Post National Grid Reinforcement Analysis of QESCO

Network for Reliable and Optimal Operation

A Thesis submitted to

BALOCHISTAN UNIVERSITY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT SCIENCES

for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE (MS)

in

ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

by

UBAID –UR-REHMAN

CMS ID 24171

Supervisor
ENGR: MUHAMMAD MEHDI
Faculty of Information and Communication Technologies, BUITEMS,
Quetta

September 2015
 CERTIFICATE

It is certified that the research work described in this thesis is the original work of
the author and has been carried out under my direct supervision. It is further certified that
the material included in this thesis have not been used in part or full in manuscript already
submitted or in the process of submission in partial/complete fulfillment of the award of
any other degree from any other institution. It is also certified that the thesis has been
prepared under my supervision according to the prescribed format and I endorse its
evaluation for the award of MS degree through the official procedure of the University.

Signature of the Supervisor:_______________________________

Name of the Supervisor: Muhammad Mehdi

Designation: Associate Professor

Electrical Faculty of Information and Communication Technologies,

BUITEMS, Quetta.

II
 DEDICATION

I dedicate it to my Parents and Teachers

III
 CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES………………….…………………………………………......…..VI
LIST OF GRAPHS……………………………………………………………….…….VII
LIST OF TABLES……………………………..…...………………………....………..VIII
ABSTRACT……………………………………….………….…………………………IX
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………………………………………………………………X
PUBLICATIONS……………………………………………………..…………………XI
INTRODUCTION………………………………………………..………………………1
Fusion and its Different Schemes………………………………...………………….5
Lawson Criterion………………………………………………..…………………...6
Inertial Confinement Fusion Scheme……………………………………………......7
Magnetic Confinement Fusion Scheme………………………………………….......8
Motivation and Layout……………………………………………..……………….13
REVIEW OF LITERATURE………………………………………………………… 14
Pinch Phenomenon…………………………………….…………………………...14
Different Types of Pinches………………………….……………………………...14
Equilibrium Pinch………..………………………………………………………...16
Dynamical Pinch……………….………………………………………………......17
Bennett Pinch………………….……………………………………………… …..18
Different Types of Pinching Devices…….………………………………………...20
Z Pinches………………………………….…………………………………….....20
-Theta Pinch………………………….…………………………………………..21
Z- Pinch………………………………………………………………………......23
Plasma Focus………………………….…………………………………………...23
Different Models of Pinch Dynamics……….…………………………………......25
Equilibrium Pinch Model………………………………………………………….25
Snow Plow Model……………….….……………………………………………..31
MHD Fluid Model……………….….……………..………………………………37
Instabilities in Plasma……………………………………………………………...38
Sausage Instability……………………………………………………………........39
Kink Instability…………………………………..………………………………...39
Raleigh Taylor (R-T) Instability …………………..……………………………....40

IV
MATERIALS AND METHODS………………………………………………………...41
Numerical Study of Theta Pinch ……………………………...………………….…41
RESULTS…………………………………………….……………………………….…48
At  = 0 ………………….…………….…………………..………………….… .48
At  = 0.02…...........................................................................................................49
At  = 0.04…..............................................................................................................50
At = 0.06…………………………………………...……………..………….….. ..51
At  = 0.08……………………………………………………………..……..…….52
At = 0.1…………………………………………………………...………………..53
At =0.12….............................................................................................................54
At I=0.5KA…………………………………………………………………………..57
At I=1KA……………………………........................................................................58
At I=1.5KA………………………………………….....................................…….....59
At I=2KA….................................................................................................................60
At I=2.5KA………………………………........................................……………….61
At I=3KA……………………………………....................................………………62
At I=3.5KA…………………………………....................………………………….63
At I=4KA…................................................................................................................64
DISCUSSION………………………………….…......................………………………...67
REFERENCES………………………………………….......……………………………70

