax + b ) y '' = − + =− + y ' ......( 2 )
⇒ y ''' = = − a 2 y 4
y 4
y 2
y3
dx 2
( ax + b )
(1) en ( 2) :
= −a 2
( 2 ( ax + b ) ⋅ D x ( ax + b ) ) −2 x 2 x 2 x 2 −2 x 2 x 4
4 y '' = + − = − 5
( ax + b ) y 2
y 3 y 2 y 2 y
a ⋅ 2 ( ax + b ) ⋅ a
2
2a ( ax + b ) −2 x 2x 4
y ''' = 4
= y '' = −
( ax + b ) ( ax + b ) 4 y2 y5
2a dy '' y 2 ⋅ 2 − 2 x ⋅ 2 yy ' y 5 ⋅ 4x 3 − x 4 ⋅ 5 y 4 ⋅ y '
y ''' = ⇒ y ''' = =− − 2
136 ( ax + b ) 4
dx y y 10
2 4x x3 x4
y ''' = − 2
+ 3
y '− 5
+ 10 y ' ..............( 3)
−2 x 2 x x −2 x 2 x
y ''' = + − = − 5
y2 y 3 y 2 y 2 y
−2 x 2x 4 Razonamiento matemático
y '' = 2
−
y y5
2 4x 3 x3 10 x
y ''' = − 2
− 5
− 5
−
y y y y
Dada: x 2 y − xy 2 + x 2 + y 2 = 0; y '' = ?
(
⇒ x 2 ⋅ y '+ y ⋅ 2 x − x 2 yy '+ y 2 ⋅ 1 + 2 x + 2 yy ' = 0 )
2 2
x y '+ 2 xy − 2 xyy '− y + 2 x + 2 yy ' = 0
(
y ' x 2 − 2 xy + 2 y = y 2 − 2 x − 2 xy )
y 2 − 2 x − 2 xy
y' = 2 .................................................................................................(1)
x − 2 xy + 2 y
y '' =
dy '
=
( ) (
x 2 − 2 xy + 2 y D x y 2 − 2 x − 2 xy − y 2 − 2 x − 2 xy D x x 2 − 2 xy + 2 y ) ( ) ( )
( )
2
dx x 2 − 2 xy + 2 y
y '' =
(x 2
) (
− 2 xy + 2 y ( 2 yy '− 2 − 2 ( xy '+ y ) ) − y 2 − 2 x − 2 xy ( 2 x − 2 ( xy '+ y ) + 2 y ') )
(x )
2 2
− 2 xy + 2 y
( 2 yy '− 2 xy '− 2 y − 2 ) − ( y )
− 2 x − 2 xy ( 2 x + 2 xy '+ 2 y + 2 y ')
2
y '' = ........................( 2 )
(x 2
− 2 xy + 2 y ) (x 2
− 2 xy + 2 y )
2
y '' (1,1) =
( 2 (1) ( −3) − 2 (1) ( −3) − 2 (1) − 2 ) − (1 − 2 (1) − 2 (1)(1) ) ( 2 (1) + 2 (1) ( −3) + 2 (1) + 2 ( −3) )
(1 − 2 (1)(1) + 2 (1) ) (1 − 2 (1)(1) + 2 (1) )
2
y '' (1,1) =
( −6 + 6 + 4 ) − (1 − 2 − 2 ) ( 2 − 6 + 2 − 6 ) 137
(1 − 2 + 2 ) (1 − 2 + 2 ) 2
y '' (1,1) =
4
−
(1) ( − ) = 4 + = 12
y
3
y '' (1,1) =
Razonamiento
( 2 (1)matemático
( −3) − 2 (1) ( −3) − 2 (1) − 2 ) (1 − 2 (1) − 2 (1)(1) ) ( 2 (1x ) + 2 (x1)(12−3) +3 2y(1) + 2 ( −3)) y 13
−
(1 − 2 (1)(1) + 2 (1) ) e yD +22 x ⋅ Ln 2 ⋅ D x = D x Ln7;
(⇒
1 − 2 (1)(1x)+y2(1) ) x
y '' (1,1) =
( −6 + 6 + 4 ) − (1 − 2 − 2 ) ( 2 − 6 + 2 − 6 ) Ln7 = cte
(1 − 2 + 2 ) (1 − 2 + 2 ) 2 x −
1
y −
2
y 1 x 2 xy '− y 3
x
1 y 3
4 (1) ( − ) =4+ e ⋅ ⋅ +2 ⋅ Ln 2 ⋅ ⋅
y '' (1,1) = − = 12 2 y y2 3 x
1 12
y − xy '
y '' (1,1) = 12 =0
x2
1 y 2
x 3
19. x 2 − xy − y 2 = 3; hallar y '' 1 y y 2 ( xy '− y ) 2 x
⋅ Ln 2 x 3
e ⋅ − ⋅
2 x y2 3 y
Solución:
xy '− y
Dada: x 2 − xy − y 2 = 3; y '' = ? 2 =0
x
⇒ 2 x − ( xy '+ y ) − 2 yy ' = 0 x
1 y 2
3
2 x − xy '− y − 2 yy ' = 0 e y
y 2 2 x x
2
− Ln 2 ( y − xy ') = 0
− y '( x + 2 y ) = y − 2x 2y x 3x 2 y
y − 2x 2x − y
y' = − = .......(1) y − xy ' = 0
x + 2y x + 2y
y
⇒ y '' =
dy ' y' = (1)
x
dx
( x + 2 y ) Dx (2x − y ) − (2x − y ) Dx ( x + 2 y ) y' xD x y − yD x x xy '− y
= ⇒ y '' = = = ( 2)
x x2 x2
( x + 2y)2
(1) ( 2) :
y '' =
( x + 2 y ) ( 2 − y ') − ( 2 x − y ) (1 + 2 y ')
y
( x + 2y)2 x − y
x y−y
2 x + 4 y − xy '− 2 yy '− 2 x − 4 xy '+ y + 2 yy ' y '' = 2 = 2 =0
y '' = x x
( x + 2y)2 y '' = 0 ⇒ y ''' = 0
5 y − 5 xy '
y '' = ...........................( 2 )
D. Hallar la derivada n-sima, yn de las siguientes
( x + 2y)2 funciones enunciadas:
(1) en ( 2) : 21. y = xe x
2x − y
5 y − 5x Solución:
⇒ y '' = x + 2 y = 5 y ( x + 2 y ) − 5x ( 2x − y )
( x + 2y)2 ( x + 2 y )3 Dada: y = xe x
10 y 2 + 10 xy − 10 x 2 i =1
y '' =
( x + 2y) 3
⇒ i = 1 : y ' = xe + e = ( x + 1) e x x x
i=2
x y
i = 2 : y '' = xe + e = ( +2 ) e
3 x x x
20. e y
+2 x
= Ln7 ; donde y = f ( x ) ; hallar y ''' ( x )
Solución: i=3
x
i = 3 : y ''' = ( x + 2 ) e + e = ( x + 3) e x x x
y
3
Dada: e y
+e x
= Ln 7, hallar y ''' ( x ) = ? i=n
x 1
y
1 in = n : y = ( x + n ) e x
n
y x 2 3
x y 3
⇒e Dx + 2 ⋅ Ln 2 ⋅ D x = D x Ln7;
y x y n = ( x + n)e x
Ln7 = cte
138
x 1 2
− y −
y 1 x 2 xy '− y 3
x
1 y 3
e ⋅ ⋅ +2 ⋅ Ln 2 ⋅ ⋅
2 y y2 3 x
Razonamiento matemático
22. f ( x ) = Ln ( 2 x + 3)
Solución:
Dada: f ( x ) = Ln ( 2 x + 3)
2( )
1 ←i =1
1 1⋅ 2
⇒ i = 1 : f '( x ) = ⋅2 =
2x + 3 2x + 3
2 (
)
2 ←i =2
1 ⋅ 2 ( − D x ( 2 x + 3) ) −1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2
i = 2 : f '' ( x ) = 2
= ( 2 )←
( 2 x + 3)
i =2
( 2 x + 3) 2
( 3) ← i = 3
i = 3 : f ''' ( x ) =
(
−1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 − D x ( 2 x + 3)
2
) = +1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2⋅2⋅ 2
( 3)←
( 2 x + 3) 4
i =3
( 2 x + 3) 3
( 4 ) ←i = 4
i = 4: f iv
( x) =
(
1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 − D x ( 2 x + 3)
3
) = −1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2⋅ 2⋅ 2⋅ 2
( 4 )←
( 2 x + 3) 6
i =4
4
( 2 x + 3)
: ( −1) n +1
( −1) n +1 ⋅ ( n − 1) 2n
i = n: f n
( x ) = − − − − − − − − − − − − − −− =
( 2 x + 3) n
an ad ada d f ( x ) = Ln ( 2 x + 3) a :
( −1) n +1 ⋅ ( n − 1) 2 n
f n
( x) =
( 2 x + 3) n
1
23. y =
3x + 2
Solución:
1 1 −du
Dada: y = ; aquí aplicaremos: d = 2
3x + 2 u u
⇒ i = 1: y ' =
−3
=
( −1)1 ⋅ 31
2
( 3x + 2 ) ( 3x + 2 )1+1
2
2! 3
−3 ( −2 ( 2 x + 2 ) ⋅ 3) +1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 ( −1) 2 2!3 2
i = 2 : y '' = = =
( 3x + 2 ) 4 ( 3x + 2 ) 3 ( 3x + 2 ) 2 +1
18
y '' =
( 3x + 2 ) 2
3
( )=
3! 3
2
1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 −3 ( 3 x + 2 ) ⋅ 3 −1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 ( −1) 3 3!33
i = 3 : y ''' = =
( 3x + 2 ) 6 ( 3x + 2 ) 4 ( 3x + 2 ) 3+1
−162
y ''' = 139
( 3x + 2 ) 4
y '' =
( 3x + 2 ) 2
3
(
)
3! 3
2
1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 −3 ( 3 x + 2 ) ⋅ 3 3
−1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 ( −1) 3!3 3
Razonamiento matemático
i = 3 : y ''' = = =
( 3x + 2 ) 6 ( 3x + 2 ) 4 ( 3x + 2 ) 3+1
−162
y ''' =
( 3x + 2 ) 4
i = : y =− − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − =
( −1) ⋅ !3
( 3x + 2 ) +1
1
a sima deri ada de ( x) = cumple la le :
3x + 2
y =
( −1) ⋅ !3
( 3x + 2 ) +1
2+ x
24. y =
2− x
Solución:
2+ x
Dada: y =
2− x
4
⇒ i = 1: y ' =
( 2 − x ) ⋅ 1 − ( 2 + x ) ( −1) = 4 = 1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 = 1!⋅ 4
(2 − x)2 (2 − x)2 (2 − x)
i = 2 : y '' =
(
4 −Dx ( 2 − x)
2
) = 4 ( −2) ( 2 − x ) ( −1) = 1⋅ 2 ⋅ 4
=
2 !4
4 4 3
(2 − x) (2 − x) (2 − x) ( 2 − x ) 2 +1
i = 3 : y ''' =
(
1⋅ 2 ⋅ 4 −Dx ( 2 − x)
3
) = 1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 4 ( −3) ( 2 − x ) 2
⋅ ( −1)
=
1⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4
=
3!4
6 6
(2 − x) (2 − x) (2 − x)4 ( 2 − x ) 3+1
n!4
i = n: yn = − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − =
( 2 − x ) n +1
2+ y
an ad ada d y = a
2− x
n n !4
=
( 2 − x ) n +1
25. f ( x ) = sen 2 x
Solución:
Dada: f ( x ) = sen ( 2 x )
⇒ i = 1 : f ' ( x ) = 2 cos 2 x = ( + ) 21 cos 2 x
i = 2 : f '' ( x ) = −2 ⋅ 2 sen 2 x = ( − ) 2 2 sen 2 x
i = 3 : f ''' ( x ) = −2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ cos 2 x = +2 3 cos 2 x
i = 4: f iv
( x) = f iv
( x ) = +2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 sen 2 x = +2 4 sen 2 x
se deduce:
n +1
140 n
( x ) = − ( −1) ⋅ 2 n cos 2 x; para n impar.
f 2
i = n : f ( x) = − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −
n
n
f
n
( x ) = ( −1) 2 ⋅ 2 n sen 2 x; para n par.
