WIRELESS POWER

TRANSMISSION via
SOLAR POWER
SATELLITE
Introduction

It is known that electromagnetic energy also associated with the

propagation of the electromagnetic waves. We can use theoretically
all electromagnetic waves for a wireless powertransmission (WPT).
The difference between the WPT and communication systems is
only efficiency.The Maxwell’s Equations indicate that the
electromagnetic field and its power diffuse to alldirections. Although
we transmit the energy in the communication system, thetransmitted
energy isdiffused to all directions. Although the received power is
enough for a transmission of information,the efficiency from the
transmitter to receiver is quiet low. Therefore, we do not call it the
WPT system.Typical WPT is a point-to-point power transmission.
For the WPT, we had better concentrate power to receiver. It was
proved that the power transmission efficiency can approach close to
100%. We can more concentrate the transmitted microwave power
to the receiver aperture areas with taper method of the transmitting
antenna power distribution. Famous power tapers of the
transmittingantenna are Gaussian taper, Taylor distribution, and
Chebychev distribution. These taper of the transmitting antenna is
commonly used for suppression of sidelobes. It corresponds to
increase the power transmission efficiency. Concerning the power
transmission efficiency of the WPT, there are some good optical
approaches in Russia[5][6]. Future suitable and largest application
of the WPT via microwave is a Space Solar Power Satellite (SPS).
The SPS is a gigantic satellite designed as an electric power plant
orbiting in the Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO). It consists of mainly
three segments; solar energy collector to convert the solar energy
into DC (direct current) electricity, DC-to-microwave converter, and
large antenna array to beam down the microwave power to the
ground. The first solar collector can be either photovoltaic cells or
solar thermal turbine. The second DC-to-microwave converter of the
SPS can be either microwave tube system and/or semiconductor
system. It may be their combination. The third segment is a gigantic
antenna array. Table 1.1 shows some typical parameters of the
transmitting antenna of the SPS. An amplitude taper on the
transmitting antenna is adopted in order to increase the beam
collection efficiency and to decrease sidelobe level in almost all SPS
design. A typical amplitude taper is called 10 dB Gaussian in which
the power density in the center of the transmitting antenna is ten
times larger than that on the edge of the transmitting antenna. The
SPS is expected to realize around 2030. Before the realization of the
SPS, we can consider the other application of the WPT. In resent
years, mobile devices advance quickly and require decreasing
power consumption. It means that we can use the diffused weak
microwave power as a power source of the mobile devices with low
power consumption such as RF-ID.
What is Solar Energy?
Solar energy is the radiant (light and heat) energy produced by the
sun. The solar energy that reaches the earth can be used to produce
electricity or heat through the use of solar collectors. As an example,
a closed car can be viewed as a solar collector—the light energy
that passes through the window glass is absorbed by the car's
interior and is converted into heat energy, which becomes trapped
inside the vehicle. In optimal areas, the amount of solar energy
falling on an area the size of a basketball field, in thermal energy
terms, is equivalent to about 650 barrels of oil a year. Solar energy
is a renewable resource whose use does not affect its future supply.
Conventional power plants use fossil fuels or nuclear energy as a
heat source to boil water. The steam from the boiling water rotates a
turbine, which activates a generator to produce electricity. Solar
energy facilities use concentrating solar power (CSP) as the heat
source to boil water, or they convert sunlight directly into electricity
using solar cells, also known as photovoltaics (PV). The CSP
technologies are also referred to as solar thermal or thermoelectric
technologies, while PV technologies are also referred to as solar
electric or photoelectric technologies.
Renewable Electricity Generation Electricity Generation
Resource Capacity Potential Potential
(gigawatt) (billion kilowatt-hours)

