Kuwait University

College of Engineering & Petroleum

Electrical Engineering Department

334 Lab Report

Summer 2016-2017
Experiment No. 3

Title: multi-stage Amplifier

Esraa AlSanad
Name
Hajar
ID
Section
Lab Day Monday- Wednesday
Lab Time 1PM
Lab
ENG. Nadia ALMutairi
Instructor

1
 Table of Content

Page no. Contents

3-4 Objective, Theory and Required equipment

5-6 Experiment and result

7-11 Discussion

12 Conclusion and References

2
Objectives :

-Describe some of the benefits of using multiple transistor stages.

-Describe the function of each component in this two-stage amplifier circuit.

Theory :

Practical transistor amplifiers usually consists of a number of stages connected

in cascade. In addition to providing gain, the first (or input) stage is usually required
to provide high-input resistance in order to avoid loss of signal level when the
amplifier is fed from a high resistance source. In a differential amplifier (where the
circuit has a differential inputs) the input stage must also provide large common mode
rejection.
The function of the middle stage is to provide the bulk of the voltage gain and to shift
the dc level of the signal.
Finally, the main function of the last (or output) stage of an amplifier is to provide a
low output resistance in order to avoid loss of the gain when a low-valued load
resistance is connected to the amplifier. This stage is not in the studied circuit.
The amplifier circuit shown in figure consists of two stages.

3
 o Overall gain
The overall gain of a multistage amplifier is the product of the gains of the individual
stages (ignoring potential loading effects):

Gain (A) = A1* A2*A3 *A4 *... *An.

Alternately, if the gain of each amplifier stage is expressed in decibels (dB), the total
gain is the sum of the gains of the individual stages:

Gain in dB (A) = A1 + A2 + A3 + A4 + ... An

o Inter-stage coupling
Depending on the manner in which the different amplifier stages are
connected, one of the following amplifiers may result:
 R-C coupled amplifier
 R-L coupled amplifier
 L-C coupled amplifier
 Transformer coupled amplifier
 Direct coupled amplifier
 Indirect coupled amplifier

o Direct (DC) coupling

A direct-coupled amplifier or DC amplifier is a type of amplifier in which the
output of one stage of the amplifier is coupled to the input of the next stage in
such a way as to permit signals with zero frequency, also referred to as direct
current, to pass from input to output.

There are several advantages of using this type of amplifier, including:

 Simple circuit arrangement as there are minimum number of components

 For above reason, also quite inexpensive
 Can be used to amplify zero and low frequency signals

4
 o In direct coupling or capacitor coupling

The individual amplifier stage bias conditions are so designed that the two stages
may be directly connected without the necessity for d.c. isolation.

DC coupling may also be used in wideband amplifiers to eliminate the use of

capacitors where there may be a possibility of high frequency instability caused by
capacitors and resistors combining to form filter or phase shift circuits; if this happens
the gain may have variations at some frequencies due to filter action and may become
unstable and begin to oscillate if unwanted phase shifts occur.

DC coupled Common Emitter stages

In DC coupled multistage cascaded common emitter amplifiers the output bias level
of each stage increases to maintain the collector more positive than the base (constant
current operation). If this voltage “stacking” is severe, little head room is left in the
final stages of the cascade

AC coupled Common Emitter stages

These capacitors provide AC coupling between stages. They need to be chosen to

provide negligible reactance at the frequencies of operation. These resistors provide
the bias for the base of the transistor. This is the collector load resistor within the
common emitter amplifier

REQUIRED EQUIPMENT:

 Breadboard.
 Two Q2n3904 NPN transistors
 DMM.
 Resistances.
 Function Generator
 CRO

5
Experiment:
Connect the Circuit

A- Measuring voltage gain Am experimentally

In the XY position of the CRO:

B- Measuring input resistance Rin experimentally

1 . Connect a resistance of 10K ohms in series with vs .

2. Measure the new voltage gain A1 .

3 . Calculate the value of the input resistance by it equation.

𝐴𝑚
𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑅𝐷 ( − 1)
𝐴𝑚1

C- Measuring output resistance Ro experimentally

1 . Connect a decade box in series with a 99µf capacitor from the output terminal to
the ground terminal with the resistance set to 1K ohms in parallel.

2. Measure the new voltage gain A2.

3 . Calculate the value of the output resistance by it equation.

𝑅𝐷1
𝑅𝑖𝑛 =
𝐴𝑚
(𝐴𝑚2 − 1)

4. Remove the decade box from the circuit .

6
Experimental Results :-

Orcad result Measures value

Single stage Multi stage Multi stage
Am 3.3525 26.453 22.982
phase -180.859…. 180º -549.312 …0º 0º
Rin (Rd=10k) 15.668 kΩ 15.680 KΩ 19.16 KΩ
Rout (Rd=1k) 986.912 Ω 994.046 Ω 0.856 KΩ
FL 102.651 276.577 -
FH 1.6399 MΩ 1.5199 MΩ -

Discussion:

1. The first amplifier circuit shown below is direct-coupled, while the

second is capacitive coupled ?

Which of these two designs would be more suitable for use in a DC

voltmeter circuit (amplifying a measured DC voltage)? What applications
would the other amplifier design be suited for ?

2. Define the general specification of the good amplifier ?

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3. Describe the function of each component in this two-stage amplifier
circuit as shown in Fig.5 ?
Also, be prepared to explain what the effect of any one component’s
failure (either open or shorted) will have on the output signal?

Find all the measured values theoretically (Am- FL-FH-RIN-RO) ?

Compare the theoretical and measured values?

The values are almost close to each other and there are differences because
the value of Baita, and the ro assumed to be infinity. also FH can't be
calculated because Cpi and C are not given .

Circuit of Fig.3 PSPICE Circuit Theoretical

Simulation Measurement
Am= 300 106.25 198.94
Phase= 0 degree 0 degree
Rout= 19.65K ohm 23.47K ohm 20.4K ohm
Rin= 40K ohm 32.6K ohm 33.28K ohm

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Conclusion :

1. A good amplifier should have high input resistance, high voltage gain, low
output resistance and large wide band width and this good amplifier can be
created by using multi-stage amplifier.
2. In a multi-stage amplifier the first stage should provide high input resistance in
order to avoid loss of signal level when the amplifier is fed from high
resistance source.
3. The difference between direct and capacitive coupled amplifiers, where the
direct coupled amplifier has a DC gain, and it is easy to fabricate, but it is
difficult to design, on the other hand, the capacitive coupled amplifier is easy
to design but it is difficult to fabricate and has no DC gain.
4. Fh is reverse fit with C (internal ) and FL is reverse fit with C (coupling ).
5. When we calculate Rin by it equation we have to take care about Vo and vo1
have to be pure sine wave also Am have to be grater than Am1.

Reference:
- lap manual
- www.wikipedia.com

- http://www.play-hook.com/analog

- Microelectronic Circuits 5th edition by Sedra – Smith

- http://www.ecircuitcenter.com/Circuits/BJT_Diffamp1/BJT_Diffamp1.htm