⇒ i = 1 : f ' ( x ) = 2 cos 2 x = ( + ) 21 cos 2 x
i = 2 : f '' ( x ) = −2 ⋅ 2 sen 2 x = ( − ) 2 2 sen 2 x
Razonamiento matemático
i = 3 : f ''' ( x ) = −2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ cos 2 x = +2 3 cos 2 x
i = 4: f iv
( x) = f iv
( x ) = +2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 sen 2 x = +2 4 sen 2 x
se deduce:
n +1
f
n
( x ) = − ( −1) 2 ⋅ 2 n cos 2 x; para n impar.
i = n : f ( x) = − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −
n
n
f
n
( x ) = ( −1) 2 ⋅ 2 n sen 2 x; para n par.
( ) (
⇒ 3 x 2 + 3 x 2 y '+ y ⋅ 2 x − 6 x ⋅ 2 ⋅ yy '+ y 2 = 0 )
2 2 2
3 x + 3 x y '+ 6 xy − 12 xyy '− 6 y = 0
( )
y ' 3 x 2 − 12 xy = 6 y 2 − 6 xy − 3 x 2
6 y 2 − 6 xy − 3 x 2 2 y 2 − 2 xy − x 2
y' = 2
=
3 x − 12 xy x 2 − 4 xy
2 − 2 −1 1 1
y ' (1,1) = = ⇒ y ' (1,1) =
1− 4 3 3
⇒ y '' =
dy '
=
( ) (
x 2 − 4 xy ( 4 yy '− 2 ( xy '+ y ) − 2 x ) − 2 y 2 − 2 xy − x 2 ( 2 x − 4 ( xy '+ y ) ) )
( )
2
dx x 2 − 4 xy
y '' =
( x − 4 xy ) ( 4 yy '− 2 xy '−− 2 y − 2 x ) − ( 2 y
2 2
)
− 2 xy − x 2 ( 2 x − 4 xy '− 4 y )
( x − 4 xy ) 2 2
1 1 1
(1 − 4 ) 4 −2 − 2 − 2 − ( 2 − 2 − 1) 2 − 4 −4
3 3 3
y '' (1,1) =
(1 − 4 ) 2
4 2 4 10 10
( −3) − − 4 − ( −1) −2 − ( −3) − + −
3 3 3 3 3
y '' (1,1) = =
( −3) 2
10 20
10 −
y '' (1,1) = 3 = 3 = 20 ⇒ y '' = 20
(1,1)
2 2
a+x
27. f ( x ) = ; hallar f ''' ( 2a ) ; a ∈
a−x
Solución:
a+x
Dada: f ( x ) = ; hallar f ''' ( x ) ; a = cte ∈
a−x
⇒ f '( x ) =
( a − x )1 − (1 + x ) ( −1) = a − x + a + x = 2a = 2a ( a − x )
−2
12
f ''' ( 2a ) =
a3
( )
5
28. g ( x ) = x 4 + 2 x 3 − 4 x + 7 ; hallar g '' ( x )
Solución:
( )
5
Dada: g ( x ) = x 4 + 2 x 3 − 4 x + 7 ; hallar g '' ( 0 ) ∧ g '' (1)
( − x + 7) ⋅ ( 4x )
4
⇒ g '( x ) = 5 x 4 + 2x 3 3
+ 6x 2 − 4
(
g '' ( x ) = 5 x 4 + 2 x 3 − 4 x + 7 ) (12 x ) ( ) ( ) ⋅ (4x )
4 3
2
+ 12 x + 4 x 3 + 6 x 2 − 4 ( 4 ) x 4 + 2 x 3 − 4 x + 7 3
+ 6 x 2 − 4
Factorrizando:
( )( )(
g '' ( x ) = 5 × 4 × x 4 + 2 x 3 − 4 x + 7 x 4 + 2 x 3 − 4 x + 7 3 x 2 + 3 x + 4 x 3 + 6 x 2 − 4 ) ( )
2
( ) ( )(
g '' ( x ) = 20 x 4 + 2 x 3 − 4 x + 7 x 4 + 2 x 3 − 4 x + 7 3 x 2 + 3 x + 4 x 3 + 6 x 2 − 4 ) ( )
3 2
En x = 0 : g '' ( 0 ) = 20 (1 + 2 − 4 + 7 ) (1 + 2 − 4 + 7 ) ( 3 + 3) + ( 4 + 6 − 4 )
3 2
g '' ( 0 ) = 20 ( 6 ) (16 )( 6 ) + ( 6 ) = 20 × 6 3 2 × 6 2
3 2
g '' ( 0 ) = 40 × 6 5 = 311040
π
29. f ( x ) = cos 2 ( 3 x ) ; hallar f ''
18
Solución:
π
Dada: f ( x ) = cos 2 ( 3 x ) ; hallar: f '' = ?
18
⇒ f ' ( x ) = 2 cos 3 x ⋅ D x cos 3 x = 2 cos 3 x ⋅ ( −sen 3 x ) ⋅ 3
f ' ( x ) = −6 cos 3 x ⋅ sen 3 x
d f ( x)
⇒ f '' ( x ) = = −6 ( cos 3 x ⋅ D x sen 3 x + sen 3 x ⋅ D x cos 3 x )
dx
f '' ( x ) = −6 cos 3 x ⋅ cos 3 x ⋅ 3 + sen 3 x ( −sen 3 x ) ⋅ 3
π π π π
En x = : f '' = −18 cos 2 3 − sen 2 3
18 18 18 18
π π π π π
142 f '' = −18 cos 2 − sen 2 ; ; = 3
18 6 6 6 6
2
3 1
2
π
f '' = −18 − = −
f '' ( x ) = −6 cos 3 x ⋅ coos 3 x ⋅ 3 + sen 3 x ( −sen 3 x ) ⋅ 3
d f '( x ) π
f '' ( x ) = −18 cos 2 3 x − sen 2 3 x ⇒ h '' ( x ) = = cos x 2 − 6 x − D x ( 2 x − 6 ) +
dx 3
π π π π Razonamiento matemáticoπ
En x =
18
: f '' = −18 cos 2 3 − sen 2 3
18 18
( 2 x − 6 ) D x cos x 2 − 6 x6 + 2
18 3
π π π π π π
f '' = −18 cos 2 − sen 2 ; ; = 3 h '' ( x ) = cos x 2 − 6 x6 ⋅ 2 + ( 2 x − 6 ) ⋅
18 6 6 6 6 3
3 2 2 π
π
f '' = −18
1
− = − ( −1) sen x 2 − 6 x − ⋅ ( 2x − 6)
2 2 3
18
π
π h '' ( x ) = 2 cos x 2 − 6 x − −
f '' = − 3
18
π
( 2 x − 6 ) 2 sen x 2 − 6 x6 +2
m 33 3
30. f ( x ) = 3
x+ ; tal que g '' (1) = , hallar m
x 18 π 2 π
n x = 0 : h '' ( 0 ) = 2 cos − − ( −6 ) sen − + 2
3 3
Solución:
π π
m 33 h '' ( 0 ) = 2 cos − 36 −sen + 2
Dada: g ( x ) = 3
x+ ; tal que g '' (1) = 3 3
x 18
1 3
1
−
1 h '' ( 0 ) = 2 ⋅ + 36 ⋅ + 2 = 3 +1 3
g ( x) = x3 + mx 2 2 2
2 3 h '' ( 0 ) = 3 + 1 3
1 − 1 −
⇒ g ' ( x ) = x 3 − mx 2
3 2
32. Si G es una función que admite G '∧ G '' tal que
5 5
1 2 − 1 3 −
⇒ g '' ( x ) = − x 3 − − mx 2 G ( x ) = xF ( Ln x ) ; F ' (1) = 6 ∧ F '' (1) = 3
3 3 2 2
calcular G '' ( e ) .
Dato
2 − 3 5
23 5 Solución:
En x = 1 : g '' (1) = − (1) 3 + m (1) − 2 =
9 4 18 Hacemos: y = Ln x
2 3m 23
− + = ⇒ m=2 G ( x) = x F ( y)
9 4 18
dF ( y ) dy dF ( y )
⇒ G '( x ) = x ⋅ + F ( y ) ⋅ 1; = F '( y )
π 2 dy dx dy
31. Si h ( x ) = sen x 2 − 6 x − + ( x + 3) , hallar h '' ( 0 )
3
G ' ( x ) = x F ' ( y ) ⋅ y '+ F ( y )
Solución:
d F '( x )
⇒ G '' ( x ) = x + F ' ( y ) ⋅ 1 y '+ xF ' ( y ) ⋅ y ''+
dx
π 2 dF ( y ) dy
Dada: si h ( x ) = sen x 2 − 6 x − + ( x + 3) ; ⋅
3 dy dx
hallar: h '' ( 0 ) = ? dF ( y ) dy
G '' ( x ) = x ⋅ ⋅ + F ' ( y ) y '+ xF ' ( y ) ⋅ y ''
π π dy dx
⇒ h ' ( x ) = cos x 2 − 6 x − D x x 2 − 6 x − +
3 3
+ F '( y ) ⋅ y '
2 ( x + 3) ⋅ 1
G '' ( x ) = xF '' ( y ) ⋅ y '+ F ' ( y ) y '+ xF ' ( y ) ⋅ y ''+
π
h ' ( x ) = cos x 2 − 6 x − ( 2 x − 6 ) + 2 x + 6 F ( y) ⋅ y '
3
2
d f '( x ) π G '' ( x ) = xF '' ( y )( y ') + F ' ( y ) y '+ xF ' ( y ) ⋅ y ''+
⇒ h '' ( x ) = = cos x 2 − 6 x − D x ( 2 x − 6 ) +
dx 3 F '( y ) ⋅ y '
π 2
( 2 x − 6 ) D x cos x 2 − 6 x6 +2 G '' ( x ) = xF '' ( y )( y ') + 2 F ' ( y ) y '+
3 .............(1)
xF ' ( y ) y ''
π
h '' ( x ) = cos x 2 − 6 x6 ⋅ 2 + ( 2 x − 6 ) ⋅ omo y = Ln x e c os:
m
3 143
π s x= ⇒ y = Ln = 1
( −1) sen x 2 − 6 x − ⋅ ( 2 x − 6 )
3 em s: s x = ⇒ F ' ( y ) = F ' ( Ln ) = F ' (1) = F '' (1) =
F '( y ) ⋅ y '
2
G '' ( x ) = xF '' ( y )( y ') + 2 F ' ( y ) y '+
Razonamiento matemático .............(1)
xF ' ( y ) y ''
omo y = Ln x e c os:
m
s x= ⇒ y = Ln = 1
em s: s x = ⇒ F ' ( y ) = F ' ( Ln ) = F ' (1) = F '' (1) =
1 1
y' = x Ln x = ⇒ y '( )=
x
dy ' 1 1
y '' = = 2
⇒ y '' ( )= 2
dx x
o esa ac
o m e e (1) co
c mos e x=
2
G '' ( )= F'' (1)( y ') + 2 F ' (1) y '+ F ' (1) y ''
eem a a o a: os
2
1 1 1
G '' ( )= ⋅ ⋅ + 2⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ 2
12
G '' ( )= + = ⇒ G '' ( )=
Solución:
El procedimiento es hallar y’ ∧ y’’ , reemplazar en la condición dada e igualr coeficientes de términos idénticos.
