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28:
Formulación de Galerkin
El método de los elementos finitos
MAT–251 Dr. Alonso Ramírez Manzanares
Depto. de Matemáticas
Univ. de Guanajuato
e-mail: alram@ cimat.mx
web: http://www.cimat.mx/salram/met_num/
−(αu0 )0 + βu0 + γu = f
u(0) = 0
u(1) = 0
Sea
V = {v ∈ L2 (0, 1) : v0 ∈ L2 (0, 1), v(0) = v(1) = 0}
Entonces el problema es encontrar u ∈ V tal que
Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1
0 0 0
αu v dx + βu v dx + γuv dx = fv dx
0 0 0 0
para todo vh ∈ Vh .
Sustituimos y también tomamos vh = ϕi :
N Z1 Z1 Z1 ! Z1
X
uj αϕj0 ϕi0 dx + βϕj0 ϕi dx + γϕj ϕi dx = f ϕi dx
j=1 0 0 0 0
0.8
0.6
c(−0.1, 1)
0.4
0.2
0.0
y00 = y0 − y + ex − 3 sin x
y(1) = α = 1.097374911
y(4) = β = 56.559080896
Hay que notar que el valor de la solución no es cero en los extremos. Para
poder aplicar lo anterior, definimos
β−α
ȳ(x) = α + (x − 1)
3
Entonces podemos plantear el problema de calcular u tal que y = u + ȳ sea
solución del problema anterior. Entonces
β−α
u00 = u0 + − u − ȳ + ex − 3 sin x
3
u(1) = 0
u(3) = 0
β−α
−u00 + u0 − u = ȳ −
− ex + 3 sin x = f (x)
3
Aplicando el procedimiento descrito anteriormente, llegamos a
N Z3 N Z3 N Z3 Z3
X X X
uj ϕi0 ϕj0 dx + uj ϕi0 ϕj dx − ui ϕi ϕj dx = f ϕj dx
j=1 1 j=1 1 j=1 1 1
Z xi Z xi Z xi +h ! Z xi +h
ui−1 ϕi0 ϕi−1
0
dx + ui (ϕi0 )2 dx + (ϕi0 )2 dx + ui+1 ϕi0 ϕi+1
0
dx
xi −h xi −h xi xi
Z xi Z xi Z xi +h ! Z xi +h
ui−1 ϕi0 ϕi−1 dx + ui ϕi0 ϕi dx + ϕi0 ϕi dx + ui+1 ϕi0 ϕi+1 dx
xi −h xi −h xi xi
Z xi Z xi Z xi +h ! Z xi +h
2 2
−ui−1 ϕi ϕi−1 dx − ui (ϕi ) dx + (ϕi ) dx − ui+1 ϕi ϕi+1 dx
xi −h xi −h xi xi
1 2 1
− ui−1 + ui − ui+1
h h h
1 1
− ui−1 + ui+1
2 2
h 2h h
− ui−1 − ui − ui+1
6 3 6
Entonces, para cada i se tiene una ecuación de la forma
Z3
1 1 h 2 2h 1 1 h
− − − ui−1 + − ui + − + − ui+1 = f ϕj dx
h 2 6 h 3 h 2 6 1
Para el caso de diferencias finitas, las ecuaciones que obtuvimos para este
problema son
h h
(2 − h2 )y1 − 1 − y2 = −h2 [ex1 − 3 sin x1 ] + 1 + α
2 2
h h
− 1+ yi−1 + (2 − h2 )yi − 1 − yi+1 = −h2 [exi − 3 sin xi ]
2 2
h h
− 1+ yn−2 + (2 − h2 )yn−1 = 1− β − h2 [exn−1 − 3 sin xn−1 ]
2 2
y podemos ver que son diferentes los sistemas de ecuaciones en cada caso.
Resolvemos el problema para N = 50 y comparamos los resultados
obtenidos con MEF y diferencias finitas.
