Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Introduction
In recent years, a significant development has been per- have been used to investigate the operating and residual stresses
formed in the elastic analysis of threaded end closures [1-7]. in the critical region of a threaded-end vessel subjected to
The effect of residual stresses on the fatigue performance of internal pressure. Figure 1 shows a typical finite element mesh
these vessels has been always ignored. One of the major reasons for the assumed axisymmetric plane, including the kinematic
is the great difficulty in determining the real values of these and loading conditions. Eight-noded, reduced integration ele-
residuals in such a complex geometry. ments (CAX8R), have been adopted. In the threaded end re-
On the other hand, the existing fatigue analysis procedure gion a special contact element (INTER3A) was used in order
in Division 2, Section VIII of the ASME Code [8] does not to account for the friction between the thread faces of the plug
recognize the beneficial effect of residual stresses on the fatigue and the cylinder (a Coulomb friction coefficient of 0.05 was
performance of the vessel. Burns et al. [9] have investigated assumed).
this problem and proposed a fatigue design procedure that A vessel having a diameter ratio Y - 1.5 and 15 engaged
could be used for autofrettaged and nonautofrettaged vessels. Buttress threads with a pitch PT = 0.5 in., was chosen to
In this paper, elasto-plastic analyses of several geometries perform the calculations presented in this paper. Two different
of a threaded vessel will be performed in order to determine inside radii were considered (R, = 7.5 and 15.0 in.). The num-
the spread of the plastic zone in the thread region under proof ber of threads was fixed to 15, since increasing this number
testing or under the first application of the design pressure. beyond that limit seems to introduce negligible improvement
Residual stresses that are introduced in this region will be in the thread load distribution; see reference [2] for details.
calculated by assuming a linear behavior of the material during A recent study by Jutras and Chaaban [5] came out with a
unloading. However, the Bauschinger effect will be taken into general equation for determining maximum normal, Mises and
consideration by using an empirical method which is based on shear stresses in the thread region. Based on these equations,
the equivalent accumulated plastic deformation during the the pressure to cause initial yielding at the root of the first
loading phase of the material and the equivalent Mises stress thread can be approximated by the following equation:
after unloading.
The modified fatigue procedure that has been proposed by S„(PT)(i?,)
Burns et al. [9] for the ASME Code will be used to discuss (1)
"i.5 /PT\
the effect of residual stresses caused by overstraining the threads 2.9(tfthr + 0.12
on their fatigue life performance. NT \R,J
The pressure to cause initial yielding in the cylindrical part of
Stress Analysis the vessel is given by
The elastic and elasto-plastic finite element methods [10] •1)
r
y (2)
Contributed by the Pressure Vessels and Piping Division and presented at the yfl Y2
Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference, Nashville, Tennessee, June 17-21,1990,
of THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS. Manuscript received by
When ignoring the threaded part of the vessel, the design
the PVP Division, March 21, 1990; revised manuscript received September 5, pressure (Pd) may be calculated based on the design rules given
1990. in reference [15]. Table 1 presents these typical pressure values
3 12.35 1 .08 3 . 37 1 . 25
— r i i I" i^\
liiiiii/ —
_
t^^r^^^^t^^^^i^t^^ZJ^h^11 —
for the three cases analyzed in the present study. The last
column of this table shows the applied internal pressure (P).
In Cases 1 and 2, the applied internal pressure was chosen to
be equal to the vessel design pressure. Since the design pressure
(Pd) is usually independent of the absolute value of the internal nir:;ij"iti::itniinii 111!
radius, the same applied pressure was considered in both cases. i t tt I it IT tit tt j
This will obviously introduce a much higher longitudinal force ji kAUii-L4^ii> t^si^zit^ P;Jt4^83tf
on the threads in Case 2 compared to Case 1. In the third case,
the geometry of Case 1 has been reconsidered with an applied
pressure P = 0.565 Pd, which corresponds to 1.25 times the
pressure to cause initial yielding in the the threaded area (P'y). {b) R, = 15.0 in.
Fig. 2 Plastic zone in the thread region of the vessel (V 1.5, P
This choice will be justified later when dealing with the fatigue
0.214 Sy)
problem.
Table 2 shows the maximum principal (au a2, <re) and Mises
(<rM) stresses when assuming elastic behavior of the material. 2 shows the extent of the plastic zone during the loading phase.
It can be seen from these results that in all cases yielding takes Two typical cases are presented. In the first case (Case 1 in
place in the threaded area ([aM/Sy] > 1) and residual stress Table 1), a pressure of 0.214 Sy was applied which causes a
fields will be created after releasing the pressure. The results plastic flow to initiate in a very local area at the root of the
presented in Table 2 will be used later in the discussion of the first two threads (Fig. 2(a)). Apparently, by increasing the
fatigue problem. pressure, the plastic flow would more likely be overtaken by
Assuming elastic-perfectly plastic behavior of the material flow along the roots of the remaining threads one after another.
with isotropic hardening rules, the finite element method was The radial depth of the plastic zone is a very small percentage
used to calculate residual stresses caused by overstraining the of the vessel thickness; this is shown clearly in Fig. 2(b) for
threads during the application of the internal pressure. Figure the second case (Case 2 in Table 1) where more damage to the
Nomenclature
NT = no. of threads
PT = pitch dimension mean stress intensity
R, = internal radius of cylinder Su ultimate tensile strength
•#th = internal radius of cylinder at thread root Sy yield stress
•Salt =
alternating stress intensity Y cylinder diameter ratio
"eq =equivalent stress intensity normal stresses
&m =effective mean stress intensity residual normal stresses
/ °M
OM 1 ^alt
F= "->eq — ' (6)
All residual stress components at the considered point should
be multiplied by this factor Fto give the new corrected values.
('•D'
These corrected values of the three residual principal stresses Three values of 5eq can be calculated for the three principal
are presented in Table 3. It has to be mentioned here that the planes. The largest must be used to estimate the fatigue life
Bauschinger effect correction is determined based on purely of the component. For more details, the reader is suggested
static load. This is appropriate since usually residual stresses to see reference [9].
are created after the application of the first pressure cycle or As an example, let us assume the following typical material
the proof testing or autofrettage. Afterwards, their values will properties; a yield tensile strength Sy = 110 ksi and an ultimate
be added to the mean stresses created by the applied cyclic tensile strength Su = 125 ksi. The three cases of Table 1 will
loading. be discussed by assuming an operating cyclic pressure (Pa)