y = a sen 3 x + b cos 3 x
y ' = 3a cos 3 x − 3b sen 3 x
y '' = −9a sen 3 x − 9b cos 3 x
Reemplazando en la condición:
y ''+ 4 y '+ 3 y = 10 sen 3 x
−9a sen 3 x − 9b cos 3 x + 4 ( 3a cos 3 x − 3b sen 3 x ) + 3 ( a sen 3 x + b cos 3 x ) = 10 sen 3 x
−9a sen 3 x − 9b cos 3 x + 12a cos 3 x − 12b sen 3 x + 3a sen 3 x + 3b cos 3 x = 10 sen 3 x
( −9a − 12b + 3a ) sen 3x + ( −9b + 12a + 3b ) cos 3x = 10 sen 3x
( −9a − 12b ) sen 3x + (12a − 6b ) cos 3x = 10 sen 3x + 0 cos 3x
Igualando coeficientes de términos idéénticos:
−6a − 12b = 10 ⇒ 12a − 24b = 20
12a − 6b = 0 ⇒ 12a − 6b = 0
2
b=−
3
− 30b = 20 ⇒
1
a=−
3
144
Razonamiento matemático
3. y = (
x3 x4 −1 ) x −1
28. Si f ( x ) = G
3
y G '' = 50;
x +1 5
4. f ( x ) = e x sen 2 x
2
calcular F '' ( 4 )
5. f ( x ) = 5 x arcsen x 2
29. Si g ( x ) = 3 x 2 (1 − x ) + Ln (1 − x ) ;
6. f ( x ) = arcsec x −1 2
hallar g '' ( x ) ∧ g '' ( 0 )
(
7. f ( x ) = 1 + 3 x 2
)( 3 + x2 ) 30. Si 2 x 2 − 5 y + 10 = 0 ; hallar y'' (1)
8. f ( x ) = sen x − cos x 3 3
31. Si ( x + y ) 3 = 27 ( x − y ) ; y '' ( 0 ) = ?
9. f ( x ) = sen 3 x 2 − cos 3 x
10. f ( x ) = e 2 x ⋅ Ln 2 x
11. f ( x ) = sen 2x Ln 2 x
12. f ( x ) = e 2 x ⋅ 2 2 x
4x 3 − 5x 2
13. f ( x ) =
3x − 4
14. g ( x ) = 3 x 2 (1 − x ) + Ln (1 − x )
2x + 3
15. f ( x ) = sen 2 x +
2x − 1
16. y = α sen 2 x + β cos 2 x
17. x 3 + x 2 y + y 2 = 0 ; y '' = ?
18. x 4 + y 4 = 4 ; y ''' = ?
2
19. xy 2 + Ln y = ( x − 1) ; y '' = ?
π
4
(
)
20. e Ln x⋅ Ln y − arcsen x 2 − y = tan + y − 1 ; y '' = ?
21. x 2 (1 − y ) = y 2 (1 − x ) + 9 ; y '' = ?
22. 4 xy 3 + e xy = y 2 ; y '' = ?
145
Razonamiento matemático
Solución:
π + π − x2
Dada: g ( x ) = π − x2 − π Ln
x
Aplicando las propiedades de logaritmos y ordenando.
g ( x) = π − x2 − (
π Ln π +
π − x 2 − Ln x
)
g ( x) = π − x2 − π Ln π + π − x 2 + π Ln x
−2 x 1 1 π
⇒ g '( x ) = − π ⋅ ⋅ ( −2 x ) +
2 π −x 2
( π + π −x 2
) 2 π −x 2 x
x π π
g '( x ) = −1 + + x
2
π −x
( π + π − x2 )
x − π − π − x2 + π π
g '( x ) = +
π − x 2 π + π − x2
x
−x π − x 2 π
g '( x ) = +
π π − x +π − x2 2 x
π
nx=
2
π π π π
− π− −
π 2 2 π 2 2 +
g ' = + = 2
2 π π π π π
π π− +π − π +
2 2 2 x 2
π π
π − ⋅2 2
− − 2
g ' = 2 + 2= 2 + 2= + 2
2 π π 2π + 2π 2+ 2
+
2 2
π − 2+2 2+2 2+2
g ' = = =1
2 2+ 2 2+ 2
146
π
g ' =1
2
1 1
2
x⋅ ⋅ 2x − − Ln x − x
2
π π x − 2
x 2 x
π − − ⋅2 2
2 + − 2 f '( x ) = +
g ' = 2= 2 + 2= + 2 x2
2 π π 2π + 2π 2+ 2 Razonamiento matemático
+ 3
2 2 a x ⋅ Ln a ⋅ 3x 2
π − 2+2 2+2 2+2 x x x− 1
g ' = = =1 f '( x ) = ⋅ −
2 2+ 2 2+ 2 (x 2
− )
x x 2 x
2
g '
π
= 1
Ln x 2 −( x ) + 3Ln a ⋅ x 2
⋅ax
3
2 x 2
f '( x ) =
x x−1
−
(
Ln x 2 − x )+
Nota: En el exámen puede obviar 3
x 2
algunos pasos. (
2 x2 − x x2)
3
3Ln a x 2 ⋅ a x
sen x 2
2. f ( x ) = + e x ; hallar f ' ( x )
x 3
f '( x ) =
x2 − 1
−
Ln x 2 − ( x )
Solución: 3 x2
2 x 2 − 1 x 2
sen x 2
Dada: f ( x ) = + ex
x 3
x cos x − sen x 2 + 3Ln ax 2 ⋅ a x
⇒ f '( x ) = + e x ⋅ 2x
x2
x2
4. y = c 0 + c1e − x + + x; hallar y ''
2
Solución:
x2
Dada: y = c 0 + c1e − x + +x
2
dy 2x
⇒ y' = = 0 + c1e − x ⋅ ( −1) + +1
dx 2
3. f ( x ) =
(
Ln x 2 − x )+a x3
; hallar f ' ( x )
y ' = −c1e − x + x + 1
x dy '
⇒ = y '' = −c1e − x ( −1) + 1 = c1e − x + 1
Solución: dx
y '' = c1e − x + 1
Dada: f ( x ) =
(
Ln x 2 − x )+a x3
x π
5. y = x sen Ln x − ; hallar y '
1
4
Ln x 2 − x 2
= + a x3 Solución:
x
π
1 1
Dada: y = x sen Ln x −
xD x Ln x 2 − xh − Ln x 2 − x 2 4
2
⇒ f '( x ) = + π π
x2 ⇒ y ' = x cos Ln x − ⋅ D x Ln x − +
4 4
3
a x ⋅ Ln a ⋅ D x x 3
π
sen Ln x − D x x
1 1 1
4
2
x⋅ 2 ⋅ 2x − − Ln x − x 2
x − x 2 x π 1 π
f '( x ) = + y ' = x cos Ln x − ⋅ + sen Ln x − ⋅ 1
x 2
4 x 4
3
a x ⋅ Ln a ⋅ 3x 2 π π
y ' = cos Ln x − + sen Ln x −
x x− 4 4
x 1
f '( x ) = ⋅ −
(x 2
− )
x x 2 x
2
147
(
Ln x − 2
x ) + 3Ln a ⋅ x 2
⋅ax
3
2
x
Razonamiento matemático
u arcsen u 1
( )
2
6. y = + Ln 1 − u 2 , u = e − x . Hallar y' ( x )
1− u 2
Solución:
u arcsen u 1
( )
2
Dada: y = + Ln 1 − u 2 ; u = e − x
1− u 2 2
1
1 1
( )
−
1− u 2 ⋅u ⋅ + arcsen u ⋅ 1 − u arcsen u 1.u 2 2 ⋅ ( −2u )
2 2 1 1
1− u
⇒ y '(u ) = + ⋅ ( −2u )
( )
2
2 1− u2
1− u2
u 2arcsen u
u+ 1 − u 2 arcsen u + 1
y '(u ) =
(1 − u ) 2 2
−
u
(1 − u ) 2
1− u2
u 2 arcsen u
1 − u 2 arcsen u + 1
y '(u ) =
(1 − u ) 2 2
=
(1 − u ) arcsen u + u arcsen u
2 2
(1 − u )
2
(1 − u ) (1 − u )
2
1
2 2
arcsen u
y '(u ) =
(1 − u ) 2 2
2 2 2
ra su =: e − x ⇒ u = e − x ⋅ ( −2 x ) x = −2 xe − x x
y arcsen u
: y '(u ) = =
u
(
1− u2 2 )
y
=
( )
arcsen e − x
2
−x2
−2 xe x
(1 − e ) −x2 2
y arcsen ( e )
−x2
= ⋅ ( −2 xe ) −x2
x
(1 − e ) −x2 2
y −2 xe arcsen ( e )
−x2 −x2
= y '( x ) =
x
(1 − e ) −2 x 2 2
148
Razonamiento matemático
(
7. y = Ln e x cos x + e − x sen x , hallar y ' )
Solución:
(
Dado: y = Ln e x cox + e − xsen x )
1
⇒ y' =
e x cos x + e − xsenx
(
⋅ D x e x cos x + e − xsen x )
1
y' = ⋅ e x ( -sen x ) + cos xe x + e − x cos x + sen xe − x ( −1)
e x cos x + e − xsen x
−e xsen x + e x cos x + e − x cos x − sen xe − x
y' =
e x cos x + e − xsenn x
1
e x ( cos x − sen x ) + ( cos x − sen x )
y' = ex
x −x
e cos x + e sen x
( cos x − sen x ) ( e 2 x + 1)
y' =
e x cos x + e − xsen x
Solución:
( )
y ' = 1 + a 2 e axsen x
(
9. y = e − x ( sen x ) cos 3 x ; y ' = ? )
Solución:
( )
Dada: y = e − x ( sen x ) cos 3 x = e − x sen x ⋅ cos 3 x ( )
⇒ y' = e −x sen x ⋅ 3 cos x ⋅ ( −sen x ) + cos x ⋅ cos x + sen x cos 3 x ⋅ e − x ( −1)
2 3
y ' = e − x −3sen 2 x cos 2 x + cos 4 x − e − xsen x cos 3 x
149
Razonamiento matemático
2 1
10. y = x n a − x − ; y' = ?