WIND 15,178 49,760

SOLAR 192,922 399,810

GEOTHERMAL 4,014 31,653

OTHERS 200 1,024

TOTAL 212,314 482,247

SOLAR POWER SATELLITES

ALL THE many spaceflight concepts NASA has studied, the most
enormous was the Solar Power Satellite (SPS) fleet. Czech-born
physicist/engineer Peter Glaser outlined the concept in a brief article
in the esteemed journal Science in November 1968, and was
awarded a patent for his invention on Christmas Day 1973. In
October 1976, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and NASA
began a three-phase, four-year joint study of the SPS concept. Total
study cost was $19.6 million, of which DOE paid 60%.
Glaser had noticed that a satellite in geosynchronous Earth orbit
(GEO), 35,786 kilometers above the equator, would pass through
Earth's shadow for only a few minutes each year. It was well known
that a satellite in equatorial GEO moves at the same speed the
Earth rotates at the equator (1609 kilometer per hour). This means
that, for people on Earth's surface, the satellite appears to hang
motionless over one spot on the equator. Glaser also understood
that electricity did not have to travel through wires; it could be
beamed from a transmitter to a receiver.
Glaser mixed these three ingredients and came up with a satellite in
equatorial GEO that would use solar cells to convert sunlight into
electricity, convert the electricity into microwaves, and beam the
microwaves at a receiving antenna (rectenna) on Earth. The
rectenna would turn the microwaves back into electricity, then wires
would carry it to the electric utility grid.
The great advantage an SPS enjoyed over a solar array on Earth's
surface was, as mentioned, that it would spend almost no time in
Earth's shadow. Earth's rotation meant that an Earth-surface solar
array could make electricity at most about half the time. The rest of
the time it would sit dormant under the night sky.
The problem with the SPS concept was that, if a solar satellite was
to contribute a meaningful amount of electricity to the interlinked
U.S. utility grids - and, by DOE's reckoning, "meaningful" meant
gigawatts - then it would have to be colossal by normal aerospace
engineering standards. The SPS silhouetted against the Sun in the
NASA artwork at the top of this post is typical: it would have
measured 10.5 kilometers long by 5.2 kilometers wide and had a
mass of 50,000 tons.
Paired with a rectenna a couple of kilometers across, such an SPS
would contribute five gigawatts to the U.S. electricity supply. DOE
estimated that 60 such satellites with a total generating capacity of
300 gigawatts could contribute meaningfully to satisfying projected
U.S. electricity demand in the 2000-2030 period.