0e+00
0.006
0.004
vd
vd
−2e−04
0.002
−4e−04
0.000
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
vx vx
Reportamos el error max |y(xi ) − yi |
n Diferencias finitas MEF
50 0.03818 0.000393
100 0.01599 0.000098
N1 (ξ, η) = 1−ξ−η
N2 (ξ, η) = ξ
N3 (ξ, η) = η
1 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
0.8
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
c(−0.15, 1.1)
0.6
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
0.4
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
0.2
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
0.0
0 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
0 1
−0.2
Sean
Sobre ΓD sabemos que p = pD (x), donde pD está dada por (1d) y (1e).
Supongamos que de alguna forma extendemos pD a todo Ω y definimos la
función p0 = p − pD . Entonces p0 es cero en Γ̄ = Γ̄D ∪ Γ̄N , y
−∇ · ∇(p0 + pD ) = f
Multiplicando por una función de prueba v a la ecuación anterior e
integrando sobre Ω se obtiene
Z Z
− ∇ · ∇(p0 + pD )v dx = fv dx.
Ω Ω
Puesto que ∇ · [v∇(p0 + pD )] = ∇v · ∇(p0 + pD ) + v∇ · ∇(p0 + pD ),
Z Z
fv dx = − {∇ · [v∇(p0 + pD )] − ∇v · ∇(p0 + pD )} dx
Ω Ω
Z Z
= − v∇(p0 + pD ) · ν dl + ∇v · ∇(p0 + pD ) dx,
Γ Ω
NM
X
p0 (x) ≈ pk φk (x). (3)
k=1
NM
X
Z Z Z
pk ∇φi · ∇φk dx = fv dx − ∇φi · ∇pD dx (4)
k=1 Ω Ω Ω
1.0
0.03
4e−04
0.8
0.8
0.02
2e−04
0.01
0.6
0.6
0.00 0e+00
Y
Y
0.4
0.4
−0.01
−2e−04
0.2
0.2
−0.02
−4e−04
−0.03
0.0
0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
N =
X M = 25 X
1.0
1e−04
0.010
0.8
0.8
5e−05
0.005
0.6
0.6
0.000 0e+00
Y
Y
0.4
0.4
−0.005
−5e−05
0.2
0.2
−0.010
−1e−04
0.0
0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
N =X M = 50 X
1.0
4e−05
0.8
0.8
0.005
2e−05
0.6
0.6
0.000 0e+00
Y
Y
0.4
0.4
−2e−05
−0.005
0.2
0.2
−4e−05
0.0
0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
N =X M = 75 X
1.0
1 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
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0.8
● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ●
● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ●
c(−0.15, 1.1)
0.6
● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ●
● ● ●
● ● ● ●
0.4
● ● ●
● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ●
● ● ●
0.2
● ● ● ●
● ● ●
● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ●
0.0
0 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
0 1
−0.2
−0.2
Joaquín Peña (CIMAT) 0.0 0.2Métodos Numéricos
0.4 (MAT–251)
0.6 0.8 1.0 26.11.2012 25 / 29
Solución mediante el MEF (IX)
1.0
1.0
0.03
0.8
0.8
0.02 0.001
0.01
0.6
0.6
0.000
0.00
Y
Y
0.4
0.4
−0.01
−0.001
0.2
0.2
−0.02
−0.03 −0.002
0.0
0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
N =
X M = 25 X
1.0
4e−04
0.010
0.8
0.8
2e−04
0.005
0.6
0.6
0e+00
0.000
Y
Y
0.4
0.4
−2e−04
−0.005
0.2
0.2
−0.010 −4e−04
0.0
0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
N =X M = 50 X
1.0
2e−04
0.8
0.8
0.005 1e−04
0.6
0.6
0e+00
0.000
Y
Y
0.4
0.4
−1e−04
−0.005
0.2
0.2
−2e−04
0.0
0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
N =X M = 75 X
1.0
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●
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0.5
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0.5
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●
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nodos[, 2]
● ●
0.0
0.0
● ● ● ● ● x● ● ● x ● ● ●
● ●
● i ●
● ●
A A
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●
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●
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−0.5
−0.5
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●
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●
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−1.0
● ●
−1.0
● ●
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nodos[, 1]
electr[inds, 1]
Joaquín Peña (CIMAT) Métodos Numéricos (MAT–251) 26.11.2012 29 / 29