Ln 2 x
Solución:
2 1
Dada: y = x n a − x −
Ln 2 x
− D x Ln 2 x
( )
2 2
⇒ y ' = x n ⋅ a − x ⋅ Ln a ⋅ D x − x 2 + a − x ⋅ nx n −1 −
Ln 4 x
1
2 Ln x ⋅
2
y ' = x n ⋅ a − x Ln a ⋅ ( −2 x ) + na − x
2
n −1
⋅x + x
Ln 4 x
2 2 2
y ' = −2 Ln ax n +1 ⋅ a − x + na − x ⋅ x n −1 +
xLn 3 x
(
11. f ( x ) = x − Ln 1 + 2e x + e 2 x + 4e x + 1 )
1
Demuestre que f ' ( x ) =
2x
e + 4e x + 1
Solución:
Dada: f ( x ) = x − Ln 1 + 2e x + e 2 x + 4e x + 1
1
Demostrar que: f ' ( x ) =
2x
2 + 4e x + 1
1 1
⇒ f '( x ) = 1 −
1 + 2e +
⋅ 2e x +
2x
⋅ 2e + 4e
x
( )
+ 4e + 1
x 2x x 2 x x
e 2 e + 4e + 1
1 e 2 x + 2e x
f '( x ) = ⋅ 2e x +
1 + 2e x + 2x x 2x x
e + 4e + 1 e + 4e + 1
1 2e x e 2 x + 4e x + 1 + e 2 x + 2e x
f '( x ) = ⋅
1 + 2e x + e 2x + 4e x + 1 e 2 x + 4e x + 1
2e x
e 2 x + 4e x + 1 + e 2 x + 2e x
f '( x ) = 1 −
1 + 2e x + e 2 x + 4e x + 1 e 2 x + 4e x + 1
1 + 2e x + e 2 x + 4e x + 1 e 2 x + 4e x + 1 − 2e x e 2 x + 4e x + 1 − e 2 x − 2e x
f '( x ) =
1 + 2e x + e 2 x + 4e x + 1 e 2 x + 4e x + 1
e 2 x + 4e x + 1 + 2e x e 2 x + 4 e x + 1 + e 2 x + 4 e x + 1 − 2 e x e 2 x + 4 e x + 1 − e 2 x − 2e x
f '( x ) =
1 + 2e x + e 2 x + 4e x + 1 e 2 x + 4e x + 1
e 2 x + 4e x + 1 + 2e x + 1
f '( x ) =
x 2x x 2x x
1 + 2e + e + 4e + 1 e + 4e + 1
1
150 f '( x ) = ueda demosstrado
2x
e + 4e x + 1
1 + 2e + e + 4e + 1 e + 4e + 1
e 2 x + 4e x + 1 + 2e x + 1
f '( x ) = Razonamiento matemático
1 + 2e x + e 2 x + 4e x + 1 e 2 x + 4e x + 1
1
f '( x ) = ueda demosstrado
2x
e + 4e x + 1
x+ x2 − 4 1 3 x 2 − 12
12. f ( x ) = Ln
2
−
3
arctan
x
; demuestree que: f ' ( x ) =
x2 − 4 (x 2
−3 )
Solución:
x+ x2 − 4 1 3 x 2 − 12
Dada: f ( x ) = Ln − arctan
2 3 x
x2 − 4
Demuestre que: f ' ( x ) =
x2 − 3
1
x⋅ ⋅ 6x − 3 x 2 − 12 ⋅ 1
2 1 1 1 1 2 3 x 2 − 12
⇒ f '( x ) = ⋅ ⋅ 1 + ⋅ 2x − ⋅ ⋅
2
x2
x + x2 − 4 2 2 2
x −4 3 3 x 2 − 12
1+
x
f '( x ) =
1
⋅
( x2 − 4 + x )− 1
⋅
x2
⋅
(
3x 2 − 3x 2 − 12 )
2 2
x+ x −42 2
x −4 3 x + 3 x − 12 x ⋅ 2 2
3x − 12
1 1 12
f '( x ) = − ⋅ 3x 2 − 12 = 3 x2 − 4
x −42
( 2
3 4 x − 12 ) 3x 2 − 12
3
1 12
f '( x ) = −
x2 − 4 (
3 ( 4) x 2 − 3 ) 3 x2 − 4
1 1 x2 − 3 −1
f '( x ) = − =
x2 − 4 (x 2
−3 ) x2 − 4 (x 2
−3 ) x2 − 4
1 1
(x )( ) ( x − 4)
2 − 1−
x2 − 4 − 4 x2 − 4 2 2 2
f '( x ) = = =
(x 2
−3 ) x2 − 4 x2 − 3 ( x − 3)
2
f '( x ) =
( x − 4)
2 2
=
x2 − 4
( x − 3) 2
x2 − 3
x
13. f ( x ) = Ln tan − ctan Ln (1 + sen x ) − x; demuestre que: f ' ( x ) = Ln (1 + sen x ) sen 2 x
2
Solución:
x
Dada: f ( x )) Ln tan − ctan xLn (1 + sen x ) − x
2
Demuestre que: f ' ( x ) = Ln (1 + sen x ) sen 2 x
1 x 1 1
⇒ f '( x ) =
x
⋅ sec 2 ⋅ − ctan x ⋅
2 2 1 + sen x
⋅ cos x + Ln (1 + sen x ) ⋅ −cosec 2 x − 1
( )
tan 151
2
x
sec 2
2 ctan x 2
x
Dada: f ( x )) Ln tan − ctan xLn (1 + sen x ) − x
Razonamiento matemático 2
Demuestre que: f ' ( x ) = Ln (1 + sen x ) sen 2 x
1 x 1 1
⇒ f '( x ) =
x
⋅ sec 2 ⋅ − ctan x ⋅
2 2 1 + sen x
(
⋅ cos x + Ln (1 + sen x ) ⋅ −cosec 2 x − 1
)
tan
2
x
sec 2
f '( x ) = 2 − ctan x ⋅ cos x − Ln 1 + sen x csec 2 x − 1
x ( )
2 tan 1 + sen x
2
1
x cos x
cos 2 ⋅ cos x 1
f '( x ) = 2 − sen x + Ln (1 + sen x ) ⋅ −1
x 1 + sen x seen 2 x
sen
2 2
x
cos
2
1 cos 2 x Ln (1 + sen x )
f '( x ) = − + −1
x x sen x (1 + sen x ) sen 2 x
2sen cos
2 2
1 1 − sen 2 x Ln (1 + sen x )
f '( x ) = − + −1
sen x sen x (1 + sen x ) sen 2 x
f '( x ) =
1
−
(1 − sen x ) + Ln (1 + sen x ) − 1
sen x sen x sen 2 x
1 1 sen x Ln (1 + sen x )
f '( x ) = − + + −1
sen x sen x sen x sen 2 x
Ln (1 + sen x )
f '( x ) = Demostrado
sen 2 x
14. f ( x ) = e ax
( cos β x + sen β x ) ; hallar: f ' ( x )
a2 + β 2
Solución:
e ax ( cos β + sen β x )
Dada: f ( x ) = ; hallar f ' ( x )
a2 + β 2
1
Ordenando: f ( x ) = e ax ( cos β x + sen β x )
2 2
a +β
1
⇒ f '( x ) = e ax ( − β sen β x + β cos β x ) + ( cos β x + sen β x ) e ax ⋅ a
2 2
a +β
e ax
f '( x ) = [ − β sen β + β cos β x + a cos β x + a sen β x ]
a2 + β 2
e ax
f '( x ) = ( a + β ) cos β x + ( a − β ) sen β x
a2 + β 2
152
Razonamiento matemático
1+ 2x + x 2 2x
15. y = Ln + arctan 2
; y' = ?
1− 2
2x + x 1− x
Solución:
1+ 2x + x 2 2x
Dado: y = Ln + 2 arctan 2
; y' = ?
1− 2
2x + x 1− x
⇒ y' =
1−
2x + x 2 1 −
⋅
( 2x + x 2 )( 2 + 2x − 1 + ) ( 2x + x 2 )( )
2 + 2 x
2x + x 2 +
(1 − )
2
1+ 2x + x 2
2
1
⋅
1− x2 ( )
2 − 2 x ( −2 x )
( )
2
2x 1− x2
1+ 2
1− x
rando cando c dado nta:
(1 − 2x + x 2 )
2 2 − 2 2x
2
2 2+ 2x 2
y' = ⋅ + ⋅
1+ 2 + x2
(
1 − 2x + x 2
2
)
1 − 2x 2 + x + 2x 2 (1 − x )
2 2
(1 − x ) 2 2
( )
2 2 1− x2 2 (1 − x ) 2 (1 − x )
2 2
y' = + ⋅
(1 + 2 x + x ) (1 − 2 x + x ) 1 + x (1 − x )
2 2 2 2
2 2 (1 − x ) 2 2 (1 + x )
2 2
y' = +
(1 + x ) − ( 2 x ) (1 − x ) 1 + x
2
2 2 2
2 2 (1 − x ) 2 2 (1 + x )
2 2
y' = +
(1 + x ) 1 + x (1 − x ) 2
x
16. y = sen ( Ln x ) − cos ( Ln x ) ; y ' = ?
2
Solución:
x
Dada: y = sen ( Ln x ) .cos ( Ln x ) ; y ' = ?
2
x 1 1 1
⇒ y' = cos ( Ln x ) ⋅ + sen ( Ln x ) ⋅ + ( sen ( Ln x ) − cos ( Ln x ) ) ⋅
2 x x 2
cos ( Ln x ) sen ( Ln x ) sen ( Ln x ) cos ( Ln x )
y' = + + −
2 2 2 2
y ' = sen ( Ln x )
153
Razonamiento matemático
1
17. y = tan 2 x + Ln cos x; y ''' = ?
2
Solución:
1
Dada: y = tan 2 x + Ln cos x; y ''' = ?
2
1 1
⇒ y ' = 2 tan x ⋅ D x tan x + ⋅ D x coos x
2 cos x
1
y ' = tan x ⋅ sec 2 x + ⋅ ( −sen x )
cos x
y ' = tan x sec 2 x − tan x = tan x sec 2 x − 1
( )
2
tan x
2
y ' = tan x ⋅ tan x
y ' = tan 3 x
dy '
⇒ y '' = = 3 tan 2 ⋅ D x tan x = 3 tan 2 x ⋅ sec 2 x
dx
y '' = 3 tan 2 x ⋅ sec 2 x
dy ''
⇒ y ''' =
dx
(
= 3 tan 2 xD x sec 2 x + sec 2 xD x tan 2 x )
y ''' = 3 tan 2 x ⋅ 2 sec x ⋅ D x sec x + 3 sec 2 x ⋅ 2 tan x ⋅ D x tan x
y ''' = 3 tan 2 x ⋅ 2 sec x ⋅ sec x ⋅ tan x + 3 sec 2 x ⋅ 2 tan x ⋅ sec 2 x
Solución:
x 3
(1 − x ) 3 − 2 x ( x + 1) Ln ( x + 1) − ( x + 1) 4 x
4 4 2 3
(1 − x ) 2 y ' = 3x 2 +
( x + 1) Ln ( x + 1)
4 2 4
2 x2 2 1− x
g '' ( x ) = − 3 + +
( 2 x + 2 x ) Ln ( x + 1) − 4 x − 4 x
3 5 4 5 3
(1 − x ) 5 2 x
3
x (1 − x ) y ' = 3x 2 +
1
( x + 1) Ln ( x + 1)
4 2 4
−
(1 − x ) 2
1 + sen x
21. y = x 2 log 3 x +
1 − sen x
( )
3
19. f ( x ) = 3
x 2 sen 7 x 5 x ; f ' ( x ) = ?
Solución:
Solución:
1 + sen x
2 Dado: y = x 2 log 3 x +
1 − sen x
( )
3 3
Dada: f ( x ) = 3
x 2 sen 7 x 5 x = x 3 ⋅ 5 x sen 7 x
1
( ) x 1+ 1 ⋅ 4 x
Ln x 4 + 1 ⋅ 2 x − x 2 + 1 ⋅ ) ( 4
3
1
⇒ y ' = 3x 2 + y ' = x log 3 e + 2 x log 3 x +
Ln + 1) 2
(x 4
1 − sen x 155
2
2 x ( x + 1) Ln ( x + 1) − ( x + 1) 4 x
4 4 2 3
y ' = 3x + 4 2 4
cos x
2
(
1 + seen x ) (1 − sen x ) (1 − sen )
Razonamiento matemático 2
1
−sen
x
cos 2 x
1
y ' = x log 3 e + 2 x log 3 x +
1 − sen x
x
−
22. f ( x ) = tan ( Ln x ) + e 2 ⋅ cos ( 2π x ) ; hallar f ' ( x )
Solución:
x
−
Dada: f ( x ) = tan ( Ln x ) + e 2 cos ( 2π x ) ; f ' ( x ) = ?