Wireless Power Transmission

Most of us at home maybe using multi-plug to connect all the
electronic devices with power cords. You may have even got
confused to get the right cord for unplugging it among the other
cords that lead to the same outlet.
At last you pull one out and hope that it is the right one. This is one
of the main problems with electric connections. Though it makes the
life of people simpler, it can also cause more clutter in the method. It
may not be a big problem for us. But think about the electric stations
where hundreds of wires run from the same outlet. For them, it is a
problem.
As a part of the upgrade in technology and also the above reasons,
researchers have started developing methods to transmit electricity
to devices wirelessly. Though the method may sound completely
new, the basic idea behind this theory was first proposed by Nicola
Tesla in the early 1900’s. He was also able to release a prototype by
transmitting power to lights that were kept in the ground at his
Colorado Springs experiment station.
Though the first prototype received wide applause, the method was
not practical enough for a higher range of its application. After years
of research, many theories about this matter were discussed and
some prototypes were also released. Some of them were not
recognized while some of them are already in use. The best
example for such a device is the electric toothbrush.There are many
types of wireless data transferring mediums in this world. Some of
the most common ones are infrared, radio waves, bluetooth, and so
on. In all these technologies, the signals will be scattered into space
before they are received by the corresponding devices. The same
method cannot be used for transferring electricity as it is power
consuming and dangerous.The main principle that is used in electric
toothbrush is called Inductive Coupling. The basic idea is that a
magnetic field is induced when an electric current flows through a
wire. The magnetic field will be circular in shape and will flow around
the wire. When another coil is placed in the same magnetic field, a
current will be induced in the wire. This is the same principle that is
used in a transformer and also in the electric brush. A magnetic field
is created inside the brush through the current that moves through
the coil inside the charger. When the brush is connected to the
charger, another current will be produced in another coil, due to the
magnetic field. This current is supplied to the battery which is the
input for the brush.But this method is not practical when it comes to
transmitting energy to longer distances. For such a method, it is
necessary that the coils are close enough to each other so that the
small magnetic field is produced. When it comes to longer distance
transmission, a very big magnetic field is to be produced and the coil
turnings should be multiple. Counter measures should be taken to
save the energy wasted due to the flow of magnetic field in different
directions. This is practically impossible.
WHAT IS LASER AND MICROWAVES
Laser is the abbreviation for “Light amplification by stimulated
emission of radiation”. Laser light is emitted when many atoms
undergo similar energy transitions at the same time. This is achieved
by promoting a large number of atoms to an energy level above the
ground state. As an electron in one of the excited atoms jumps down
from its higher energy level it emits a photon. As this photon travels
past another atom in an excited state, it causes the electron in this
atom to jump down to the lower level. The passage of light thus
stimulates the emission of radiation from other atoms – producing
the intense beam of light characteristic of the laser. The laser was
first demonstrated by the American Theodore Maiman in 1960 using
a ruby laser. The stimulated emission of radiation was initially
postulated by Einstein in 1917. The laser’s counterpart in the
microwave part of the spectrum paved the way for the production of
laser light after two American scientists Schawlow and Townes
made a theoretical paper proposing how the maser technology could
be widened to fit the visible part of the spectrum. A laser consists of
an active medium which is placed between two mirrors. The
arrangement of the mirrors is called a laser cavity. On of the mirrors
is semi-transparent to release the laser that is generated in the
cavity. Energy must be supplied from ex. flash bulb.
Microwaves are a type of electromagnetic radiation, as are radio
waves, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays and gamma-rays. Microwaves
have a range of applications, including communications, radar and,
perhaps best known by most people, cooking. Electromagnetic
radiation is transmitted in waves or particles at different wavelengths
and frequencies. This broad range of wavelengths is known as the
electromagnetic spectrum (EM spectrum). The spectrum is generally
divided into seven regions in order of decreasing wavelength and
increasing energy and frequency. The common designations are
radio waves, microwaves, infrared (IR), visible light, ultraviolet (UV),
X-rays and gamma-rays. Microwaves fall in the range of the EM
spectrum between radio and infrared light.Microwaves have
frequencies ranging from about 3 billion cycles per second, or 3
