Telecommunication

1.FLM(First level maintenance)

* CM(corrective maintenance, Current maintenance)(24/7) for quick
maintenance

* PM(Preventive maintenance)

* DG(Diesel generator) servicing

* Team present on different site location

2. Roll out
Different project is carried out either new installation or swapping.

Major Operator in Nepal

1. Nepal Telecom(NTC)
2. Ncell
3. Smart tell
4. United Telecom(UTL)
5. Sim tell
Major Vendor in Nepal
1. Huawei (FLM/Roll out)….. NTC,NCELL…..equipment provider
2. ZTE(Roll out)…. NTC,NCELL,UTL, Sim tell… equipment provider
3. GTL(Global Telecommunication)…(FLM/Roll out)
4. Zamil infra….(FLM/Roll out)
5. Rolling plant…FLM
6. Gforce……… FLM
7. AVIAT Networks…NCELL, Smart tell
8. Harries…..NTC, Ncell, Smart tell
9. Nokia seimens(Ncell,NTC)
10.Erricssion….NTC,Ncell,UTL
 11.Ceragon….NCELL,NTC
12.Geko(DG)….NCELL
13. Reid(DG)…NCELL
14.Kirloskar(DG)….NCELL,NTC

Major sub vendor

1. Vigor Technologies….Ncell local vendor
2. Intelco Pvt. Ltd….. Ncell local vendor/Huawei
3. Himtell Pvt. Ltd……Huawei
4. Anhui Engineering…..ZTE
5. Niscom Technology….AVIAT
6. M-each Pvt. Ltd….Huawei
7. Udeco pvt.ltd…..zte
8. Align Nepal. Pvt. Ltd…Ncell,AVIAT,ZTE
9. Celltronics pvt. Ltd…Huawei
10.Mahakali mechi transmission and suppliers(MMTS)

Types of Tower:-
1. GBT(Ground base tower)….18m, 24m, 30m, 50m, 70m, 80m
2. RTT(Roof Top Tower)…..6m, 9m, 12m, 15m, 18m
3. Monopole tower….single leg tower
4. 3 leg tower
5. 4 leg tower

Types of work in telecommunication

1. Civil work
a. foundation construction
b. different PAD construction
c. site fence construction
d. tower errection

2. Electrical work
a. DG
b. Transformer
c. 3 phase line
d. Inverter
e. UPS
f. Battery bank
g. Solar installation
h. Rectifier
i. AC

3. Transmission work
a. Radio(MW,RRU,ODU)
b. Optical
c. GSM(2G/3G/4G)
d. BTS(BBU, IDU, ATN, Alarm card)
e. MUX

Types of BTS
a. Indoor /room BTS
b. Outdoor BTS
c. Shelter

Equipment present on site

a. Tower
 GSM
 RRU(Radio remote unit)
 MW(Microwave)
 LA(Lightning Arrestor)
 OFC(optical fiber cable)
 Feeder(1/2,7/8,etc)
 Jumper cable
  ODU(outdoor unit)
 Power cable
 Busbar
 Grounding cable
b. BTS
 BBU(Base Band Unit)
 IDU(Indoor unit)
 LPU/EMUA
 DDF
 ODF(Optical distribution frame)
 RSU
 Alarm(Temp,Water,Humidity,etc)
 ATN
c. Power Plant
 Rectifier
 Battery
 MCB’s
 Controller
 Fuse
 Solar controller

GSM/RRU
a. 900 band(2G)
b. 1800 band(2G)/4G
c. 2100 band(2G)
MW(Microwave):
Mw is used for transferring signal from one location to
another(i.e one tower to another)
MW main part is Feed horn which is connected with
ODU directly or through help of waveguide

It ranges from 0.1m to 2.4m,in nepal basically

0.3m,0.6m,0.9m,1.2m,1.8m,2.4m

Frequency ranges from 7G to 18G, in nepal basically

7G,8G,18G
According to site location MW size and frequency vary.
ODU
Same as MW ODU frequency also vary.
IDU
IDU are different from equipment(vendor)
1. zte
a. ZXMW PR S400
b. ZXMW PR S500
c. ZXMW nr8120
d. ZXMW nr8250
2. HUAWEI
a. Optix RTN605
 b. Optix RTN620
c. POE

Power
a. Battery
Battery are connected in series to make -48v
DC
Positive terminal is grounded and negative
terminal is provided to MCB

Why is -48v used in Telecom?

Answer:
(i) Positive voltages cause comparatively more corrosion in metal than negative voltages.
(ii) Negative voltages are safer for human body while doing Telecom activities.
(iii) Lightning may cause positive voltages in the equipment circuitry. In that case, negative voltages
(lack of electrons) neutralize positive charges and prevent excessive heat.
(iv) Negative voltage is safer for long telephone line for transmitting power through it.
The reason for electing -48V in reference to ground is to avoid the nasty galvanic effects in telephone cabling.
+48V would have nastier effect on wet cabling.

To prevent the equipments from lightning strokes. Because the cloud is negatively charged at bottom it requires a zero
or a positive potential to discharge, and it selects the ground(Zero potential) to discharge. If the
Telecom Equipments are fed with positive the cloud will choose the low resistance tallest positively charged
Antenna's to discharge, this could damage the entire setup of Telecom equipments. So the Telecom equipments
are fed with Negative supply Voltage.