−x
⇒ f ' ( x ) = D x tan ( Ln x ) + D x e 2 ⋅ cos ( 2π x )
x x
− −
f ' ( x ) = sec 2 ( Ln x ) ⋅ D x ( Ln x ) + e 2D
x cos 2π x + cos ( 2π x ) D x e
2
x x
1 − − 1
f ' ( x ) = sec 2 ( Ln x ) ⋅ + e 2 ⋅ ( −sen ( 2π x ) ) ⋅ 2π + cos ( 2π x ) ⋅ e 2 ⋅ −
x 2
x x
sec 2 ( Lnx ) − 1 −
f '( x ) = − 2π e 2 sen ( 2π x ) − e 2 cos ( 2π x )
x 2
x
sec 2 ( Lnx ) − cos ( 2π x )
f '( x ) = −e 2
2π sen ( 2π x ) +
x 2
x3 +1
23. f ( x ) =
x2 + 3
(2x 2
)
− 2 x −1 + 1 ; hallar f ' ( x ) .
Solución:
x3 +1
Dada: f ( x ) =
x2 + 3
(2x 2
)
− 2 x −1 + 1 , f ' ( 0 ) = ?
2 x 5 − 2 x 2 + x 3 + 2 x 2 − 2 x −1 + 1
f ( x) =
x3 + 3
2
2x 5 + x 3 − +1
f ( x) = x
x2 + 3
2
(x 2
)( )
+ 3 10 x 4 + 3 x 2 + 2 x −2 − 2 x 5 + x 3 − + 1 ( 2 x )
x
⇒ f '( x ) =
(x )
2 2
+3
f ' (1) =
(1 + 3) (10 + 3 + 2 ) − ( 2 + 1 − 2 + 1) 2
(1 + 3) 2
7
f ' (1) =
2
Solución:
Dada: g ( x ) = Ln ( cos 2 x + sen 2 x )
1
⇒ g '( x ) =
156 D x ( cos 2 x + sen 2xx )
cos 2 x + sen 2 x
−2sen 2 x + 2 cos 2 x
g '( x ) =
cos 2 x + sen 2 x
1 − x
12. y = Ln Ln Ln
1 + x
7 − x2
Razonamiento matemático
13. y = x 3 − 2 x 2 − 5Ln
Dada: g ( x ) = Ln ( cos 2 x + sen 2 x ) x
1 1 − e −4 x
⇒ g '( x ) = D x ( cos 2 x + sen 2xx ) 14. y = sen 4 Ln
cos 2 x + sen 2 x
3x
−2sen 2 x + 2 cos 2 x
g '( x ) = x 3
cos 2 x + sen 2 x (
15. y = cos 3 2 − 3 x 2 − ) 1
−
e1− 2 x
−2sen ( 0 ) + 2 cos ( 0 ) 2 (1) x5
∴ g '(0) = = =2
cos ( 0 ) + sen ( 0 ) 1
B. Para las siguientes funciones calcular el valor de las
g '(0) = 2 primeras derivadas para los puntos indicados:
( (
16. f ( x ) = Ln arctan x 2 − 1 , en x 0 = 1 ⇒ f ' (1) = ?))
X.2. Ejercicios de exámenes
( )
2
17. f ( x ) = e x −1
− 3sen 2 x 2 − 1 ; en x 0 = 1 ⇒ f ' (1) = ?
propuestos
x2 − 3
( )
2
Grupo N° 2 3 2
18. f ( x ) = e 5 x + 2 + 3 4 x + Ln
2
;
2 5
A. Hallar las primeras derivadas de las siguientes x + 4 ( )
funciones: f’(x)=? ó y’ = ? según el caso.
en x 0 = 0 ⇒ f ' ( 0 ) = ?
1
1. f ( x ) = 3 x + sen x −
2
+ Ln x − e + 2 x 2x
19. f ( x ) = e x
2
+1
+ 10 2 x
2
+ x3
+ 2 x 3 ; en x 0 = 0 ⇒ f ' ( 0 ) = ?
x
1
1
x 2 arctan x + x 20. y = Ln ( arcsen x + arcsen ( Ln x ) ) ; enn x = 2; y ' ( 2 ) = ?
2. f ( x ) = e 2
x ( )
21. y = Ln 1 + e x − e x , encontrar A, tal que:
3. f ( x ) = Ln 2 sen x + 1 + 2sen x + 1
Ae 2 x
22. f '' ( x ) =
x 2 1+ ex
4. f ( x ) = Ln tan + 3 arcsen 4 x + (1 − arccos 3 x )
2 (
23. y = Lnsen 2 x + e x 1 − x 2 ; y ' ( 0 ) )
( x − 1) 3 ( x − 2 )
5. f ( x ) = Ln
x−3
+ Ln ( arcsen 5 x )
24. f ( x ) = Ln e + 7 5
( x x
) + ( arctan x ) (3x + x ) 3
1 + sen x 2
6. f ( x ) = Ln + 5x
1 − sen x
7. y = Ln ( arcsen x + arcsen ( Ln x ) )
x
sen x
8. y = e x −1 3 Ln ( 2 x ) +
2x
1+ x − 1− x 1− x
9. y = + 2 arctan
1+ x + 1− x 1+ x
1+ sen x
10. y = Ln + 2 arctan sen x
1− sen x
x 4 sen 3 xLn x
11. y =
( arcseen x ) 3
1 − x
12. y = Ln Ln Ln
1 + x
7 − x2
13. y = x 3 − 2 x 2 − 5Ln
x
1 − e −4 x
14. y = sen 4 Ln
3x
157
x 3
3
15. y = cos 2 − 3 x ( 2
)− 1
−
e1− 2 x
x5
Razonamiento matemático
Q Lt
f(x0+∆x)
M
∆y
dy
f(x0) P θ
R
O x0 x
x
∆x
De la gráfica tenemos:
Incremento de la variable x: ∆x = x - x0, y si ∆x → 0 se denomina diferencial de la variable x:
∆x ≅ dx ..............................(1)
Incrento de la variable y:
f ( x 0 + ∆x ) − f ( x 0 ) = ∆f ( x ) = ∆y ........................( 2 )
θ
R ∆y
En la gráfica: tan θ = = = f '( x0 )
PR ∆y
de donde: ∆y = f ' ( x 0 ) ∆x ..............................( 3)
Para ∆x suficientemente pequeños f’(x0)∆x es una buena aproximación y se le denomina diferencial de f y es denotada
como dy o df(x0).
dy = f ' ( x 0 ) ∆x ...............................................( 4 )
Donde f’(x0) es la derivada de f(x) evaluada en x0. En el cálculo de valores aproximados mediante diferenciales se
cometen errores de aproximación las cuales están dados así:
∆y
Error relativo: Er = ; y 0 = f ( x0 )
y0
∆y = f ( x 0 + h ) − f ( x 0 ) ≈ dy
dy
Error relativo aproximado: ErAprox. =
y0
158
∆y
Error porcentual: Er % = × 100%
y0
∆y
Error relativo: Er = ; y 0 = f ( x0 )
y0
Razonamiento matemático
∆y = f ( x 0 + h ) − f ( x 0 ) ≈ dy dv = v ' ( x ) ∆x
dy dv = 4π r 2 ∆x = 4π 8 2 ( 0.02 )
Error relativo aproximado: ErAprox. =
y0
dv = 5.12π cm 3
∆y
Error porcentual: Er % = × 100% ∆v ≈ dv = 5.12π cm 3
y0
El volumen aproximado del cascarón es de 5.12π cm3.
dy
Error porcentual aproximado: ErAprox.% = × 100% Ejemplo N° 2:
y0
3
Hallar el valor de 221 , mediante diferenciales:
Diferenciales de orden superior Solución:
Hacemos y = f ( x ) = x , elegimos un x0 muy cercano
3
Se demuestra que:
a 221 y que tenga raíz cúbica exacta, esa es:
2
d 2 y = f '' ( x ) ⋅ ∆x 2 ; ∆x → 0 d 2 y = f '' ( x )( dx ) 3
x 0 = 216, pues 216 = 6. Entonces
3 3
d y = f ''' ( x )( ∆x ) ; ∆x → 0
3
d y = f ''' ( x )( dx )
3
x=x 0 + h , x = 221
221 = 216 + h ⇒ h = 5
1 1 1
d ny = f n
( x )( ∆x ) n ; ∆x → 0 d ny = f n
( x )( dx ) n ....( 5 ) f '( x ) = ⇒ f '( x0 ) = =
3 3
x 2 3 3 216 108
Ejemplo N° 1:
En ( 4 ) : dy = f ' ( x 0 ) ∆x; f ( x 0 + h ) − f ( x 0 ) = ∆y ≡ dy
Utilice diferenciales para aproximar el volumen de un
cascarón esférico cuyo radio interno es 8 cm y cuyo f ( x 0 + h ) − f ( x 0 ) = f ' ( x 0 ) ∆x
espesor es de 0.02 cm.
f ( 221) − f ( 216 ) = f ' ( 216 ) ⋅ 5
Solución:
f ( 221) = f ( 216 ) + f ' ( 216 ) ⋅ 5
Sea: r = radio interno = 5 cm
3 3 1 5
e = espesor = 0.02 cm 221 = 216 + ⋅5 = 6 + = 6.04629 ≈ 6.0463
108 108
3
Rpta.: 221 = 6.0463 una exceleente aproximación:
3
Pues calculando: 221 = 6.04594
e ≈ dr
r 16.04594 − 6.0463
Cálculo de error: Er = × 100%
6.04594
Er = 0.005%
∆v ≈ dv = 5.12π cm 3
Razonamiento matemático
ecuación cartesiana en x y y de ℓ.
π π 3π
Ejemplo N° 3: −3 0 π 2π 4
4 2 2
Hallar las ecuaciones cartesianas de la curva definida por
las ecuaciones paramétricas: : x =π3 − 2t e yπ = 4 + t , 3π
dibuje la curva. −3 π 2π -4 0
4 2 2
Solución:
π π 3π
x 3 −3 π 02π -4
Si: x = 3 − 2t → t = − + ........(α ) 4 2 2
2 2
π
y = 4 + z → t = y − 4 ............. (β ) π 3π
−3 π 2π 4 0
4 2 2
−x 3
(α ) = ( β ) : + = y − 4
2 2 Gráfica:
x 11 y
y=− +
2 2
x2 + y2 = 4
t x y
3
0 5.5
2
1 1 5 O x
-4 11 0
Gráfica
5.5 Ejemplo N° 5:
Dibuje la gráfica y obtenga su ecuación cartesiana si la
curva está definida por:
a. x = 4t 2 ∧ y = 4t 2
11 b. x = 2t 2 ∧ y = 4t 4
O
Solución:
Ejemplo N° 4: 2
a. y = 4t 2 = ( 2t ) = x 2 ⇒ y = x 2
Dibuje la gráfica de las ecuaciones paramétricas y
Es una parábola en el plano cartesiano xy.
obtenga su ecuación cartesiana de la curva:
t x y
0 4 0
π π 3π
2.1 −3 π 2.1 2π
4 2 2
160
Razonamiento matemático
4 dy dy dx dy dx
= ⋅ = ⋅
dt dt dx dx dt
dy
2
dy dy dx dy dt y ' g ' ( t )
= ⋅ ⇒ = = =
dt dx dt dx dx x ' h ' ( t )
dt
-2 -1 O 1 2 x La fórmula mas usual:
dy
b. y = 4t = 2t4
( ) 2 2
=x 2 dy dt
=
dx dx
...............( 7 )
y = x2 dt
dx dy
Es una parábola en el plano xy, pero su gráfica será Donde: = h '(t ) ∧ = g '(t )
diferente que el del caso a) debido a ser diferente en dt dt
la regla de correspondiencia paramétrica respecto a t. 2do Para la segunda derivada
y Se demuestra que:
dx d 2 y dy d 2 x
2 ⋅ − ⋅
d y dt dt 2 dx dt 2
= ....................( 8 )
dx 2 dx
3
dt
4 Donde:
dx dy
= h '(t ) ∧ = g '( h )
dt dt
0 1 x d 2x d 2y
2
= h '' ( t ) ∧ = g '' ( h )
dt dt 2
En este caso la gráfica corresponde solo la parte
derecha de la parábola y = x2, osea el parámetro Ejemplos N° 6:
impone condiciones y restricciones.