gigahertz (GHz), up to about 30 trillion hertz (terahertz or THz) and
wavelengths of about 30 centimeters (12 inches) to 3 millimeters
(0.12 inches), although these values are not definitive. This region is
further divided into a number of bands, designated as L, S, C, X and
K.
Wireless Power Transmission via Solar Power SatelliteSeminar
Report ‘04 peculiarities, which will be mentioned here. WPT systems
require transmitting almostwhole power that is radiated by the
transmitting side. So, the useful result is the power quantity at the
receiving antenna, but not the value of field amplitude as it isusually
required. Efficiency of WPT systems is the ratio of energy flow,
which isintercepted by receiving antenna to the whole radiating
energy.Field distribution on the receiving antenna usually is uniform
because its size is smallcomparatively to the width of the beam. For
WPT systems this distribution isn’tuniform. It has a taper form and it
depends on the field distribution on thetransmitting antenna.For
increasing of the energy concentration on the receiving antenna the
phasedistribution on the radiating antenna has usually a spherical
form with the center inthe point on crossing of the receiving plate
and the radiating axis. Radiating antennaof the WPT systems
usually has a taper distribution of the field. This distributionallows to
increase the efficiency and to decrease the field out of the
receivingantenna.The efficiency of energy transmission is expressed
by the functional Λ
2
. To increaseΛ the field distribution on radiating aperture is made as
a tapered distribution. Highvalue of Λ is supposed to be in the
majority of known projects of the WPT systems.However, the
effectiveness of the WPT system is defined not only by the value of
Λ.It is also determined by the rectangularity of the field distribution
on the radiatingaperture, the rectangular distribution factor in the
theory of antennas is usually calledthe surface utilization factor χ.
The meaning of these two parameters Λ and χ isDepartment of
EEEMESCE, Kuttipuram
Wireless Power Transmission via Solar Power Satellitear
it is necessary to have a uniform field.To increase the effectiveness
of WPT system it is necessary to increase the product , though the
requirements for each of both multipliers are opposite. This product
isnamed a generalize criterion! It is possible to find the way out of
this contradiction if the antenna is discontinuous (discrete) one. Let
us produce the field distribution in theradiating discrete antenna
falling to its edges not by means of creation of non-
uniformdistribution of the field but with the help of irregular situation
of identical subapertures, each of them having the uniform field
distribution. It is supposed that thenumber of these apertures is
sufficiently high in order to admit the approximation of the integral
optimum monotonous Gauss distribution by means of step function.
The places of sub aperture disposition can be found by the
differentiation of this stepfunction. Discrete distribution of sub
apertures presents non-equadistant antennaarray consisting of the
similar elements. Such optimization is optimal in Chebyshev’ssense
since the maximum error tends to zero while the number of sub
apertures istended to infinity. So the field in the place of observer’s
disposition would be similar to step and the monotonous signal
source. The falling to the edge field distribution istypical for the WPT
problems. For the discrete-step distributions that means
theconcentration of sub apertures in the center and their gradual
discharge on the edges.Thus all sub apertures are similar and have
the uniform distribution of the field withthe equal amplitude, which
may reach the maximum admissible value.The dismemberment of
continuous apertures and slight moving of them apart in thespace
when all of apertures are equal and uniformly feed increases their
effectivenessDepartment of EEEMESCE, Kuttipuram
Wireless Power Transmission via Solar Power SatelliteSeminar
Report ‘04(the generalized criterion is increased). The generalized
criterion determines thequality of the WPT Systems better than
usual criterion. The optimal distribution formmay be reached for the
large radiating apertures where dismemberment at many partsis
easily realized by disposition of sub aperture clots in places, which
correspond tohigh field intensity (first of all it concerns the center of
the radiator) and relieving subaperture density at edges of antenna.
This construction allows to approach to unit thevalue both of
coefficients and. As a result the effectiveness of the WPT systemwill
be essentially increased.For receiving these transmitted waves
rectennas are set up at the Earth.An antennacomprising a mesh of
dipoles and diodes for absorbing microwave energy from
atransmitter and converting it into electric power. Microwaves are
received with about85% efficiency and 95% of the beam will fall on
the rectenna but the rectenna isaround 5km across (3.1 miles).
Currently there are two different design types beinglooked at- Wire
mesh reflector and Magic carpet. Wire mesh reflector type
rectennasare built on a rigid frame above the ground and are
visually transparent so that itwould not interfere with plant life
whereas in the magic carpet type material peggedto the ground.