V
 LIST OF FIGURES

1.1 Process of Inertial confinement …..……………………………………………......7

1.2 Diagram of TOKAMAK …………………………………………………………10
1.3 Schematic Diagram of TOKAMAK ……………………………………………....11
1.4 The JET vacuum vessel with fusion plasma superimposed….…………………….11
1.5 Schematic Diagram of TOKAMAK ……………………………………………....12
1.6 Schematic Diagram of TOKAMAK ……………………………………………....12
1.7 The future ITER TOKAMAK……………………………………………………..12
2.1 Electromagnetic pinch "cans crusher": schematic diagram ….................................15
2.2 Pinched aluminum can, produced from a pulse magnetic field ……………….......15
2.3 Schematic diagram Equilibrium pin……………………………………………….16
2.4 Dynamical Pinch ………………………………………………………………......17
2.5 Bennett pinch effect ……………………………………………………………….18
2.6 A schematic of z-Pinch device………………………………………………..........21
2.7 Schematic diagram of Theta pinch device…………………………………………22
2.8 Diagram of theta Pinch and Z Pinch……………………………………………….22
2.9 Schematic diagram of Z- Pinch…………………………………………….…...23
2.10 Schematic Diagram of Plasma Focus device……………………………………..24
3.1 Schematic diagram of equilibrium pinch…………………………………………..30
3.2 Snow Plow Model……………………………………………………………….....31
3.3 (a) unstable equilibrium (b) stable equilibrium…………………………………….38
3.4 (a) Sausage Instability ……………………………………………………………..40
3.4 (b) Kink instability………………………………………………………………....40
4.1 Theta Pinch Scheme………………………………………………………………..42
4.2 Schematic diagram of theta pinch………………………………………………….43
4.3 Diagram of theta pinch……………………………………………………………..43

VI
 LIST OF GRAPHS

1.1 Graph between normalized radius and normalized time without  parameter…….36
1.2  Graph between normalized radius and normalized time with  parameter...........36
1.3 = 0…........................................................................................................................48
1.4 = 0.02.…………………………………………………………..………….....…...49
1.5 = 0.04………………………………………………………………..…………….50
1.6 = 0.06………………………………………………………………………….......51
1.7.....................................................................................................................52
1.8 ………………………………………..........................................................53
1.9  = 0.12…………………………………………………………………………......54
2.0 Profile between Normalized radius x and ………………………………………...55
2.1 Profile between Normalized radius x and normalized time at different values
of ……………………………………………………………………...................56
2.2 I=0.5KA ……………………………………………................................................57
2.3 I=1.0KA …………………………………………………………………………....58
2.4 I=1.5KA….................................................................................................................59
2.5I=2.0 KA………………………………………………………………………….....60
2.6 I=2.5KA……………………………………………………………………….……61
2.7 I=3.0KA………………………………………………………………………….....62
2.8I=3.5KA……………………………………………………………………….…….63
2.9 I=4.0KA…………………………………………………………………………….64
3.0 Profile between Normalized radius x and applied current I………………….….....65
3.1 Profile between Normalized radius x and normalized time  at different values
of current….…………………………………………………….………………......66
3.2 Profile showing the radial oscillation of plasma during the  pinch
...………….....69

VII
 LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.0………………... …………………………………………………………. 48

Table 1.1……………………………………………………………………………. 49

Table 1.2………………………………………………………………………………50

Table 1.3………………………………………………………………………………51

Table 1.4………………………………………………………………………………52

Table 1.5………………………………………………………………………………53

Table 1.6………………………………………………………………………………54

Table 1.7………………………………………………………………………………55

Table 1.8………………………………………………………………………………57

Table 1.9……………………………………………………………………………... 58

Table 1.10……………………………………………………………………………..59

Table 1.11……………………………………………………………………………. 60

Table 1.12……………………………………………………………………………. 61

Table 1.13……………………………………………………………………………. 62

Table 1.14……………………………………………………………………………. 63

Table 1.15……………………………………………………………………………. 64

Table 1.16……………………………………………………………………………. 65

VIII
 ABSTRACT
The Reinforcement Analysis of QESCO Network is studied by using the Simulation of
Load Flow analysis Model with the help of PSS/E software. Different scenarios have been
analyzed and quantified by applying all the parameters and values of QESCO Power
system and inferences have been obtained on the basis of results generated by the PSS/E
Software. The comparison of Pre & Post-Reinforcement of QESCO Grid Network clearly
shown the differences and many steps/measures be taken in improvement towards the
reliable and optimal operation of the QESCO Network.

IX
 AKNOWLEDGEMENT
All praises to Almighty Allah, the most beneficent and merciful. Thanks to Allah the
exalted, the Lord of the universe, who enabled me to complete this research work
successfully.
First and foremost, I want to express my deepest gratitude to my respectable supervisor
Muhammad Mehdi for his invaluable guidance and support. He has stimulated my mind
and gave me insight of research. His sympathetic attitude and encouraging discussion
enabled me in broadening and improving my capabilities not only in Electrical
Engineering, but also in other aspects of life as well. He gave me a new spirit and
confidence in the research and development.
I am also grateful to Dr.Shoaib Ullah Khan, Chairperson, Department of Physics, for
providing excellent atmosphere for course work and research at BUITEMS. Without his
efforts, support and guidance, the completion of this MS degree was impossible.
I am especially thankful to my teachers Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashfaq Ahmad and Prof.
Dr.Syed Mohsin Raza, University of Balochistan, Quetta, for guiding me in this field. I
am also thankful to the Centre of Nuclear of Medicine and Radiotherapy (CENAR) Quetta
for supporting me in my studies and research work.
I pray always to Almighty Allah for my father for rest of his soul in the heaven who died
during my course work of MS.
Finally I thank in my deepest heart to my mother and my family who always prayed
for my success.