En las siguientes curvas paramétricas calcular:
Derivada de ecuaciones paramétricas dy d 2 y
Dado una curva paramétrica ( x, y ) = ( h ( t ) , g ( t ) ) donde ∧
dx dx 2
t ∈ I = [ a, b ] , en la que h y g son derivables, entonces la
derivada de las ecuaciones paramétricas x = h ( t ) ∧ y = g ( t ) ... sin eliminar el parámetro t.
cumplirán las siguientes reglas de derivación:
a. x = 3t ∧ y = 2t 2
1ro. Para la primera derivada
b. x = a cos t ∧ y = b sen t
Si para una curva : x = h ( t ) ∧ y = g ( t ) , dada, existe una
función diferencial f para lo cual y = f ( x ) , entonces la
Solución:
derivada de f osea:
dx dy
dy a. = 3∧ = 4t
f '( x ) = dy dt
dx
dy
... entonces, la derivada con: dy dt 4t dy 4
= = ⇒ = t
dy dy dx dx 3 dx 3
∧ dt
dt dt
d 2x d 2y
=0 ∧ =4
dt 2 dt
161
En ( 8 ) :
d 2y 3 ⋅ 4 − 4t ⋅ ( 0 ) 12 4
2
= 3
= =
dy dt
dy ∆y = 2.25
dy dt 4t dy 4 dy = y ' ( x 0 ) ∆x = 2 x 0 ∆x = 2 ( 2 )( 0.5 ) = 2
= = t
= ⇒matemático
Razonamiento
dx dx 3 dx 3
dt dy = 2
2
d x d y 2
E abs = ∆y − dy = 2.25 − 2 = 0.25
2
=0 ∧ =4
dt dt E abs = 0.25
En ( 8 ) :
d 2y 3 ⋅ 4 − 4t ⋅ ( 0 ) 12 4
= = = Nota: Eabs = Error absoluto
dx 2 ( 3) 3
27 9
d 2y 4 dy 2
= Er = = = 0.50 ⇒ Er = 0.50
dx 2 9 y0 4
dx dy dy
b. = − a sen t ∧ = b cos t Er % = × 100% = 0.50 × 100% = 50%
dt dx y0
d 2x d 2y Er % = 50%
2
= a cos t ∧ = −b sen t
dt dx 2 Muuy alot, es que ∆x = 0.5 es alto.
Luego:
En ( 7 ) : 2. y = x 3 ; x = 2 ∧ ∆x = 0.5
dy Solución:
dy dt b cos t b
= = = − cotan t
dx dx − a sen t a Dado: y = x 3 ; x 0 = 2; ∆x = 0.5
dt y 0 = y ( x0 ) = y ( 2) = 2 3 = 8
dy b
= − cotan ( t ) y ' = 3 x 2 ⇒ y ' ( x 0 ) = 3 x 02
dx a
∆x = y ( x 0 + ∆x ) − y ( x 0 ) = ( 2 + 0.5 ) − 2 3 = 7.625
3
En ( 8 ) :
dy = y ' ( x 0 ) ∆x = 3 ( 2 ) ( 0.5 ) = 6
2
d 2y
=
( −a sen t ) ⋅ ( −b sen t ) − ( b cost ) ⋅ ( −a cost )
dt 2 ( −a sen t )
3
E abs = ∆y − dy = 7.625 − 6 = 1.625
∆y = 2.25 1 1
dy = y ' ∆x = − ∆x = − ⋅ 1 = 0.50
x0 4
dy = y ' ( x 0 ) ∆x = 2 x 0 ∆x = 2 ( 2 )( 0.5 ) = 2
dy = −0.50
dy = 2
E = ∆y − dy = 2.25 − 2 = 0.25 E abs = ∆y − dy = 0.236 − ( −0.50 ) = 0.736
162 abs
E abs = 0.25 E abs = 0.736
dy −0.50
Er % = × 100 = × 100% = 25%
1 1
dy = y ' ∆x = − ∆x = − ⋅ 1 = 0.50
x0 4
Razonamiento matemático
dy = −0.50
E abs = ∆y − dy = 0.236 − ( −0.50 ) = 0.736 r = r0 + ∆x = 10.4 ⇒ r0 = 10cm
2
(
= ( 2 + 0.03) − 3 ( 2 + 0.3) − 2 2 − 3 ( 2 ) ) E abs = 20.46 cm 3
∆y = 0.0309 dv 502.65
Er = = = 0.02 ⇒ Er = 0.02
v 0 4188.79
dy = y ' ∆x = ( 2 x 0 − 3) ∆x
dy
dy = ( 2 ( 2 ) − 3) ( 0.03) = 0.03 ⇒ dy = 0.03 Er % = = 100 = 0.02 × 100 = 2%
v0
E abs = ∆y − dy = 0.0309 − 0.03 = 0.0009
Er % = 2% muy aceptable.
E abs = 0.0009 buena aproximación:
6. Dados y = x 2 − 3 x; x = −1; dx ≈ ∆x = 0.02;
dy 0.03
Er % = = 100 = × 100 = 1.5% hallar: a. ∆y, b. dy, c. Eabs, d. Er %.
y0 2
Er % = 1.5% Buena aproximación Solución:
El proceso de resolución es idéntico al del 5, hágalo
5. Una esfera metálica de 10 cm de radio, se dilata hasta Ud.
que su radio adquiere el valor de 10.4 cm, hallar
aproximadamente el aumente que experimenta su 7. Hallar el valor aproximado de sen 31° asignando una
volumen. Hallar también el Error absoluto y Error función.
porcentual aproximado.
Solución:
Solución:
f (θ ) = senθ ; θ 0 = 30° ∧ ∆θ = 1°
De la esfera:
f ' (θ ) = cosθ
Como: ∆f = sen (θ 0 + ∆θ ) − sen (θ 0 ) = f ' (θ 0 ) ⋅ ∆θ
sen (θ 0 + ∆θ ) − sen (θ 0 ) = cos (θ 0 ) ∆θ
dr ≡ ∆r = 0.4
r0
sen ( 31° ) − sen 30° = cos 30° ⋅ ∆θ
⇒ sen ( 31° ) = sen 30° + cos 30°∆θ ; ∆θ = 1°
π
= rad
180
r
π
sen ( 31° ) = sen 30° + cos 30° ⋅ = 0.515114
180
sen ( 31° ) = 0.515114 valor aproximado
df f ' (θ 0 ) ∆θ
180
π
sen ( 31° ) = sen 30° + cos 30° ⋅ = 0.515114
180
Razonamiento matemático
sen ( 31° ) = 0.515114 valor aproximado
x = x 0 + ∆x = 0.999 ⇒ ∆x = 0.001 d 2x
= t 2e t + 4te t + 2e t
f ( x 0 + ∆x ) − f ( x 0 ) = f ' ( x ) dx dt 2
d 2y 1
f ( x 0 + ∆x ) = f ( x 0 ) + f ' ( x ) dx =
dt 2 t
1
10
0.999 = 10 1 + 9
⋅ ( −0.001) dx d 2 y dy d 2 x
⋅ − ⋅
10 (1) 10
2
d y dt dt 2 dx dt 2
2
= 3
1 dx dx
10
0.999 = 1 + ( −0.001) = 0.9999
dt
10
1
(t e ) ( )
10
0.999 = 0.9999 2 t
+ 2te t − (1 + Lnt ) t 2e t + 4te t + 2e t
d 2y t
En la calculadora: 10
0.999 = 0.99989 ∴ =
(t e + 2te )
2 t 3
dx 2 t
Solución: =
dx 2 t 3e 2 t ( t + 2 )
3
d 2y ( −2t )( 0 ) − (1) ( −2 ) +2 1
164 2
= 3
= 3
=− 3
dx ( −2t ) −8t 4t
d 2y 1
2
=− 3
dt dt
dy
dy dt 1 1 Dada: x = t 2 − t ∧ y = t 3 + 1
∴ = = =−
dx dx −2t 2t dx Razonamiento
dy matemático
= 2t − 1 = 3t 2
dt dt dt
d 2y ( −2t )( 0 ) − (1) ( −2 ) +2 1 d 2x
=2
d 2y
= 6t
= = =− 3
dx 2 ( −2t ) 3
−8t 3
4t dt dt 2
dy 3t 2
d 2y 1 ⇒ =
=− dx 2t − 1
dx 2 4t 3
d 2y ( 2t − 1)( 6t ) − ( 3t 2 ) ( 2 ) 12t 2 − 6t − 6t 2
2t
12. x = e ; y = 1 + cos t ⇒ = =
dx 2 ( 2t − 1) 3 ( 2t − 1) 3
Solución: d 2y 6t ( t − 1)
2
=
Dado: x = e 2t
y y = 1 + cos t dx ( 2t − 1) 3
dy
dx = 2e 2t , = −sen t 1 1
dt 15. x
= =cos 3 t , y sen 3t
2 2 3 2
d x d y
= 4e 2 t ; = − cos t
dt dt 2 Solución:
dy −sen t 1 1
⇒ = Dada: x = cos 3 t ∧ y = sen 3t
dx 2e 2 t 3 2
⇒
d 2y
=
(
2e 2t ( − cos t ) − ( −sen t ) 4e 2t ) dx 3
= cos 2 t ⋅ ( −sen t ) = − cos 2 t ⋅ sen t
dt 3
dx 2 ( 2e ) 2t 3
d 2x
= 2sen 2t ⋅ cos t − cos 3 t
d 2y 4sen t − 2 cos t dt 2
=
dx 2 8e 4t dy 3
= sen 2t ⋅ cos t
dt 2
13. x a=
= cos ht ; y b sen ht
d 2y 3
2
= 3 cos 2 t ⋅ sen t − sen 3t
Solución: dt 2
3 2
Dado: x = a cosh t , y = b senh t dy 2 sen t ⋅ cos t 3 sen t 3
⇒ = =− = − taan t
dx dy dx − cos 2 t ⋅ sen t 2 cos t 2
= a senh t , = b cosh t
dt dt
dy 3
d 2x d 2y = − tan t
= a cosh t , = b senh t dx 2
dt dt 2
dx dy d 2 x d 2y
dy b cosh t b Reemplazando: ; ; 2
y en la
⇒ = = ctanh t dt dt dt dt 2
dx a senh t a
siguiente regla de derivación:
d 2y ( a senh t ) ⋅ ( a cosh t ) − ( b cosh t )( b senh t )
⇒ 2
= dx d 2 y dy d 2 x
dx ( a senh t ) 3 2 ⋅ − ⋅
d y dt dt 2 dx dt 2
=
( )
2 3
cosh t a 2 − b 2 dx dx
d 2y
= dt
dx 2 a 3sen 2 h t
eo tiene:
14. x = t 2 − t , y = t3 +1
d 2y 3
2
=
Solución: dx 2 cos t ⋅ sen t
Dada: x = t 2 − t ∧ y = t 3 + 1
dx dy
= 2t − 1 = 3t 2
dt dt
d 2x d 2y
=2 = 6t
dt dt 2 165
dy 3t 2
⇒ =
dx 2t − 1
Razonamiento matemático
tan t , y 2 sen 2t
16. x 2=
= 11. x = 3 ( 2 cos t − cos 2t ) , y = 3 ( 2sen t − sen 2t )
dt 2 (
= 4 cos 2 t − sen 2t ) 19. x = 2a sen t + a sen t cos 2 t ; y = −a cos 2 t
dy 4sen t ⋅ cos t 3
= = 2sen t ⋅ cos t
dy
dx = 4sen2t sec
⋅ cos2tt 20. x = 2 − 3 cos π t ; y = 3 + 7sen π t ; t ≥ 0
= 2sen t ⋅ cos 3 t
dx 2 sec 2 t2
d 22 y
=2 sec 2
( ) (
2 sec t ⋅ 4 cos t − sen 2t − ( 4sen t ⋅ cos t ) 4 sec 2 t ⋅ tan t
2
( 2 sec (t ) )
dx2 = 2 sec 2 t
dx 2 3
d 2y
d 2 y =1 − 3 tan 2 t
1 − 3 tan 2 t
dx22 = secsec
dx 6
6
t t
1. y = 3 x 2 − 5; x 0 = 2; ∆x = 0.1
4
2. y = x ; x 0 = 2; ∆x = 0.1
( )
3
3. y = 3x 2 − 2 x + 1 ; x 0 = 2; ∆x = 0.1
3x
4. y = 2
; x 0 = 3; ∆x = 0.02
x +2
5. y = x 4 − 3 x 2 + 5 x + 4; x 0 = 2; ∆x = −0.1
6. y = x 3 − 3 x 2 + 4 x − 5; x 0 = 3; ∆x = 0.01
7. 9 6 67
8. 27 − 23
3
9. 65
3
10. 1335
dy d 2y
y
dx dx 2
166
Razonamiento matemático
Entonces:
0 ∞
lim f ( x ) = = Indeterminado ó lim f ( x ) = = Indeterminado
x→a 0 x → a ∞
También, si los resultados fuesen 0 - ∞, 1∞ y 0-∞, son formas indeterminadas. Se ha establecido dos TEOREMAS
fundamentales para estos casos, de uso muy recurrente en la ingeniería.