Magnetrons are horribly complicated. No, really—they're horribly

complicated! To understand how they work, I find it helps to
compare them to two other things that work in similar ways: an old-
style TV set and a flute.

A magnetron has quite a lot in common with a cathode-ray (electron)

tube, the sealed glass bulb that makes the picture in an old-style
television set. The tube is the heart of a TV: it makes the picture you
can see by firing beams of electrons at a screen covered in
chemicals called phosphors so they glow and give off dots of light.
You can read all about that in our main article on television, but here
(briefly) is what's happening. Inside the TV, there's a negatively
charged electrical terminal called a cathode that's heated to a high
temperature so electrons "boil" off it. They accelerate down the glass
tube, attracted by a positively charged terminal or anode and reach
such high speeds that they race past and crash into the phosphor
screen at the tube's end. But a magnetron doesn't have the same
purpose in life as a TV. Instead of making a picture, it's designed to
generate microwaves—and it does that a little bit like a flute. A flute
is an open pipe filled with air. Blow across the top in just the right
way and you make it vibrate at a specific musical pitch (called its
resonant frequency), generating a sound you can hear that
corresponds directly to the length of the pipe.

MAGNETRON
A magnetron's job is to generate fairly short radio waves. If you
could see them, you could easily measure them with a school ruler.
They're usually no shorter than about 1mm (0.04 in; the shortest
division on a metric ruler) and no longer than about 30cm (12in; the
length of a typical school ruler). The magnetron does its stuff by
resonating like a flute when you pump electrical energy into it. But,
unlike a flute, it produces electromagnetic waves instead of sound
waves so you can't hear the resonant energy its making. (You can't
see that energy either, because your eyes aren't sensitive to short-
wavelength, microwave radiation).
ANTENNAS
PARABOLIC AND PHASE ARRAY ANTENNA
This parabolic reflector antenna is used in conjunction with horn
antenna as shown in the figure. It is made of metal or screen mesh.
As shown in the figure, during transmission EM-waves fall on to the
wide dish and gets radiated into the air, while during reception EM-
waves fall on to the dish and gets focused to the horn
antenna.Aperture of the parabola antenna is the area of outer circle
of the parabola.
The area A = 3.14 R2
Gain G = 6 (D/λ)2
D is the diameter of dish antenna and λ is the wavelength
Phased array antenna is developed using multiple antennas on a
common PCB or plane. The antennas used here are patch antennas
or dipole antennas in a array. This combination of multiple antennas
help improve gain as well as directivity. Individually all the antennas
of the array are controlled and hence EM waves can be radiated in
the different directions as desired. The same concept is applied in
YAGI antenna and parabolic dish antenna used for TV reception.
The other application of this type of antenna is radar/satellite based
communication systems.There are two types of arrangement
designed in this type of antenna. In one of this type of configuration,
all the antennas are fed from common transmitter or receiver. In the
other type of configuration, low power transmitter amplifier or LNA is
used with each of the array antennas.
Rectenna
A rectenna is a rectifying antenna—a special type of antenna that is
used for converting electromagnetic energy into direct current (DC)
electricity. They are used in wireless power transmission systems
that transmit power by radio waves. A simple rectenna element
consists of a dipole antenna with an RF diode connected across the
dipole elements. The diode rectifies the AC current induced in the
antenna by the microwaves, to produce DC power, which powers a
load connected across the diode. Schottky diodes are usually used
because they have the lowest voltage drop and highest speed and
therefore have the lowest power losses due to conduction and
switching. Large rectennas consist of an array of many such dipole
elements.The invention of the rectenna in the 1960s made long
distance wireless power transmission feasible. The rectenna was
invented in 1964 and patented in 1969[1] by US electrical engineer
William C. Brown, who demonstrated it with a model helicopter
powered by microwaves transmitted from the ground, received by an
attached rectenna.[2] Since the 1970s, one of the major motivations
for rectenna research has been to develop a receiving antenna for
proposed solar power satellites, which would harvest energy from
sunlight in space with solar cells and beam it down to Earth as
microwaves to huge rectenna arrays.[3] A proposed military
application is to power drone reconnaissance aircraft with
microwaves beamed from the ground, allowing them to stay aloft for
long periods. In recent years, interest has turned to using rectennas
as power sources for small wireless microelectronic devices. The
largest current use of rectennas is in RFID tags, proximity cards and
contactless smart cards, which contain an integrated circuit (IC)
which is powered by a small rectenna element. When the device is
brought near an electronic reader unit, radio waves from the reader
are received by the rectenna, powering up the IC, which transmits its
data back to the reader.

TYPES OF RECTENNAS
Radio frequency rectennas
The simplest crystal radio receiver, employing an antenna and a
demodulating diode (rectifier), is actually a rectenna - although it
discards the DC component before sending the signal to the
earphones. People living near strong radio transmitters would
occasionally discover that with a long receiving antenna, they could
get enough electric power to light a light bulb
Optical rectennas
Similar devices, scaled down to the proportions used in
nanotechnology, can be used to convert light directly into electricity.
This type of device is called an optical rectenna or nantenna.[7][8]
Theoretically, high efficiencies can be maintained as the device
shrinks, but efficiency has so far been limited. The University of
Missouri previously reported on work to develop low-cost, high-
efficiency nantennas (optical-frequency rectennas).[9] Other
prototype devices were investigated in a collaboration between the
University of Connecticut and Penn State Altoona using a grant from
the National Science Foundation.[10] With the use of atomic layer
deposition it has been suggested that conversion efficiencies of
solar energy to electricity higher than 70% could eventually be
achieved.
Carbon nanotube optical rectenna
n 2015, researchers at Georgia Institute of Technology fabricated an
optical rectenna using arrays of 2 million multiwall carbon nanotubes
(MWCNT) per cm2 coupled to nanoscale rectifying diodes. The
MWCNT, which act as optical antennae due to their favorably small
dimensions, are coated in aluminum oxide and capped with a
metallic top layer. This combination of MWCNT, oxide, metal is
claimed to be the world's fastest metal-insulator-metal (MIM)
tunneling diode, capable of rectifying optical frequencies. Individual
junctions were reported to have a capacitance of only 1.7 attofarads,
with switching time on the order of 1 femtosecond.
Complete WPT system via SPS
ADVANTAGES
Wireless Power Transmission system would completely eliminates
the existing high-tension power transmission line cables, towers and
sub stations between the generating station and consumers and f
acilitates the interconnection of electrical generation plants on a
global scale. It has more freedom of choice of both receiver and
transmitters. Even mobile transmitters and receivers can be chosen f
or the WPT system. The cost of transmission and distribution
become less and the cost of electrical energy for the consumer also
would be reduced. The power could be transmitted to the places
where the wired transmission is not possible. Loss of transmission
is negligible level in the Wireless Power Transmission; therefore, the
efficiency of this method is very much higher than the wired
transmission. Power is available at the rectenna as long as the WPT
is operating. The power failure due to short circuit and fault on
cables would never exist in the transmission and power theft would
be not possible at all. The development of Solar Power Satellites
gain the benefits of abundant, low-cost, nonpolluting energy. The
great advantage of placing the solar cells in space instead of on the
ground is that the energy is available 24 hours a day, and the
totalsolar energy available to the satellite is between four and five
times more than is available anywhere on Earth and 15 times more
than the average location.