Anees ur Rahman

X
 PUBLICATIONS

(1) Hermitian Operators and Its Application to Uncertainty Principle.

H.U.Khan1, Anees ur Rahman, J. App. Em. Sc. Vol 2, Issue 2, December 2011.

(2) To study the basic concepts of Monte Carlo Simulation by calculating the value

of π.H. U. Khan1, Anees ur Rahman, Fazli Manan, J. App. Em. Sc. Vol 3, Issue

1, July 2012.

XI
 INTRODUCTION

The simplest Power System comprises of a Generator and Load. A medium is required to
deliver this electrical power to the load, for this purpose Transmission Lines are used. So,
these are the basic elements of Power System. In an AC Power System, it is desirable for
delivery of electrical power at different voltage levels for maximum availability, minimum
losses and safety of the system and active power always flow from a leading power angle
towards a lagging power angle.
Quetta Electric Supply Company (QESCO) is delivering Electrical Power to the whole
Baluchistan (except District Lasbela). QESCO is considered to be the least consumable
Power Province but largest as it covers 43% area of Pakistan. The existing Load Growth
rate of Baluchistan is 3.4%. The load is supplied at 11kV level from sub-transmission
network of 132kV and 66kV through substations of 132/11kV and 66/11kV. There are fifty
six 132kV and ten 66kV Sub-Stations (QESCO., NTDC., 2004). The Voltage Profile
prevails very low due to being far away from power generating sources, long distanced
transmission lines, and huge number of inductive loads (70-80% agricultural loads). To
deal with this anomalous nature network, the national grid company, NTDC, have recently
have commissioned its secondary and tertiary 220KV sources. In this regard, a very
comprehensive and panoptic system analysis is required specifically focusing the load flow
analysis of the QESCO Grid Network.

Prior to the national grid reinforcement of Baluchistan/QESCO network there was only a
single or a radial feeding for the area i.e. Guddu-Sibbi-Quetta 220kV transmission line.

At present there are three 220kV sources available to QESCO. The first and the oldest one
has been described earlier, which can be considered the source feeding the load centre of
QESCO. Second source of 220kV transmission line is from Daddu to Khuzdar. Khuzdar
220kV substation is at south-east of the province. Third 220kV transmission line is feeding
northern area of the company and is from D.G Khan to Loralai.

Prior to the reinforcement QESCO Power System was under stress due to large number of
agriculture consumers and having single source only, hence, violating the NEPRA codes
(NEPRA Grid Code). This low-voltage profile scenario was creating an unstable region in
the National power system. Any disturbance would easily lead to a huge electricity
breakdown or even a blackout.

1
At present, with the reinforcing and commissioning of additional sources from Khuzdar
and Daddu the low voltage profile and stability problems of the region should be
diminished altogether besides availability of 600-700 MW power for province. However,
the scenario becomes more complex, when questions are raised on operating of the sources
i.e. be operated interconnected or in radial? It is very important to carry out detail power
system studies and analyze deeply the effects of the reinforcement and determine operating
scenarios for these additional sources.

Hence, the primary goal of this work is to make general guidelines for the entire
transmission system incorporating the whole QESCO network and taking maximum
benefit from all available sources.

2
 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Power flow studies have great significance in determining the best portioning point of a
power system and planning the future expansion of power system (Sachan et al., 2014).
Power flow study provides the magnitude and phase angle of the voltage at each node (bus
bar), the P and Q power flowing in each line. Load flow study using various scenarios helps
to ensure that the power system is adequately designed to satisfy a certain performance
criteria.

Transmission planning is an important component of power system planning (Kongmany

et al., 2008). The objective of transmission network expansion planning of electric power
systems is to find the optimal expansion plan or network configuration to the power system
for smooth and stable operation.

Electric power transmission /or distribution is governed by some authority and certain
criteria throughout the world. In Pakistan, electricity sector is regulated by National
Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA). As per NEPRA Grid Code QESCO is
bound maintain voltage profile in the band of ±5% in normal and ±10% under N-1
contingency situation. To meet this criteria electricity utility companies make extensive
use of computer programs and customized software packages such as Etap, PSS/E etc.

With the help of software (Mehnaz et al., 2013) has carried out the different scenarios of
load flow studies of Bangladesh Power System and analysis work has been accomplished.
Similarly, the transmission system development planning of Lao Peoples Democratic
Republic has been analysed for N-1 contingency in (Kongmany et al., 2008) same has
shown that system may be divided into different regions for effective analysis and finding
stable operating network configuration.

3
 MATERIAL AND METHODS

RESULTS

DISCUSSION

REFERENCES

4
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