0
1ro Teorema de L’Hospital para el caso
0
Sean las funciones h y g : → , contínuas en [ a, a + h ] y derivables en a, a + b . Si ∀x ∈ a, a + h : g ' ( x ) ≠ 0
y resulta que lim g ( x ) = lim h ( x ) = 0, pero se comprueba que:
x→a x→a
h '( x )
lim =L ó ∞
x→a g '( x )
h '( x )
lim =L ó ∞
x→a g '( x )
... existe, entonces se cumple:
h( x) h '( x )
lim = lim =L ó ∞
x→a g ( x) x→a g ( x)
... se podrá aplicar el teorema por una segunda vez y obtener que:
h '' ( x )
lim =L ó ∞
x→a g '' ( x )
167
Razonamiento matemático
Dado: lim
sen x − x
; h( x) h ''' ( x ) 1
lim = lim =−
x →0 x2 x →0 g ( x) x →0 g ''' ( x ) 6
sea h ( x ) = sen x − x ∧ g ( x ) = x 2
sen x − x sen ( 0 ) − 0 0−0 1 − cos x 2
Luego: lim = = 4. lim
x →0 x2 0 0
x →0 x 2sen x 2
= 0 = Indeterminado Solución:
1 2 Solución:
5. lim −
π 1 − sen x
x→ cos 2 x x cos x − sen x
2 Dado: lim ; h ( x ) = x cos x − sen x
x →0 x
Solución: g ( x) = x
1 2 1 2 x cos x − senx 0 (1) − 0 0
Dado: lim − 2
= − Como: lim = =
π 1 − sen x
x→ cos x π π x →0 x 0 0
2 1 − sen cos 2
2 2 = Indeterminado
1 1
= − =∞−∞ Entonces por L’Hospital:
0 0
Es una indeterminación. h( x) h '( x ) − x sen x + cos x − cos x
lim = lim =
Luego mediante operacionees la convertimos en la forma: x →0 g ( x) x →0 g '( x ) 1
h( x) h '( x ) −2 cos x sen x + 2 sen x − ( 0 )( 0 )
lim = lim = lim = =0
π g ( x) π g '( x ) π (1 − sen x ) cos 2 x 1
x→ x→ x→
2 2 2
0 h( x) h '( x )
= ∴ lim = lim =0
0 x →0 g ( x) x →0 g '( x )
Aplicando L’Hospital:
x − sen x
7. lim
h( x) h '( x ) x →0 5
lim = lim x3
x→
π g ( x) x→
π g '( x )
2 2
Solución:
−2 cos x sen x + 2 cos x
= lim 5
π −2 (1 − sen x ) cos x sen x − cos 3 x x − sen x
x→
2 Dado: lim 5
; h ( x ) = x − sen x ∧ g ( x ) = x 3
x →0
−2sen x + 2 0 x3
= lim =
x→
π −2 sen x (1 − sen x ) − cos 2 x 0 x − sen x 0 − sen ( 0 )
2 Como el lim 5
=
x →0 0
Sigue la indeterminación; aplicando por 2da vez x3
L’Hospital: 0
= = Indeterminado
0
169
Razonamiento matemático
Solución: 1 1x
2 − 2 arctan
x
x − arctan x 11. lim
Dado: lim ; x →∞ 1
x →0 x3
x
h ( x ) = x − arctan x ∧ g ( x ) = x 3
Solución:
x − arctan x 0 − arctan ( 0 )
Como lim =
x →0 x3 0 1 1
2 − 2 arctan
0 Dado: lim x x
= = Indeterminado x →∞ 1
0
x
Entonces, por L’Hospital:
170
1
1 − cos x − x2
Razonamiento matemático
Dado: L = lim 2 ;
4
x →0 x
Desdoblando y operando: 1
h ( x ) = 1 − cos x − x 2 y g ( x ) = x 4
1 2
arctan
1 x 1
1 = lim = 2 lim h( x) 1 − cos x − x 2
x →∞ x x →∞ 1 Como: lim = lim 2
x →0 g ( x ) x →0 x4
x
0 1
= 0 − 2 = indetterminado 1 − cos ( 0 ) − ( 0) 0
2
0 = =
0 0
Luego aplicando L’Hospital al 2do. término: Luego aplicando L'Hospital:
1 1 sen ( 0 ) − 0 0
⋅ − 2
2
= =
x
1 0 0
1+
h '( x ) x Sigue la indeterminación, bien, observamos que
L = −2 lim = −2 lim
x →∞ g ' ( x ) x →∞ 1 hasta la tercera derivada el denominador da cero y
− 2 produce indeterminación, entonces derivamos hasta
x
la cuarta derivada, veamos:
1 1 1
L = −2 lim = −2 ⋅ = −2 ⋅
x →∞
1
2
1
2
1+ 02 h ' ( x ) = sen x − x ∧ g ' ( x ) = 4 x 3
1+ 1+
x x h '' ( x ) = cos x − 1 ∧ g '' ( x ) = 12 x 2
= −2 × 1 h ''' ( x ) = −sen x ∧ g ''' ( x ) = 24 x
L = −2 h iv ( x ) = − cos x ∧ g iv ( x ) = 24
x −1 Con ello:
12. lim
x →1 xm −1
1 2
1 − cos x − x h( x)
Solución: 2
L = lim = lim
x →0 x4 x →0 g ( x )
x −1
Dada: lim ; h( x) = x −1 ∧ g ( x) = x −1 n
x →1 xn −1 h iv ( x ) − cos x
= lim = lim
x −1 1−1 0 x →0 g iv
( x) x →0 24
como: lim = =
x →1 xn −1 1−1 0 − cos ( 0 ) −1 1
L= = ⇒ L=−
Entonces aplicando L’Hospital: 24 24 4
h( x) h '( x )
L = lim
x →1 g ( x)
= lim
x →1 g ( x)
= lim
1
x →1 nx n −1
=
1
n (1)
n −1
=
1
n (1) 14. lim
(
Ln x + x −1 )
x →∞ arctan x
1 Solución:
L=
n
(
Ln x + x −1 ) ; h ( x ) = Ln
1
1 − cos x − x 2
Dado: lim
x →∞ arctan x
(x + x )−1
13. lim 2
x →0 x4 g ( x ) = arctan x
Aplicando L’Hospital:
Solución:
1 1
1 2 1 − 2
1 − cos x − x h( x) h '( x )
x + x −1 x
Dado: L = lim 2 ; L = lim = lim = lim
x →∞ g ( x ) x →∞ g ' ( x ) x →∞ 1
x →0 x4
1+ x2
1 2
h ( x ) = 1 − cos x −
x y g ( x) = x 4
2 x
⋅
(x 2
−1 ) 171
1 2
x +1 x2 x2 −1 1
h( x) 1 − cos x − x 2 L = lim = lim = lim x −
2 x →∞ 1 x →∞ x x →∞ x
Como: lim = lim
x →0 g ( x ) x →0 x4 2
1 1
1− 2
h( x) h '( x ) x+x x −1
L = lim
Razonamiento lim
=matemático = lim
x →∞ g ( x ) x →∞ g ' ( x ) x →∞ 1
1+ x2
x
⋅
(x 2
−1 ) x5 −
2 4 4 3
3
x − x − 2x 2 − 2x + e 2x − 1
3
x2 x2 −1 1 16. lim
x2 +1 x →0 5
L = lim = lim = lim x −
x →∞ 1 x →∞ x x →∞ x x sen 2 x
1+ x2 Solución:
1
L =∞− =∞−0=∞⇒ L =∞ Dado:
∞
2 4 4 3
x5 − x − x − 2x 2 − 2x 2 − 2x + e 2x − 1
5− x −3 L = lim 3 3
15. lim x →0 5
3
x →−4
x2 − −3 − x − 2 x 2 − 5 + 3x x sen 2 x
Solución: 0
=
0
Dado:
h( x) h '( x )
L = lim = lim
5− x −3 0 x →0 g ( x) x →0 g ( x)
L = lim =
x →−4
x −2
−3 − x − 3
2 x − 5 + 3x 0
2
8
5 x 4 − x 3 − 4 x 2 − 4 x − 2 + 2e 2 x
Haciendo al numerador h(x) y denominador g(x). = lim 3
x →0 5 3
172
Ln ( sen x ) 2 Ln (1) 0
Dado: lim 2
= 2
= =
x→
π
(π − 2 x )
π 0 0
2 π − 2
2
Razonamiento matemático
2
Haciendo h ( x ) = Ln ( sen x ) ∧ g ( x ) = (π − 2 x )
Aplicando L’Hospital:
Aplicando L´Hostipal hasta que:
Dx 2x D (1) g n ( x) ≠ 0 ∧ g n ( x) ≠ ∞
L = lim − lim x
x →1 D
x ( 2 x − 2 ) x →1 D Ln x
x 2
h ( x ) = Ln ( sen x ) ∧ g ( x ) = (π − 2 x )
2 0
L = lim − lim = lim1 − 0 1
x →1 2 x →1 1 x →1
h '( x ) = ⋅ cos x = cotg x ∧ g ' ( x ) − 4 (π − 2 x )
x sen x
L =1 h '' ( x ) = cosec 2 x ∧ g '' ( x ) = 8
Ln ( sen x ) h '' ( x ) −cosec 2 x
e x − e −x − 2x ∴ L = lim = lim = lim
18. lim x→
π
(π − 2 x ) 2 x→
π g '' ( x ) x→
π 8
x →0 x − sen x 2 2 2
Solución: π
−cosec 2
L= 2 = −1 L= −
1
e x − e −x − 2x h( x) 0 8 8 8
Dado: lim = lim =
x →0 x − sen x x →0 g ( x ) 0
1+ x2 − 1− x3
Aplicando la regla de L’Hospital: 20. lim 2
x →0 x
L = lim
h( x)
= lim
h '( x )
= lim
(
Dx e x − e −x − 2x ) Solución:
x →0 g ( x) x →0 g '( x ) x →0 D x ( x − seen x )
1+ x2 − 1− x3 1+ 0 − 1− 0 0
e x + e − x − 2 e° + e −0 − 2 1 + 1 − 2 0 Dado: lim = =
L = lim = = = x →0 x 2
0 0
x → 0 1 − cos x 1 − cos ( 0 ) 1−1 0
Haciendo h ( x ) = 1+ x2 − 1 − x3 y g ( x) = x 2
Sigue la indeterminación, aplicamos por 2da vez
L’Hospital. Aplicamos L’Hospital:
h( x) h '( x ) h '' ( x ) h( x) h '( x )
L = lim = lim = lim L = lim = lim
x →0 g ( x) x →0 g ( x) x →0 g '' ( x ) x →0 g ( x) x →0 g '( x )
x −x
e −e 0 x 2 3x
= lim = +
x →0 sen x 0 2 1+ x 2
1− x 2
= lim
x →0 2x
Persiste la indeterminación, aplicamos por tercera
vez, L’Hospital: 1 2 3x 1 1
L = lim + = ( 2 + 0 ) =
x →0 4
h( x) h ''' ( x ) e x + x −x 1 + 1 1+ x 2
1− x 4
2 2
L = lim = lim = lim = =2
x →0 g ( x) x →0 g ''' ( x ) x → 0 cos x 1 1
L=
2
L=2
Ln ( sen x )
19. lim
x→
π
2
(π − 2 x ) 2
Solución:
π
Ln sen
Ln ( sen x ) 2 Ln (1) 0
Dado: lim = = =
x→
π
(π − 2 x ) 2 π
2
0 0
2 π − 2
2
2
Haciendo h ( x ) = Ln ( sen x ) ∧ g ( x ) = (π − 2 x )
Aplicando L´Hostipal hasta que:
g n ( x) ≠ 0 ∧ g n ( x) ≠ ∞ 173
2
h ( x ) = Ln ( sen x ) ∧ g ( x ) = (π − 2 x )
Razonamiento matemático
1 2
1. lim − 2
x → 0 1 − cos x x
x −1 − x + x2 − 3
2. lim
x →0 3 x + 10 − 4
3
1− x + x+3−2
3. lim
x →1 2
x − 3x + 2
3
x−5 x
4. lim
x →1 x −1
e x − e−x
5. lim
x →1 sen x
2
e x −1
6. lim
x →1 cos x − 1
1 x
7. lim −
x →1 sen x Ln x
a
8. lim 1 +
x →∞ x
1
Ln 1 +
x
9. lim
x →∞ arctan x
2
x + x 2 − n + 1 x n +1 + 2n 2 + 2n − 1 x n + 2 − n 2 x n + 3
10. lim 3
x →1 1− x
2 tan x − sen x − x 2
11. lim
x →0 x4
174
Razonamiento matemático
df ( a )
mt = f ' ( a ) =
dx
Se deduce:
1
LN : y − f (a) = − ( x − a) ó y − b = mN ( x − a)
f '( a )
y − y 0 = m N ( x − x0 )
LN
Lt
y = f(x)
y0
P( f(x)) = (a,b) = (x0,y0)
f(a) = b = y0 α
0 x0 x
a = x0
Ejemplo.