DISADVANTAGES
The Capital Cost for practical implementation of WPT seems to be
very high and the other disadvantage of the concept is interference
of microwave with present communication systems. Heat reduction
is most important problem in space. All lost power converts to heat.
We need special heat reduction system in space. If we use high
efficient microwave transmitters, we can reduce weight of heat
reduction system. for over 80 % efficiency for the microwave
transmitter, which must include all loss in phase shifters,
isolators,antennas, power circuits.

APPLICATIONS
The SPS is expected to realize around 2030. Before the realization
of the SPS, we can consider the other application of the WPT. In
resent years, mobile devices advance quickly and require
decreasing power consumption. It means that we can use the
diffused weak microwave power as a power source of the mobile
devices with low power consumption such as RF-ID. The RF-ID is a
radio IC-tug with wireless power transmission and wireless
information. This is a new WPT application like broadcasting.

BIOLOGICAL IMPACTS
Common beliefs fear the effect of microwave radiation. But the
studies in this domain repeatedly proves that the microwave
radiation level would be never higher than the dose received while
opening the microwave oven door, meaning it is slightly higher than
the emissions created by cellular telephones Cellular telephones
operate with power densities at or below the ANSI/IEEE exposure
standards . Thus public exposure to WPT fields would also be below
existing safety guidelines. However Tests have also shown that the
energy density in the radio-frequency beam can be limited to safe
levels for all life forms.
CONCLUSION
The concept of Microwave Power transmission (MPT) andWireless
Power Transmission system is presented. The technological
developments in Wireless Power Transmission (WPT), the
advantages, disadvantages, biological impacts and applications of
WPT are also discussed. This concept offers greaterpossibilities for
transmitting power with negligible losses and ease of transmission.
Furthermore, it appears almost certain that there will be a shift
towards renewable sources and that solar will be a major
contributor. It is asserted that if the energy system ofthe world is to
work for all its people and be adequately robust, there should be
several options to develop in the pursuit of and expanded supply.
While the option of Space Solar Power may seem futuristic at
present, it is technologically feasible and, given appropriate
conditions, can become economically v i a b l e .

REFERENCE
[1] Nikola Tesla, “The Transmission of ElectricalEnergy Without
Wires as a Means for Furthering Peace,”Electrical World and
Engineer. Jan. 7, p. 21, 1905.
[2] Point-To-Point Wireless Power Transportation in Reunion Island
48th International Astronautical Congress, Turin, Italy, 6-10 October
1997 - IAF-97- R.4.08 J. D. Lan Sun Luk, A. Celeste, P.
Romanacce, L.Chane Kuang Sang, J. C. Gatina - University of
LaRéunion - Faculty of Science and Technology.
[3] Brown, W. C., “Beamed microwave power transmissionand its
application to space”, IEEETrans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 40,
no. 6, 1992,pp.1239-1250.
[4] Supporting Document for the URSI White Paper on
Solar Power Satellite Systems ,2006.
[5] McSpadden, J. O. and J. C. Mankins, “Space Solar
Power Programs and Microwave Wireless”.
[6] Glaser, P. E., “Power f rom the Sun, Science”, No.162,
1968, pp.857-886.Power Transmission Technology”, IEEE
Microwave Magazine, December 2002, pp.46-57.
[7] Matsumoto, H., “Research on Solar Power Station
and Microwave Power Transmission in Japan : Review
and Perspectives”, IEEE Microwave Magazine, December
2002, pp.36-45.
[8] Sivan, L., “Microwave Tube Transmitters Microwave
Technology Series 9-“, Chapman &Hall, 1994.
[9] Hatsuda, T., K. Ueno, M. Inoue, “Solar power
satellite interference assessment”, IEEE Microwave
Magazine, Vol. 3, No. 4, Dec. 2002, pp.65-70.
[10] Little, F. E., S. J. Kokel, C. T. Rodenbeck, K. Chang,
G. D., Arndt, and P. H. Ngo,“Development of
Retrodirective Control Transmitter for Wireless Power
Transmission”, The Radio Science Bulletin, No.311, 2004,
pp. 38-46.