Si f ( x ) = 2 x 3 + 3 x 2 + 1, calcular la ecuación de la recta tangente (Lt) y la recta normal (LN) en el punto P ( −2, 3) = ( a, f ( a ) ) .
175
1
LN : y − y 0 = m N ( x − x0 ); m N = −
mt
Razonamiento matemático 1
y − y0 = − ( x − x0 )
mt
En ( x 0 , y 0 ) = ( −2, 3) = ( a, b ) : y −3= −
1 x 1
( x − 1) = − +
2 2 2 2
mt = f ' ( −2 ) = 6 ( −2 ) + 6 ( −2 ) = 12
x 1
y = − + +3
mt = 12 2 2
x 7
Luego: Lt : y − y 0 = mt ( x − x 0 ) LN : y = − + ó implícita: 2 y + x − 7 = 0
2 2
y − 3 = 12 ( x − ( −2 ) )
b. f ( x ) = x 3 − 2 x 2 + 4; en P ( 2, 4 )
y − 3 = 12 x − 24 ⇒
Lt : y − 12 x − 27 = 0 ó y = 12 x + 27 Solución:
1 Dado: f ( x ) = x 3 − 2 x 2 + 4 y P = ( 2, 4 ) = ( x 0 , y 0 )
LN : y − y 0 = m N ( x − x0 ) = − ( x − x0 )
mt
mt = f ' ( x ) = 3x 2 − 4 x
1
y − 3 = − ( x − ( −2 ) ) En: ( x 0 , y 0 ) = ( 2, 4 ) : mt = f ' ( x 0 ) = f ' ( 2 )
12
2
1 = 3 ( 2 ) − 4 ( 2 ) = 4 ⇒ mt = 4
y − 3 = − ( x + 2)
12
Ecuación de la recta tangente:
x 3y
L N : 12 y + x − 34 = 0 ó y=− + Lt : y − y 0 = m t ( x − x 0 )
12 12
y − 4 = 4 ( x − 2)
XII.2.1. Problemas resueltos Lt : y = 4 x − 4 ó implícitamente: y - 4 x + 4 = 0
Problema N° 1
Hallar la ecuación de la recta tangente y la recta normal Ecuación de la recta normal:
a la gráfica de las siguientes funciones, en los puntos 1 1
indicados. LN : y − y 0 = m N ( x − x0 ); m N = − =−
mt 4
a. f ( x ) = 4 x − x 2 ; en P (1, 3) 1
y−4=− ( x − 2)
4
Solución:
x 9
Dado f ( x ) = 4 x − x 2 y ( x 0 , y 0 ) = (1, 3) LN : y = − +
4 4
ó impplícitamente: 4 y + x - 18 = 0
mt = f ' ( x ) = 4 − 2 x
c. f ( x ) = 3 x 2 − 5 x + 1; en P (1, −1)
En ( x 0 , y 0 ) = (1, 3) : mt = f ' ( x 0 ) = 4 − 2 (1) = 2
⇒ mt = 2 Solución:
1 1 1 12
mN = − = −1 ⇒ m N = −1 mN = − =− =−
mt mt 77 77
12
y − ( −1) = −1( x − 1)
12
y − 0 = − ( x − 1)
L N : y = − x ó implícitamente: y + x = 0 77
12 12
−
2 LN : y = − x+ ó
d. f ( x ) = 1 + 4
x+x 3 − 3 x , en P (1, 0 )
2 77 77
12 12
Solución: implícitamente: y + x− =0
77 77
2
−
Dado: f ( x ) = 1 + 4
x+x 3 − 3x 2 e. f ( x ) = 3
x 2 + 7 , en P (1, 2 )
1 2
− Solución:
=1+ x 4 + x 3 − 3x 2
y P (1, 0 ) = ( x 0 , y 0 ) Dado: f ( x ) = 3
x 2 + 7 , en P (1, 2 ) = ( x 0 , y 0 )
1 2 2x
mt = f ' ( x ) = − − 6x mt = f ' ( x ) =
( )
4 3 2
4 x3 3 x5 3 3 x2 + 7
En ( x 0 , y 0 ) = (1, 0 ) : 2 (1) 1
11 2 77 2 En ( x 0 , y 0 ) = (1, 2 ) ⇒ mt = f ' ( x ) = =
6
mt = f ' (1) = ( )
2
− 3 = − −6= − 3 3 12 + 7
4 3
4 1 3 1 4 3 12
77 1
mt = − ⇒ mt =
12 6
Con lo cual tenemos:
Ecuación de la recta tangente:
Lt : y − y 0 = m t ( x − x 0 )
Lt : y − y 0 = m t ( x − x 0 )
1
77 y−2= ( x − 1)
y − 0 = − ( x − 1) 6
12
x 11
77 77 Lt : y = + ó 6 y − x − 11 = 0
Lt : y = − x+ ó 6 6
12 12 1
LN : y − y 0 = − ( x − x0 )
implícittamente: 12 y + 77 x − 77 = 0 mt
178
Razonamiento matemático
7
Dado: f ( x ) = 4 x − x 2 ⇒ f ' ( x ) = 4 − 2 x ⇒ m
− ( x0 , y 0 )
16
a. En el punto:
Lt1
Lt 2 ( x 0 , y 0 ) = (1, 3) : m = f ' (1) = 4 − 2 (1) = 2 ⇒ m=2
Lt : y − y 0 = m ( x − x 0 )
( x0 , y 0 )
y − 3 = 2x − 2
Lt : y = 2 x + 1 ó implícitamente: y − 2 x − 1 = 0
179
Razonamiento matemático
f ( x) = 4x − x 2
4
f ' ( x ) = 4 − 2 x = 6 ⇒ x 0 = −1
16
3
+
Luego:
2x
y=
2
y 0 = 4 ( −1) − ( −1) = −5 ⇒ y 0 = −5
x
4 y = x 4 − 4 x 3 − 8 x 2 − 12 x + 10 ..................(α )
x m = y ' = 4 x 3 − 12 x 2 − 16 x − 12 ....................( β )
0 1 2 3 4
La cual tendrá la misma pendiente que la recta
12 x + y + 5 = 0 ya que son paralelas; osea:
12 x + y + 5 = 0 ⇒ y = −12 x + 5
-5
m = −12
Luego reemplazando en (β):
−12 = 4 x 3 − 12 x 2 − 16 x − 12
4 x 3 − 12 x 2 − 16 x = 0
c. Como y = 2x + 16 es la recta paralela a la tangente,
entonces la pendiente de la tangente es la misma que ( )
4 x x 2 − 3 x34 = 0
de y = 2x + 16, osea: m = 2, luego en:
x ( x − 4 ) ( x + 1) = 0 ⇒ x1 = 0, x 2 = 4, x 3 = −1
f ( x) = 4x − x 2
Para cada una de ellas obtendremos sus ordenadas en (α):
f '( x ) = m = 4 − 2x = 2 ⇒ 4 − 2x = 2 ⇒ x0 = 1
Para x1 = 0 ⇒ y ( 0 ) = 10 → P1 ( 0;10 )
⇒ y 0 = f ( x 0 ) = 4 (1) − 12 = 3 ⇒ y 0 = 3 4 3 2
Para x 2 = 4 ⇒ y ( 4 ) = ( 4 ) − 4 ( 4 ) − 8 ( 4 )
El punto de tangencia será: ( x 0 , y 0 ) = (1, 3) − 12 ( 4 ) + 10 = −166
Lt : y = 2 x + 1 ó y − 2x − 1 = 0 → P2 ( 4, −166 )
4 3 2
Para x 3 = −1 ⇒ y ( −1) = ( −1) − 4 ( −1) − 8 ( −1)
− 12 ( −1) + 10 = 19
→ P3 ( −1,19 )
180
→ P2 ( 4, −166 )
4 3 2
Para x 3 = −1 ⇒ y ( −1) = ( −1) − 4 ( −1) − 8 ( −1)
Razonamiento matemático
− 12 ( −1) + 10 = 19
→ P3 ( −1,19 ) En P1 ( −1,1) : y − 1 = 2 ( x − ( −1) ) ⇒ y − 1 = 2 x + 2
c. x 2 + xy + y = 3
Solución:
x 2 + xy + y = 3 ......................(α )
2 x + xy '+ y + y ' = 0
y ' ( x + 1) = −2 x − y
−2 x − y
y' = = m = pendiente de la curva
x +1
(β ) en (α ) : x 2
+ x ( −2 x ) + ( −2 x ) = 3
x 2 + 2x + 3 = 0
( x + 1) 2 + 2 ≠ 0 ⇒ No ∃ valores reales de x.
Gráfica:
x 2 + xy + y = 3
3 − x2
y=
x +1
d. x 2 + xy + y 2 = 3
Solución:
182